Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. perforans

bacterial spot of tomato and pepper

Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria, Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, Xanthomonas perforans

Africa: Comoros, Ethiopia, Mauritius, Seychelles, South Africa, Tanzania; Asia: China, Indonesia, Iran, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey; Europe: Italy; North America: Canada, Mexico, USA; Oceania: Australia; South America: Brazil.

AL, FL, GA, IL, IN, LA, MI, MS, NC, OH

2025-04-23

bacteria

Peru

pepper, tomato

XANTPF

Bacterial spot of tomato and pepper was initially attributed to X. vesicatoria. Over time, four distinct groups were identified and associated with different host and geographic patterns, which were later reclassified into three species: X. euvesicatoria (including X. perforans), X. vesicatoria, and X. hortorum pv. gardneri. Molecular analysis revealed that X. euvesicatoria and X. perforans were not separate species, leading to their reclassification as pathovars of X. euvesicatoria: X. euvesicatoria pv. euvesicatoria and X. euvesicatoria pv. perforans. It can spread via infected seeds and transplants, and locally through water splash or contaminated tools, especially in dense greenhouse or sprinkler-irrigated field conditions.