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Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. perforans (bacterial spot of tomato and pepper )
Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. perforans
bacterial spot of tomato and pepper
Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria, Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, Xanthomonas perforans
Africa: Comoros, Ethiopia, Mauritius, Seychelles, South Africa, Tanzania; Asia: China, Indonesia, Iran, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey; Europe: Italy; North America: Canada, Mexico, USA; Oceania: Australia; South America: Brazil.
AL, FL, GA, IL, IN, LA, MI, MS, NC, OH
2025-04-23
bacteria
Peru
pepper, tomato
XANTPF
Bacterial spot of tomato and pepper was initially attributed to X. vesicatoria. Over time, four distinct groups were identified and associated with different host and geographic patterns, which were later reclassified into three species: X. euvesicatoria (including X. perforans), X. vesicatoria, and X. hortorum pv. gardneri. Molecular analysis revealed that X. euvesicatoria and X. perforans were not separate species, leading to their reclassification as pathovars of X. euvesicatoria: X. euvesicatoria pv. euvesicatoria and X. euvesicatoria pv. perforans. It can spread via infected seeds and transplants, and locally through water splash or contaminated tools, especially in dense greenhouse or sprinkler-irrigated field conditions. Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. euvesicatoria and pv. perforans are two distinct pathovars within the X. euvesicatoria species complex, both causing bacterial spot in solanaceous crops. Pv. euvesicatoria has a broader host range, affecting both tomato and pepper, and produces angular, necrotic leaf lesions with water-soaked margins. Pv. perforans is more specialized to tomato and causes small, coalescing lesions that can give leaves a perforated appearance. Differentiation between the two pathovars requires molecular PCR testing.
2 Known Hosts
Capsicum annuum
pepper
Yes
CABI CPC, EPPO, XANTPF-2, XANTPF-3, XANTPF-4, XANTPF-8, XANTPF-11, XANTPF-12, XANTPF-13, XANTPF-14
Seed is a known pathway Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. perforans.
Yes
Dilution plating, identification PCR, pathogenicity assay
These are the recommended methods by ISHI as of July 2017. Test is based on species level.
NSHS USDA, ISHI-ISF
Biological, Chemical, and Cultural
Biological: the use of resistant varieties may help. Chemical: hot water and chemical treatments have shown some effectiveness but could reduce germination. Cultural: Using disease-free seeds is critical. Sterilization of tools used is important in reducing spread. Crop rotation is also recommended to prevent carryover in volunteers and crop residues.
XANTPF-2, XANTPF-9, XANTPF-10
2025-04-23 12:33:48
CABI CPC
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
EPPO
OEPP/EPPO Global Database - European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization
XANTPF-2
Potnis N, Timilsina S, Strayer A, Shantharaj D, Barak JD, Paret ML, Vallad GE & Jones JB (2015) Bacterial spot of tomato and pepper: Diverse Xanthomonas species with a wide variety of virulence factors posing a worldwide challenge. Molecular Plant Pathology 16(9), 907-920.
XANTPF-3
Osdaghi E, Jones JB, Sharma A, Goss EM, Abrahamian P, Newberry EA, Potnis N, Carvalho R, Choudhary M, Paret ML, Timilsina S & Vallad GE (2021) A centenary for bacterial spot of tomato and pepper. Molecular Plant Pathology 22(12),1500-1519.
XANTPF-4
Dutta, B., Gitaitis, R., Sanders, H., Booth, C., Smith, S., and Langston, D. B., Jr. 2014. Role of blossom colonization in pepper seed infestation by Xanthomonas euvesicatoria. Phytopathology 104:232-239.
XANTPF-8
Leite Jr, R. P., Jones, J. B., Somodi, G. C., Minsavage, G. V., & Stall, R. E. (1995). Detection of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria associated with pepper and tomato seed by DNA amplification. seed, 11, 24.
XANTPF-11
Giovanardi D, Biondi E, Ignjatov M, Jevtić R, Stefani E. Impact of bacterial spot outbreaks on the phytosanitary quality of tomato and pepper seeds. Plant Pathology. 2018;67(5):1168–76.
XANTPF-12
Timilsina, S., Iruegas-Bocardo, F., Jibrin, M. O., Sharma, A., Subedi, A., Kaur, A., ... & Goss, E. M. (2025). Diversification of an emerging bacterial plant pathogen; insights into the global spread of Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. perforans. PLoS pathogens, 21(4), e1013036.
XANTPF-13
Liao, Y. Y., Montalban, K., Panwala, R., Totsline, N., Hernandez, K., Guedira, A., & Huerta, A. I. (2024). First Report of Xanthomonas perforans Causing Bacterial Spot of Pepper (Capsicum annuum) in North Carolina. Plant Disease, 108(7), 2216.
XANTPF-14
Subedi, A., Minsavage, G. V., Roberts, P. D., Goss, E. M., Sharma, A., & Jones, J. B. (2024). Insights into bs5 resistance mechanisms in pepper against Xanthomonas euvesicatoria through transcriptome profiling. BMC genomics, 25(1), 711.
NSHS USDA
United Stated Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Protection Service National Seed Health System (USDA-APHIS NSHS) www.seedhealth.org
ISHI-ISF
ISHI Seed Health Test Methods - https://worldseed.org/resources/ishi-methods/
XANTPF-9
Agrawal, K., Sharma, D.K. and Jain, V.K., 2012. Seed-borne bacterial diseases of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill) and their control measures: a review. International Journal of Food, Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, 2, pp.173-182.
XANTPF-10
Goode, M. J., & Sasser, M. (1980). Prevention-the key to controlling bacterial spot and bacterial speck of tomato.
Solanum lycopersicum
tomato
Yes
CABI CPC, ISF RPLD, XANTPF-1, XANTPF-2, XANTPF-3, XANTPF-4, XANTPF-5, XANTPF-6, XANTPF-7, XANTPF-9, XANTPF-11
Seed is a known pathway Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. perforans.
Yes
Dilution plating, identification PCR, pathogenicity assay
These are the recommended methods by ISHI as of July 2017. Test is based on species level.
NSHS USDA, ISHI-ISF, XANTPF-8
Biological, Chemical, and Cultural
Biological: the use of resistant varieties may help. Chemical: hot water and chemical treatments have shown some effectiveness but could reduce germination. Cultural: Using disease-free seeds is critical. Sterilization of tools used is important in reducing spread. Crop rotation is also recommended to prevent carryover in volunteers and crop residues.
CABI CPC, XANTPF-2, XANTPF-9, XANTPF-10
2025-04-23 12:34:57
CABI CPC
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
ISF RPLD
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
XANTPF-1
Jones, J. B., Pohronezny, K. L., Stall, R. E., & Jones, J. P. (1986). Survival of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria in Florida on tomato crop residue, weeds, seeds, and volunteer tomato plants. Phytopathology, 76(4), 430-434.
XANTPF-2
Potnis N, Timilsina S, Strayer A, Shantharaj D, Barak JD, Paret ML, Vallad GE & Jones JB (2015) Bacterial spot of tomato and pepper: Diverse Xanthomonas species with a wide variety of virulence factors posing a worldwide challenge. Molecular Plant Pathology 16(9), 907-920.
XANTPF-3
Osdaghi E, Jones JB, Sharma A, Goss EM, Abrahamian P, Newberry EA, Potnis N, Carvalho R, Choudhary M, Paret ML, Timilsina S & Vallad GE (2021) A centenary for bacterial spot of tomato and pepper. Molecular Plant Pathology 22(12),1500-1519.
XANTPF-4
Dutta, B., Gitaitis, R., Sanders, H., Booth, C., Smith, S., and Langston, D. B., Jr. 2014. Role of blossom colonization in pepper seed infestation by Xanthomonas euvesicatoria. Phytopathology 104:232-239.
XANTPF-5
Abbasi, P. A., Khabbaz, S. E., Weselowski, B., & Zhang, L. (2015). Occurrence of copper-resistant strains and a shift in Xanthomonas spp. causing tomato bacterial spot in Ontario. Canadian journal of microbiology, 61(10), 753-761.
XANTPF-6
Abrahamian, P., Klein-Gordon, J. M., Jones, J. B., & Vallad, G. E. (2021). Epidemiology, diversity, and management of bacterial spot of tomato caused by Xanthomonas perforans. Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 105(16), 6143-6158.
XANTPF-7
Araújo, E. R., Costa, J. R., Ferreira, M. A. S. V., & Quezado‐Duval, A. M. (2017). Widespread distribution of Xanthomonas perforans and limited presence of X. gardneri in Brazil. Plant Pathology, 66(1), 159-168.
XANTPF-9
Agrawal, K., Sharma, D.K. and Jain, V.K., 2012. Seed-borne bacterial diseases of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill) and their control measures: a review. International Journal of Food, Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, 2, pp.173-182.
XANTPF-11
Giovanardi D, Biondi E, Ignjatov M, Jevtić R, Stefani E. Impact of bacterial spot outbreaks on the phytosanitary quality of tomato and pepper seeds. Plant Pathology. 2018;67(5):1168–76.
NSHS USDA
United Stated Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Protection Service National Seed Health System (USDA-APHIS NSHS) www.seedhealth.org
ISHI-ISF
ISHI Seed Health Test Methods - https://worldseed.org/resources/ishi-methods/
XANTPF-8
Leite Jr, R. P., Jones, J. B., Somodi, G. C., Minsavage, G. V., & Stall, R. E. (1995). Detection of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria associated with pepper and tomato seed by DNA amplification. seed, 11, 24.
XANTPF-10
Goode, M. J., & Sasser, M. (1980). Prevention-the key to controlling bacterial spot and bacterial speck of tomato.
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