Rathayibacter rathayi
gumming disease of grasses
Agrobacterium rathayi, Aplanobacter rathayi, Bacterium rathayi, Clavibacter rathayi, Corynebacterium michiganense pv. rathayi, Corynebacterium rathayi, Erwinia rathay, Phytomonas rathayi, Pseudobacterium rathayi
Africa: Egypt, Ethiopia; Asia: China, India, Iran, Japan, Europe: Cyprus, Germany, Romania, Sweden, UK; North America: Canada, USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand.
OR, VA
2024-12-31
bacterium
China
Primary: orchardgrass; Main: bermudagrass, rye
CORBRA
Rathayibacter rathayi is spread by nematodes into seed heads creating a gall and releasing harmful corynetoxins which are hazardous to livestock when consumed. The pathogen has a significant impact on forages and requires management of nematode populations. It is suspected that seed could also be a pathway.
3 Known Hosts
Cynodon dactylon
bermuda grass
uncertain
CABI CPC, CORBRA-2, CORBRA-3, CORBRA-4, CORBRA-8
Reference indicates that pathogen may be found on seed, but transmission may require a seed gall nematode vector.
Yes
soak test
Seeds are soaked overnight in water. Nematodes are concentrated by sieving, followed by microscopic examination. Tests not validated or standardized.
cultural
Use disease-free seed. Plant in areas free of nematodes. Crop rotation with particular species is being looked at as an option.
CABI CPC, CORBRA-8
2024-12-31 13:32:21
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Bradbury JF, 1973. Corynebacterium rathayi. CMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, Number 376. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
Bagger O, 1977. Plant diseases in Demark In, 93rd Annual Survey. Lyngby, Denmark: State Plant Pathology Institute
Zgurskaya, H. I., Evtushenko, L. I., Akimov, V. N., & Kalakoutskii, L. V. (1993). Rathayibacter gen. nov., including the species Rathayibacter rathayi comb. nov., Rathayibacter tritici comb. nov., Rathayibacter iranicus comb. nov., and six strains from annual grasses. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 43(1), 143-149.
Rivedal, H. M., Temple, T. N., Starchvick, R. J., Braithwaite, E., Lowder, S. R., Dorman, S. J., ... & Zasada, I. A. (2024). Comparison of molecular and morphological identification methods for Anguina seed gall nematodes in Oregon grasses grown for seed. PhytoFrontiers™, PHYTOFR-01.
Dactylis glomerata
orchardgrass
uncertain
CABI CPC, CORBRA-3, CORBRA-4, CORBRA-5, CORBRA-6
Report indicated that 3 of 49 seed samples were found with the pathogen, however, no other data proving pathogenicity was cited
yes
soak
Seeds are soaked overnight in water. Nematodes are concentrated by sieving, followed by microscopic examination. Tests not validated or standardized.
CABI CPC, CORBRA-8
cultural
Use disease-free seed. Plant in areas free of nematodes. Crop rotation with particular species is being looked at as an option.
CABI CPC, CORBRA-8
2024-12-31 13:34:22
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Bagger O, 1977. Plant diseases in Demark In, 93rd Annual Survey. Lyngby, Denmark: State Plant Pathology Institute
Zgurskaya, H. I., Evtushenko, L. I., Akimov, V. N., & Kalakoutskii, L. V. (1993). Rathayibacter gen. nov., including the species Rathayibacter rathayi comb. nov., Rathayibacter tritici comb. nov., Rathayibacter iranicus comb. nov., and six strains from annual grasses. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 43(1), 143-149.
Alderman, S. C., Ocamb, C. M., & Mellbye, M. E. (2005). Quantitative assessment of Anguina sp. and Rathayibacter rathayi in Dactylis glomerata seed production fields in Oregon and estimates of yield loss. Plant Disease, 89(12), 1313–1316.
Postnikova, E., Agarkova, I., Riley, I. T., Alderman, S., Ocamb, C. M., Vidaver, A. K., & Schaad, N. W. (2004). Identification of Rathayibacter rathayi in Oregon and Maryland. Phytopathology, 94(6).
Rivedal, H. M., Temple, T. N., Starchvick, R. J., Braithwaite, E., Lowder, S. R., Dorman, S. J., ... & Zasada, I. A. (2024). Comparison of molecular and morphological identification methods for Anguina seed gall nematodes in Oregon grasses grown for seed. PhytoFrontiers™, PHYTOFR-01.
Secale cereale
rye
uncertain
CABI CPC, CORBRA-2, CORBRA-3, CORBRA-4
Reference indicates that pathogen may be found on seed, but transmission may require a seed gall nematode vector
Yes
soak
Use disease-free seed. Plant in areas free of nematodes. Crop rotation with particular species is being looked at as an option.
cultural
Use disease-free seed. Plant in areas free of nematodes. Crop rotation with particular species is being looked at as an option.
CABI CPC, CORBRA-8
2024-12-31 13:35:11
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Bradbury JF, 1973. Corynebacterium rathayi. CMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, Number 376. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
Bagger O, 1977. Plant diseases in Demark In, 93rd Annual Survey. Lyngby, Denmark: State Plant Pathology Institute
Zgurskaya, H. I., Evtushenko, L. I., Akimov, V. N., & Kalakoutskii, L. V. (1993). Rathayibacter gen. nov., including the species Rathayibacter rathayi comb. nov., Rathayibacter tritici comb. nov., Rathayibacter iranicus comb. nov., and six strains from annual grasses. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 43(1), 143-149.
Rivedal, H. M., Temple, T. N., Starchvick, R. J., Braithwaite, E., Lowder, S. R., Dorman, S. J., ... & Zasada, I. A. (2024). Comparison of molecular and morphological identification methods for Anguina seed gall nematodes in Oregon grasses grown for seed. PhytoFrontiers™, PHYTOFR-01.
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