Columnea latent viroid
columnea latent
CLVd, Columnea latent pospiviroid
Africa: Mali; Asia: Thailand; Europe: France, Italy, Netherlands; North America: Canada, Costa Rica, USA.
MD
2025-12-08
viroid
Korea, Thailand
Main: tomato
CLVD00
Columnea latent viroid infects ornamentals such as Columnea and solanaceous crops, causing latent infections or symptoms like stunting, leaf distortion, and reduced fruit or seed development. CLVd is transmitted primarily via mechanical means and, in some hosts, by seed. Asymptomatic ornamental hosts can act as reservoirs, facilitating spread.
Crops
Capsicum annuum
pepper
No
CABI CPC, EPPO, CLVD00-3
Pepper has been reported as a symptomless host of Columnea latent viroid only under experimental, mechanically inoculated conditions. No evidence was found for natural infection or seed transmission in pepper, and the viroid does not appear to establish under typical field or greenhouse conditions.
Yes
T-PCR
NSHS METHOD: So 6.1 TaqMan RT-PCR Method, Ver 1.3
NSHS METHOD: So 6.1
NSHS USDA
2025-12-08 10:16:04
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
OEPP/EPPO Global Database - European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization
Verhoeven, J.T., Botermans, M., Schoen, R., Koenraadt, H. and Roenhorst, J.W., 2021. Possible overestimation of seed transmission in the spread of pospiviroids in commercial pepper and tomato crops based on large-scale grow-out trials and systematic literature review. Plants, 10(8), p.1707.
United Stated Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Protection Service National Seed Health System (USDA-APHIS NSHS) www.seedhealth.org
Solanum lycopersicum
tomato
No
CABI CPC, EPPO, CLVD00-3, CLVD00-4, CLVD00-5, CLVD00-6, CLVD00-7, CLVD00-8, CLVD00-9, CLVD00-10, CLVD00-11, CLVD00-12
Seed as a pathway for Columnea latent viroid in tomato is uncertain. While molecular detection has occasionally identified the viroid on seeds or in seedlings grown from contaminated seeds, the observed infection rates are extremely low (e.g., <0.1%) and often involve seedlings from mechanically inoculated plants. Large-scale studies with naturally and artificially infected tomato seeds, including tens of thousands of seeds, consistently found no evidence of seed transmission under typical growing conditions.
Yes
RT-PCR
NSHS METHOD: So 6.1 TaqMan RT-PCR Method, Ver 1.3
NSHS METHOD: So 6.1
NSHS USDA
No references found indicating a seed treatment is effective against Columnea latent viroid in tomato. Seed treatments to sanitize the seeds against Columnea latent viroid are considered to be of little use in preventing seed-borne transmission, ISF
2025-12-08 10:13:34
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
OEPP/EPPO Global Database - European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization
Verhoeven, J.T., Botermans, M., Schoen, R., Koenraadt, H. and Roenhorst, J.W., 2021. Possible overestimation of seed transmission in the spread of pospiviroids in commercial pepper and tomato crops based on large-scale grow-out trials and systematic literature review. Plants, 10(8), p.1707.
Faggioli, F., Luigi, M., Sveikauskas, V., Olivier, T., Marn, M.V., Plesko, I.M., De Jonghe, K., Van Bogaert, N. and Grausgruber-Gröger, S., 2015. An assessment of the transmission rate of four pospiviroid species through tomato seeds. European journal of plant pathology, 143(3), pp.613-617.
Fox, A., 2011. Detection and elimination of solanaceous viroids in tomato seeds and seedlings. PC 294. The Food and Environment Research Agency, United Kingdom.
Matsushita, Y. and Tsuda, S., 2016. Seed transmission of potato spindle tuber viroid, tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid, tomato apical stunt viroid, and Columnea latent viroid in horticultural plants. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 145(4), pp.1007-1011.
Chen, W.Y., Shih, S.L., Hsieh, M.H. and Kenyon, L., 2019. Management of tomato viroids at World Vegetable Center headquarters. ISHS Acta Horticulturae 1316, pp 135-142.
USDA, 2021. A quality pest risk asssessment for six pospiviroids (Columnea latent viroid, Pepper chat fruit viroid, Potato spindle tuber viroid, Tomato apical stunt viroid, Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid, and Tomato planta macho viroid) associated with imported tomato and pepper seeds. Version 1.
Batuman, O., & Gilbertson, R. L. (2013). First report of Columnea latent viroid (CLVd) in tomato in Mali. Plant Disease, 97(5), 692-692.
Ministry for Primary Industries, New Zealand, 2020. Risk Management Proposal: Proposed phytosanitary measures for the management of pospiviroids on the importation of seeds for sowing and plants for planting
Tanaka, S., Murase, R., Inoue, Y., Masumoto, M., Matsuura, T., & Yanagisawa, H. (2025). Infectivity and characteristics of columnea latent viroid isolated from tomato seeds produced in Thailand. Journal of General Plant Pathology, 91(2), 115-120.
Laomanotham, S., Kungwon, P., Porsoongnoen, S., Sinhabandhu, S., & Reanwarakorn, K. (2022). Characterization and transmission of Columnea latent viroid in tomato.
United Stated Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Protection Service National Seed Health System (USDA-APHIS NSHS) www.seedhealth.org
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