Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. euvesicatoria
bacterial spot of tomato and pepper
Bacterium exitiosum, Bacterium vesicatorium, Phytomonas exitiosa, Phytomonas vesicatoria, Pseudomonas exitiosa, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria, Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, Xanthomonas euvesicatoria
Africa: Comoros, Mauritius, Nigeria, Reunion, Seychelles, South Africa, Tanzania; Asia: China, Indonesia, Iran, South Korea, Taiwan, Turkey; Europe: Bulgaria, Czechia, Greece, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia; North America: Canada, USA; Oceania: Australia; South America: Argentina, Brazil.
FL, GA, IN, KY, LA, MI, NC, OH
2025-04-23
bacteria
Peru
pepper, tomato.
XANTEU
Bacterial spot of tomato and pepper was initially attributed to X. vesicatoria. Over time, four distinct groups were identified and associated with different host and geographic patterns, which were later reclassified into three species: X. euvesicatoria (including X. perforans), X. vesicatoria, and X. hortorum pv. gardneri. Molecular analysis revealed that X. euvesicatoria and X. perforans were not separate species, leading to their reclassification as pathovars of X. euvesicatoria: X. euvesicatoria pv. euvesicatoria and X. euvesicatoria pv. perforans. It can spread via infected seeds and transplants, and locally through water splash or contaminated tools, especially in dense greenhouse or sprinkler-irrigated field conditions.
Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. euvesicatoria and pv. perforans are two distinct pathovars within the X. euvesicatoria species complex, both causing bacterial spot in solanaceous crops. Pv. euvesicatoria has a broader host range, affecting both tomato and pepper, and produces angular, necrotic leaf lesions with water-soaked margins. Pv. perforans is more specialized to tomato and causes small, coalescing lesions that can give leaves a perforated appearance. Differentiation between the two pathovars requires molecular PCR testing.
2 Known Hosts
Capsicum annuum
pepper
Yes
CABI CPC, ISF RPLD, EPPO, XANTEU-1, XANTEU-2, XANTEU-3, XANTEU-4, XANTEU-5, XANTEU-6, XANTEU-7, XANTEU-10, XANTEU-13, XANTEU-15
Seed is a known pathway Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. euvesicatoria.
Yes
Dilution plating, identification PCR, pathogenicity assay
These are the recommended methods by ISHI as of July 2017. Test is based on species level.
NSHS USDA, ISHI-ISF, XANTEU-8, XANTEU-17
Biological, Chemical, and Cultural
Biological: the use of resistant varieties may help. Chemical: hot water and chemical treatments have shown some effectiveness but could reduce germination. Cultural: Using disease-free seeds is critical. Sterilization of tools used is important in reducing spread. Crop rotation is also recommended to prevent carryover in volunteers and crop residues.
XANTEU-6, XANTEU-9, XANTEU-10, XANTEU-14
2025-04-23 12:32:19
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
OEPP/EPPO Global Database - European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization
Jones, J. B., Pohronezny, K. L., Stall, R. E., & Jones, J. P. (1986). Survival of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria in Florida on tomato crop residue, weeds, seeds, and volunteer tomato plants. Phytopathology, 76(4), 430-434.
Osdaghi E, Jones JB, Sharma A, Goss EM, Abrahamian P, Newberry EA, Potnis N, Carvalho R, Choudhary M, Paret ML, Timilsina S & Vallad GE (2021) A centenary for bacterial spot of tomato and pepper. Molecular Plant Pathology 22(12),1500-1519.
Potnis N, Timilsina S, Strayer A, Shantharaj D, Barak JD, Paret ML, Vallad GE & Jones JB (2015) Bacterial spot of tomato and pepper: Diverse Xanthomonas species with a wide variety of virulence factors posing a worldwide challenge. Molecular Plant Pathology 16(9), 907-920.
Dutta, B., Gitaitis, R., Sanders, H., Booth, C., Smith, S., and Langston, D. B., Jr. 2014. Role of blossom colonization in pepper seed infestation by Xanthomonas euvesicatoria. Phytopathology 104:232-239.
Giovanardi D, Biondi E, Ignjatov M, Jevtić R, Stefani E. Impact of bacterial spot outbreaks on the phytosanitary quality of tomato and pepper seeds. Plant Pathology. 2018;67(5):1168–76.
Utami, D., Meale, S. J., & Young, A. J. (2022). A Pan-Global Study of Bacterial Leaf Spot of Chilli Caused by Xanthomonas spp. Plants, 11(17), 2291.
Bashan, Y., Diab, S. & Okon, Y. Survival ofXanthomonas campestris pv.vesictoria in pepper seeds and roots in symptomless and dry leaves in non-host plants and in the soil. Plant Soil 68, 161–170 (1982).
Pajčin, I., Vlajkov, V., Frohme, M., Grebinyk, S., Grahovac, M., Mojićević, M., & Grahovac, J. (2020). Pepper Bacterial Spot Control by Bacillus velezensis: Bioprocess Solution. Microorganisms, 8(10), 1463.
Xhemali, B., Bellameche, F., Gjinovci, G., Modica, F., Biondi, E., Stefani, E., & Giovanardi, D. (2025). First report of Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. euvesicatoria causing bacterial leaf spot of pepper in Kosovo. Journal of Plant Pathology, 107(1), 779-780.
Burlakoti, R. R., Hsu, C., Chen, J., & Wang, J. (2018). Population Dynamics of Xanthomonads Associated with Bacterial Spot of Tomato and Pepper during 27 Years across Taiwan. Plant Disease, 102(7), 1348–1356.
United Stated Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Protection Service National Seed Health System (USDA-APHIS NSHS) www.seedhealth.org
ISHI Seed Health Test Methods - https://worldseed.org/resources/ishi-methods/
Utami, D., Meale, S. J., & Young, A. J. (2024). Bacterial leaf spot susceptibility screening of chili pepper cultivars using qPCR determination of Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. euvesicatoria titers. Phytopathology®, 114(4), 681-689.
Leite Jr, R. P., Jones, J. B., Somodi, G. C., Minsavage, G. V., & Stall, R. E. (1995). Detection of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria associated with pepper and tomato seed by DNA amplification. seed, 11, 24.
Awad-Allah, E. F. A., Shams, A. H. M., & Helaly, A. A. (2021). Suppression of Bacterial Leaf Spot by Green Synthesized Silica Nanoparticles and Antagonistic Yeast Improves Growth, Productivity and Quality of Sweet Pepper. Plants, 10(8), 1689.
Subedi, A., Minsavage, G. V., Roberts, P. D., Goss, E. M., Sharma, A., & Jones, J. B. (2024). Insights into bs5 resistance mechanisms in pepper against Xanthomonas euvesicatoria through transcriptome profiling. BMC genomics, 25(1), 711.
Solanum lycopersicum
tomato
Yes
CABI CPC, ISF RPLD, EPPO, XANTEU-1, XANTEU-2, XANTEU-3, XANTEU-5, XANTEU-11, XANTEU-15, XANTEU-17, XANTEU-18
Seed is a known pathway Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. euvesicatoria.
Yes
Dilution plating, identification PCR, pathogenicity assay
These are the recommended methods by ISHI as of July 2017. Test is based on species level.
NSHS USDA, ISHI-ISF, XANTEU-8, XANTEU-17
Biological, Chemical, and Cultural
Biological: the use of resistant varieties may help. Chemical: hot water and chemical treatments have shown some effectiveness but could reduce germination. Cultural: Using disease-free seeds is critical. Sterilization of tools used is important in reducing spread. Crop rotation is also recommended to prevent carryover in volunteers and crop residues.
XANTEU-6, XANTEU-11, XANTEU-16
2025-04-23 12:33:36
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
OEPP/EPPO Global Database - European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization
Jones, J. B., Pohronezny, K. L., Stall, R. E., & Jones, J. P. (1986). Survival of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria in Florida on tomato crop residue, weeds, seeds, and volunteer tomato plants. Phytopathology, 76(4), 430-434.
Osdaghi E, Jones JB, Sharma A, Goss EM, Abrahamian P, Newberry EA, Potnis N, Carvalho R, Choudhary M, Paret ML, Timilsina S & Vallad GE (2021) A centenary for bacterial spot of tomato and pepper. Molecular Plant Pathology 22(12),1500-1519.
Potnis N, Timilsina S, Strayer A, Shantharaj D, Barak JD, Paret ML, Vallad GE & Jones JB (2015) Bacterial spot of tomato and pepper: Diverse Xanthomonas species with a wide variety of virulence factors posing a worldwide challenge. Molecular Plant Pathology 16(9), 907-920.
Giovanardi D, Biondi E, Ignjatov M, Jevtić R, Stefani E. Impact of bacterial spot outbreaks on the phytosanitary quality of tomato and pepper seeds. Plant Pathology. 2018;67(5):1168–76.
Vallad, G. E., Pernezny, K. L., Balogh, B., Wen, A., L. Figueiredo, J. F., Jones, J. B., Momol, T., Muchovej, R. M., Havranek, N., Abdallah, N., Olson, S., & Roberts, P. D. (2010). Comparison of Kasugamycin to Traditional Bactericides for the Management of Bacterial Spot on Tomato. HortScience horts, 45(12), 1834-1840.
Burlakoti, R. R., Hsu, C., Chen, J., & Wang, J. (2018). Population Dynamics of Xanthomonads Associated with Bacterial Spot of Tomato and Pepper during 27 Years across Taiwan. Plant Disease, 102(7), 1348–1356.
Leite Jr, R. P., Jones, J. B., Somodi, G. C., Minsavage, G. V., & Stall, R. E. (1995). Detection of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria associated with pepper and tomato seed by DNA amplification. seed, 11, 24.
Agrawal, K., Sharma, D.K. and Jain, V.K., 2012. Seed-borne bacterial diseases of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill) and their control measures: a review. International Journal of Food, Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, 2, pp.173-182.
United Stated Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Protection Service National Seed Health System (USDA-APHIS NSHS) www.seedhealth.org
ISHI Seed Health Test Methods - https://worldseed.org/resources/ishi-methods/
Utami, D., Meale, S. J., & Young, A. J. (2024). Bacterial leaf spot susceptibility screening of chili pepper cultivars using qPCR determination of Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. euvesicatoria titers. Phytopathology®, 114(4), 681-689.
Utami, D., Meale, S. J., & Young, A. J. (2022). A Pan-Global Study of Bacterial Leaf Spot of Chilli Caused by Xanthomonas spp. Plants, 11(17), 2291.
Goode, J.M. and Sasser, M. (1980). Prevention - the key to controlling bacterial spot and bacterial speck of tomato. Plant Disease, 64, 831-834.
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