Xanthomonas hortorum pv. gardneri
bacterial spot of tomato and pepper
Pseudomonas gardneri, Xanthomonas cynarae pv. gardneri, Xanthomonas gardneri
Africa: Comoros, Ethiopia, Reunion, South Africa, Tanzania; Asia: Iran, Malaysia; Europe: Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Russia; North America: Canada, USA; Oceania: Australia; South America: Brazil.
IL, IN, MI, OH, PA
2025-04-23
bacteria
Peru
pepper, tomato
XANTPF
Bacterial spot of tomato and pepper was initially attributed to X. vesicatoria. Over time, four distinct groups were identified and associated with different host and geographic patterns, which were later reclassified into three species: X. euvesicatoria (including X. perforans), X. vesicatoria, and X. hortorum pv. gardneri. It can spread via infected seeds and transplants, and locally through water splash or contaminated tools, especially in dense greenhouse or sprinkler-irrigated field conditions.
2 Known Hosts
Capsicum annuum
pepper
Yes
CABI CPC, ISF RPLD, EPPO, XANTGA-1, XANTGA-5, XANTGA-7, XANTGA-10
Seed is a known pathway for Xanthomonas hortorum pv. gardneri.
Yes
Dilution plating, identification PCR, pathogenicity assay
These are the recommended methods by ISHI as of July 2017. Test is based on species level.
NSHS USDA
Biological, Chemical, and Cultural
Use resistant seeds. Hot water seed treatment has been suggested. Some chemicals have been shown to be effective treatment options against X. hortorum pv. gardneri. Since it can spread via tools, use proper sanitation.
CABI CPC, EPPO, XANTGA-2, XANTGA-3, XANTGA-8
2025-04-23 12:35:45
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
OEPP/EPPO Global Database - European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization
Potnis N, Timilsina S, Strayer A, Shantharaj D, Barak JD, Paret ML, Vallad GE & Jones JB (2015) Bacterial spot of tomato and pepper: Diverse Xanthomonas species with a wide variety of virulence factors posing a worldwide challenge. Molecular Plant Pathology 16(9), 907-920.
Timilsina, S., Jibrin, M. O., Potnis, N., Minsavage, G. V., Kebede, M., Schwartz, A., Bart, R., Staskawicz, B., Boyer, C., Vallad, G. E., Pruvost, O., Jones, J. B., & Goss, E. M. (2015). Multilocus Sequence Analysis of Xanthomonads Causing Bacterial Spot of Tomato and Pepper Plants Reveals Strains Generated by Recombination among Species and Recent Global Spread of Xanthomonas gardneri. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 81(4), 1520–1529.
Simonton, T. E., Robinson, D., Gillard, C., Jordan, K., & Trueman, C. L. (2021). Transmission of Xanthomonas gardneri to tomato seedlings during transportation and transplanting. Crop Protection, 141, 105472.
Araújo, E. R., Costa, J. R., Ferreira, M. A. S. V., & Quezado‐Duval, A. M. (2017). Widespread distribution of Xanthomonas perforans and limited presence of X. gardneri in Brazil. Plant Pathology, 66(1), 159-168.
United Stated Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Protection Service National Seed Health System (USDA-APHIS NSHS) www.seedhealth.org
Stall, R.E., Jones, J.B. and Minsavage, G.V. (2009) Durability of resistance in tomato and pepper to xanthomonads causing bacterial spot. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 47, 265–284.
Dia, N. C., Morinière, L., Cottyn, B., Bernal, E., Jacobs, J. M., Koebnik, R., Osdaghi, E., Potnis, N., & Pothier, J. F. (2022). Xanthomonas hortorum – beyond gardens: Current taxonomy, genomics, and virulence repertoires. Molecular Plant Pathology, 23(5), 597–621.
Mtui, H. D., Bennett, M. A., Maerere, A. P., Miller, S. A., Kleinhenz, M. D., Sibuga, K. P., 2010. Effect of seed treatments and mulch on seedborne bacterial pathogens and yield of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) in Tanzania.Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences (JAPS), 8(3) 1006-1015.
Solanum lycopersicum
tomato
Yes
CABI CPC, EPPO, XANTGA-1, XANTGA-4, XANTGA-5, XANTGA-6, XANTGA-7, XANTGA-10, XANTGA-11
Seed is a known pathway for Xanthomonas hortorum pv. gardneri.
Yes
Dilution plating, identification PCR, pathogenicity assay
These are the recommended methods by ISHI as of July 2017. Test is based on species level.
NSHS USDA
Biological, Chemical, and Cultural
Use resistant seeds. Hot water seed treatment has been suggested. Some chemicals have been shown to be effective treatment options against X. hortorum pv. gardneri. Since it can spread via tools, use proper sanitation.
CABI CPC, EPPO, XANTGA-4, XANTGA-8, XANTGA-9
2025-04-23 12:36:08
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
OEPP/EPPO Global Database - European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization
Potnis N, Timilsina S, Strayer A, Shantharaj D, Barak JD, Paret ML, Vallad GE & Jones JB (2015) Bacterial spot of tomato and pepper: Diverse Xanthomonas species with a wide variety of virulence factors posing a worldwide challenge. Molecular Plant Pathology 16(9), 907-920.
Osdaghi E, Jones JB, Sharma A, Goss EM, Abrahamian P, Newberry EA, Potnis N, Carvalho R, Choudhary M, Paret ML, Timilsina S & Vallad GE (2021) A centenary for bacterial spot of tomato and pepper. Molecular Plant Pathology 22(12),1500-1519.
Timilsina, S., Jibrin, M. O., Potnis, N., Minsavage, G. V., Kebede, M., Schwartz, A., Bart, R., Staskawicz, B., Boyer, C., Vallad, G. E., Pruvost, O., Jones, J. B., & Goss, E. M. (2015). Multilocus Sequence Analysis of Xanthomonads Causing Bacterial Spot of Tomato and Pepper Plants Reveals Strains Generated by Recombination among Species and Recent Global Spread of Xanthomonas gardneri. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 81(4), 1520–1529.
Kebede, M., Timilsina, S., Ayalew, A., Admassu, B., Potnis, N., Minsavage, G. V., Goss, E. M., Hong, J. C., Strayer, A., Paret, M., Jones, J. B., & Vallad, G. E. (2014). Molecular characterization of Xanthomonas strains responsible for bacterial spot of tomato in Ethiopia. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 140(4), 677–688.
Simonton, T. E., Robinson, D., Gillard, C., Jordan, K., & Trueman, C. L. (2021). Transmission of Xanthomonas gardneri to tomato seedlings during transportation and transplanting. Crop Protection, 141, 105472.
Araújo, E. R., Costa, J. R., Ferreira, M. A. S. V., & Quezado‐Duval, A. M. (2017). Widespread distribution of Xanthomonas perforans and limited presence of X. gardneri in Brazil. Plant Pathology, 66(1), 159-168.
Bernal, R. F., & Berger, R. D. (1996). The Spread of Epiphytic Populations of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria on Pepper in the Field. Journal of Phytopathology, 144(9–10), 479–484.
United Stated Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Protection Service National Seed Health System (USDA-APHIS NSHS) www.seedhealth.org
Mtui, H. D., Bennett, M. A., Maerere, A. P., Miller, S. A., Kleinhenz, M. D., Sibuga, K. P., 2010. Effect of seed treatments and mulch on seedborne bacterial pathogens and yield of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) in Tanzania.Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences (JAPS), 8(3) 1006-1015.
Potnis, N., Branham, S. E., Jones, J. B., & Wechter, W. P. (2019). Genome-Wide Association Study of Resistance to Xanthomonas gardneri in the USDA Pepper ( Capsicum ) Collection. Phytopathology, 109(7), 1217–1225.
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