Xanthomonas vesicatoria
bacterial spot of tomato and pepper
Bacterium exitiosum, Bacterium vesicatorium, Phytomonas exitiosa Phytomonas vesicatoria, Pseudomonas exitiosa, Pseudomonas gardneri, Pseudomonas gardneri var. capsica, Pseudomonas vesicatoria, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Vesicatoria, Xanthomonas campestris pv. Vesicatoria
Worldwide
AZ, CA, FL, GA, HI, IN, IA, MI, NM, NC, OH, OK
2025-05-19
bacteria
-
pepper, tomato
XANTVE
Bacterial spot of tomato and pepper was initially attributed to X. vesicatoria. Over time, four distinct groups were identified and associated with different host and geographic patterns, which were later reclassified into three species: X. euvesicatoria (including X. perforans), X. vesicatoria, and X. hortorum pv. gardneri. It can spread via infected seeds and transplants, and locally through water splash or contaminated tools, especially in dense greenhouse or sprinkler-irrigated field conditions.
2 Known Hosts
Capsicum annuum
pepper
Yes
CABI CPC, ISF RPLD, EPPO, XANTVE-1, XANTVE-3, XANTVE-4, XANTVE-6, XANTVE-10, XANTVE-11, XANTVE-12, XANTVE-13, XANTVE-14
Seed is a known pathway for Xanthomonas vesicatoria and has been considered a major source of inoculum.
Yes
dilution plating, identification PCR, pathogenicity assay
These are the recommended methods by ISHI as of July 2017. Test is based on species level.
-
NSHS USDA, ISHI-ISF, XANTVE-4
biological, chemical, Cultural
Biological: the use of resistant varieties may help. Chemical: hot water and chemical treatments have shown some effectiveness but could reduce germination. Cultural: Using disease-free seeds is critical. Sterilization of tools used is important in reducing spread. Crop rotation is also recommended to prevent carryover in volunteers and crop residues.
XANTVE-1, XANTVE-3, XANTVE-4
2025-05-19 10:31:48
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
OEPP/EPPO Global Database - European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization
Potnis, N., Timilsina, S., Strayer, A., Shantharaj, D., Barak, J. D., Paret, M. L., ... & Jones, J. B. (2015). Bacterial spot of tomato and pepper: Diverse X anthomonas species with a wide variety of virulence factors posing a worldwide challenge. Molecular plant pathology, 16(9), 907-920.
Goode, M. J., & Sasser, M. (1980). Prevention-the key to controlling bacterial spot and bacterial speck of tomato.
Leite Jr, R. P., Jones, J. B., Somodi, G. C., Minsavage, G. V., & Stall, R. E. (1995). Detection of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria associated with pepper and tomato seed by DNA amplification. seed, 11, 24.
Lue, Y. S., Deng, W. L., Wu, Y. F., Cheng, A. S., Hsu, S. T., & Tzeng, K. C. (2010). Characterization of Xanthomonas associated with bacterial spot of tomato and pepper in Taiwan. Plant Pathology Bulletin, 19(3), 181-190.
Bashan, Y. and Assouline, I. (1983). Complementary bacterial enrichment techniques for the detection of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria in infected tomato and pepper seeds. Phytoparasitica, 11, 187-193.
Gardner, M.W. and Kendrick, J.B. (1923). Bacterial spot of tomato and pepper. Phytopathology, 13 (7), 307-315.
Jones, J.B., Lacy, G.H., Bouzar, H., Stall, R.E. and Schaad, N.W. (2004). Reclassification of the Xanthomonads associated with bacterial spot disease of tomato and pepper. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 27 (6), 755-762.
Dutta, B., Gitaitis, R., Sanders, H., Booth, C., Smith, S., and Langston, D. B., Jr. 2014. Role of blossom colonization in pepper seed infestation by Xanthomonas euvesicatoria. Phytopathology 104:232-239.
Giovanardi D, Biondi E, Ignjatov M, Jevtić R, Stefani E. Impact of bacterial spot outbreaks on the phytosanitary quality of tomato and pepper seeds. Plant Pathology. 2018;67(5):1168–76.
United Stated Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Protection Service National Seed Health System (USDA-APHIS NSHS) www.seedhealth.org
ISHI Seed Health Test Methods - https://worldseed.org/resources/ishi-methods/
Solanum lycopersicum
tomato
Yes
CABI CPC, ISF RPLD, EPPO, XANTVE-1, XANTVE-2, XANTVE-3, XANTVE-4, XANTVE-5, XANTVE-6, XANTVE-9, XANTVE-10, XANTVE-11, XANTVE-12, XANTVE-14
Seed is a known pathway for Xanthomonas vesicatoria and has been considered a major source of inoculum.
Yes
dilution plating, identification PCR, pathogenicity assay
These are the recommended methods by ISHI as of July 2017. Test is based on species level.
-
NSHS USDA, ISHI-ISF, XANTVE-4
biological, Chemical, Cultural
Biological: the use of resistant varieties may help. Chemical: hot water and chemical treatments have shown some effectiveness but could reduce germination. Cultural: Using disease-free seeds is critical. Sterilization of tools used is important in reducing spread. Crop rotation is also recommended to prevent carryover in volunteers and crop residues.
XANTVE-1, XANTVE-3, XANTVE-4
2025-05-19 10:36:24
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
OEPP/EPPO Global Database - European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization
Potnis, N., Timilsina, S., Strayer, A., Shantharaj, D., Barak, J. D., Paret, M. L., ... & Jones, J. B. (2015). Bacterial spot of tomato and pepper: Diverse X anthomonas species with a wide variety of virulence factors posing a worldwide challenge. Molecular plant pathology, 16(9), 907-920.
Agrawal, K., Sharma, D. K., & Jain, V. K. (2012). Seed-borne bacterial diseases of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and their control measures: A Review. International Journal of Food, Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, 2(2), 173-182p.
Goode, M. J., & Sasser, M. (1980). Prevention-the key to controlling bacterial spot and bacterial speck of tomato.
Leite Jr, R. P., Jones, J. B., Somodi, G. C., Minsavage, G. V., & Stall, R. E. (1995). Detection of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria associated with pepper and tomato seed by DNA amplification. seed, 11, 24.
Felipe, V., Romero, A. M., Montecchia, M. S., Vojnov, A. A., Bianco, M. I., & Yaryura, P. M. (2018). Xanthomonas vesicatoria virulence factors involved in early stages of bacterial spot development in tomato. Plant Pathology, 67(9), 1936-1943.
Lue, Y. S., Deng, W. L., Wu, Y. F., Cheng, A. S., Hsu, S. T., & Tzeng, K. C. (2010). Characterization of Xanthomonas associated with bacterial spot of tomato and pepper in Taiwan. Plant Pathology Bulletin, 19(3), 181-190.
Abdalla, M. E. (2000). Detection and identification of seed‐borne pathogenic bacteria of imported tomato seeds in Egypt. EPPO Bulletin, 30(2), 327-331.
Bashan, Y. and Assouline, I. (1983). Complementary bacterial enrichment techniques for the detection of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria in infected tomato and pepper seeds. Phytoparasitica, 11, 187-193.
Gardner, M.W. and Kendrick, J.B. (1923). Bacterial spot of tomato and pepper. Phytopathology, 13 (7), 307-315.
Jones, J.B., Lacy, G.H., Bouzar, H., Stall, R.E. and Schaad, N.W. (2004). Reclassification of the Xanthomonads associated with bacterial spot disease of tomato and pepper. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 27 (6), 755-762.
Giovanardi D, Biondi E, Ignjatov M, Jevtić R, Stefani E. Impact of bacterial spot outbreaks on the phytosanitary quality of tomato and pepper seeds. Plant Pathology. 2018;67(5):1168–76.
United Stated Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Protection Service National Seed Health System (USDA-APHIS NSHS) www.seedhealth.org
ISHI Seed Health Test Methods - https://worldseed.org/resources/ishi-methods/
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