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Phytophthora boehmeriae (ramie leaf spot )
Phytophthora boehmeriae
ramie leaf spot
Boll rot of cotton
Africa: South Africa; Asia: China, India, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan; Europe: Greece; Oceania: Papua New Guinea; South America: Brazil
Not known to occur
2025-12-30
fungus
Thailand
Main: cotton, ramie
PHYTBM
Phytophthora boehmeriae is a soil- and water-borne oomycete that causes blights and collar and root rots of crops such as cotton and ramie, particularly under warm, wet conditions. It survives in soil and infected plant debris and is disseminated mainly by water-borne zoospores and the movement of infested soil or plant material. Seed transmission has not been demonstrated and is not considered an important pathway in disease spread.
Crops
Gossypium spp.
cotton
No
PHYTBM-2, PHYTBM-3, PHYTBM-4, PHYTBM-5, PHYTBM-6, CABI CPC, PHYTBM-7, PHYTBM-10
Phytophthora boehmeriae has been found on cotton seed from infected bolls, where it can survive on or inside the seed, but the rate of occurrence has not been quantified. One study from Zheng et al. (1992) reported that planting seed from infected bolls could potentially contribute to disease in the field, yet soil and crop residues remain the main sources of inoculum, so the role of seed in disease spread is still uncertain.
Yes
Seed wash and visual examination, Seed wash and culture plating
These tests were used in research and have not been validated or standardized.
CABI CPC, PHYTBM-11
biological, Chemical, and Cultural
Control relies on an integrated approach combining resistant cultivars, sanitation, and crop rotation to reduce inoculum. Cultural practices limit moisture stress, and effective fungicides offer additional potential for disease suppression.
CABI CPC, PHYTBM-8, PHYTBM-9
2025-12-30 13:16:36
PHYTBM-2
Zhang XZ, Ling PL, Ma P and Chen XH, 1995. Studies on cotton seed-born pathogen of Phytophthora boll rot and its lethal temperature. Acta Phytophylacica Sinica, 22:67-69
PHYTBM-3
Ma P and Shen CY, 1994. Studies on the relationship between Phytophthora sp. caused seedling blight and boll blight of cotton. Acta Phytophylacica Sinica, 21:220
PHYTBM-4
Zheng XB, Lu JY, He H, Wang TL and Wang HY, 1992. Oospores of Phytophthora boehmeriae overwintered in soil as an infection source of cotton boll rot disease. Acta Phytophylacica Sinica, 19:251-256
PHYTBM-5
Xu YG, et al, 1995. Agricultural Plant Pathology. Nanjing, China: Jiangsu Science and Technology Press
PHYTBM-6
Gao ZM, Zheng XB and Lu JY, 1999. Continuing variation in successive asexual generations of Phytophthora boehmeriae following sexual reproduction. Mycosystema, 18:197-205
CABI CPC
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
PHYTBM-7
Elena K, Paplomatas EJ (1998) Phytophthora boehmeriae boll root: A new threat to cotton cultivation in the Mediterranean region. Phytoparasitica, 26(1), 20-26.
PHYTBM-10
Thorpe, P., Vetukuri, R. R., Hedley, P. E., Morris, J., Whisson, M. A., Welsh, L. R., & Whisson, S. C. (2021). Draft genome assemblies for tree pathogens Phytophthora pseudosyringae and Phytophthora boehmeriae. G3, 11(11), jkab282.
PHYTBM-11
Shen, G., Wang, Y. C., Zhang, W. L., Zheng, X. B., 2005. Development of a PCR assay for the molecular detection of Phytophthora boehmeriae in infected cotton.Journal of Phytopathology, 153(5) 291-296.
PHYTBM-8
Huang BL, Yao DS, 1995. Studies on techniques for testing the resistance of cotton cultivars against boll blight. Chinese Cotton, 22(9):18-19.
PHYTBM-9
Yang XF, Yang HW, Jian H, Luan XQ, 1998. The antibiosis of Xenorhabdus spp. against Phytophthora boehmeriae. Chinese Journal of Biological Control, 14(1):21-24.
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