Cowpea mild mottle virus
angular mosaic of beans
Bean angular mosaic virus, cowpea mild mottle carlavirus, Eggplant mild mottle virus, groundnut crinkle virus, groundnut ngomeni mottle virus, psophocarpus necrotic mosaic virus, tomato pale chlorosis virus, voandzeia mosaic virus
Africa: Bening, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Eswatini, Ghana, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, Zambia; Asia: China, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Malaysia, Pakistan, Taiwan, Thailand, Yemen; Europe: Netherlands; North America: Mexico, Puerto Rico, USA; Oceania: Australia, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands; South America: Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela.
FL, OK
2025-12-08
virus
Korea
Main: cowpea, soybean, common bean, tomato; Other: faba bean, lima bean
CPMMV0
Cowpea mild mottle virus is a carlavirus that primarily infects legumes, especially cowpea, soybean, and related species. It causes systemic infections distinguished by mild mottling, chlorosis, leaf distortion, reduced pod set, and overall yield loss depending on host and environmental conditions.
The virus is transmitted mainly by whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) in a non-persistent manner. It can also be seed-transmitted in some hosts, though rates vary widely and may be low or inconsistent, depending on cultivar and geography. Mechanical transmission is possible in laboratory or greenhouse settings.
CpMMV occurs in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, where whitefly pressure is high, and is valued economically because infections can go unnoticed until they cause significant yield reductions
Crops
Glycine max
soybean
Yes
CPMMV0-3, CPMMV0-4, CPMMV0-5, CPMMV0-6, CPMMV0-7, CPMMV0-8, EPPO, CPMMV0-11, CPMMV0-12, CPMMV0-13, CPMMV0-14, CPMMV0-15, CPMMV0-16
Cowpea mild mottle virus is transmitted in soybean by whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) in a non-persistent manner. Seed transmission was previously uncertain, with earlier studies showing low-level or artificial transmission, while later studies on naturally infected seed often failed to detect the virus. More recent work confirms seed transmission, with virus detected in seed tissues and passed to seedlings, reducing germination, seedling vigor, and seed weight.
Yes
ELISA
This test has not been validated or standardized.
CPMMV0-6, CPMMV0-8
Chemical, cultural
Control of CpMMV in soybean relies on virus-free seed, removing infected plants, and managing whitefly vectors, with limited genetic resistance available.
2025-12-08 09:31:55
Fauquet C, Thouvenel J-C, 1987. Plant viruses in the Ivory Coast. Initiations, Documentations, Techniques, No. 46. Paris, France:ORSTOM, 243
Jeyanandarajah and Brunt AA 1993. The Natural Occurrence, Transmission, Properties and Possible Affinities of Cowpea Mild Mottle Virus. Journal of Phytopathology 109: 245-253
Brunt AA and Kenten RH, 1973. Cowpea mild mottle, a newly recognized virus infecting cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) in Ghana. Annals of Applied Biology, 74:67-74
Horn, N. M.; Saleh, N.; Baliadi, Y.Cowpea mild mottle virus could not be detected by ELISA in soybean and groundnut seeds in Indonesia.Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology 97:125-127"
Iwaki M, 1986. Soybean crinkle leaf and cowpea mild mottle viruses. International Symposium on Virus Diseases of Rice and Leguminous Crops. Tropical Agriculture Research Series, 19:92-100
Gillaspie, A. G., Jr.; Hopkins, M. S.; Pinnow, D. L. 1993. Seedborne viruses in preintroduction cowpea seed lots and establishment of virus-free accessions. Plant Disease, 1993, 77, 9, pp 875-877
OEPP/EPPO Global Database - European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization
Naidu, R. A., Gowda, S., Satyanarayana, T., Boyko, V., Reddy, A. S., Dawson, W. O., & Reddy, D. V. R. (1998). Evidence that whitefly-transmitted cowpea mild mottle virus belongs to the genus Carlavirus. Archives of virology, 143(4), 769-780.
Muniyappa, V., & Reddy, D. V. R. (1983). Transmission of cowpea mild mottle virus by Bemisia tabaci in a nonpersistent manner. Plant Disease, 67(4), 391-393.
Bhagwatkar, D. N., Sandra, N., Tripathi, A., Dalal, G., Kesaratagi, S., Saini, M., ... & Lal, S. K. (2025). Seed transmission of Carlavirus vignae (Cowpea mild mottle virus): a hidden driver of veinal necrosis and bud blight disease in soybean (Glycine max) in India. Frontiers in Microbiology, 16, 1654471.
da Silva, F. B., Muller, C., Bello, V. H., Watanabe, L. F. M., De Marchi, B. R., Fusco, L. M., ... & Krause-Sakate, R. (2020). Effects of cowpea mild mottle virus on soybean cultivars in Brazil. PeerJ, 8, e9828.
Luan, Y., Yang, S., Wang, Y., Zhao, Y., Wu, X., Chen, Q., Qi, Z., Wu, X., Ji, W., & Cheng, X. (2024). Genome-Wide Association Analysis of Cowpea Mild Mottle Virus Resistance in Soybean Germplasms from Northeast China. Agronomy, 14(3), 489.
Sutrawati, M., Hidayat, S. H., Suastika, G., Sukarno, B. P. W., & Nurmansyah, A. (2021). Seed-transmission of cowpea mild mottle virus on several varieties of soybean in Indonesia. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 22(10).
Phaseolus vulgaris
common bean
No
CPMMV0-4, CPMMV0-5, CPMMV0-9, EPPO, CPMMV0-13, CPMMV0-14, CPMMV0-16
Cowpea mild mottle virus can infect common bean, causing mild mosaic, leaf mottling, and stunting. Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) transmit the virus in a non-persistent manner. Seed transmission is uncertain: early studies detected the virus from seed of artificially inoculated plants while later tests on naturally infected seed failed to detect it. No new evidence supports seed as a natural pathway in common bean.
Yes
ELISA
This test has not been validated or standardized.
CPMMV0-9
2025-12-08 09:40:11
Jeyanandarajah and Brunt AA 1993. The Natural Occurrence, Transmission, Properties and Possible Affinities of Cowpea Mild Mottle Virus. Journal of Phytopathology 109: 245-253
Brunt AA and Kenten RH, 1973. Cowpea mild mottle, a newly recognized virus infecting cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) in Ghana. Annals of Applied Biology, 74:67-74
Costa, A. S.; Gaspar, J. O. and Vega, J. 1983. Angular mosaic of the Phaseolus vulgaris variety Jalo, caused by a carlavirus transmitted by the white-fly Bemisia tabaci. Fitopatologia Brasileira 8:325-337
OEPP/EPPO Global Database - European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization
Bhagwatkar, D. N., Sandra, N., Tripathi, A., Dalal, G., Kesaratagi, S., Saini, M., ... & Lal, S. K. (2025). Seed transmission of Carlavirus vignae (Cowpea mild mottle virus): a hidden driver of veinal necrosis and bud blight disease in soybean (Glycine max) in India. Frontiers in Microbiology, 16, 1654471.
da Silva, F. B., Muller, C., Bello, V. H., Watanabe, L. F. M., De Marchi, B. R., Fusco, L. M., ... & Krause-Sakate, R. (2020). Effects of cowpea mild mottle virus on soybean cultivars in Brazil. PeerJ, 8, e9828.
Sutrawati, M., Hidayat, S. H., Suastika, G., Sukarno, B. P. W., & Nurmansyah, A. (2021). Seed-transmission of cowpea mild mottle virus on several varieties of soybean in Indonesia. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 22(10).
Solanum lycopersicum
tomato
No
CPMMV0-4, EPPO, CPMMV0-14
This virus is not common in tomato and there is no evidence that seed is a pathway.
No
ELISA is used for testing of legumes for this virus.
2025-12-08 09:54:12
Jeyanandarajah and Brunt AA 1993. The Natural Occurrence, Transmission, Properties and Possible Affinities of Cowpea Mild Mottle Virus. Journal of Phytopathology 109: 245-253
OEPP/EPPO Global Database - European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization
da Silva, F. B., Muller, C., Bello, V. H., Watanabe, L. F. M., De Marchi, B. R., Fusco, L. M., ... & Krause-Sakate, R. (2020). Effects of cowpea mild mottle virus on soybean cultivars in Brazil. PeerJ, 8, e9828.
Vigna unguiculata
cowpea
No
CPMMV0-3, CPMMV0-4, CPMMV0-5, CPMMV0-6, CPMMV0-8, EPPO, CPMMV0-11, CPMMV0-12, CPMMV0-13, CPMMV0-16
Cowpea mild mottle virus infects cowpea, causing mild mosaic, leaf mottling, and stunting. Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) transmit the virus in a non-persistent manner. Seed transmission remains uncertain: early reports detected the virus in seed from artificially inoculated plants, while later studies on naturally infected seed failed to detect it with factors such as virus strain, plant genotype, and infection duration likely influencing results. Experimental studies confirm seed transmission is possible, but no evidence shows natural seedborne infection in cowpea.
Yes
ELISA
This test has not been validated or standardized.
CPMMV0-6, CPMMV0-8
Chemical, cultural
Control of CpMMV in cowpea relies on virus-free seed, removing infected plants, and managing whitefly vectors, with limited genetic resistance available.
2025-12-08 09:42:59
Fauquet C, Thouvenel J-C, 1987. Plant viruses in the Ivory Coast. Initiations, Documentations, Techniques, No. 46. Paris, France:ORSTOM, 243
Jeyanandarajah and Brunt AA 1993. The Natural Occurrence, Transmission, Properties and Possible Affinities of Cowpea Mild Mottle Virus. Journal of Phytopathology 109: 245-253
Brunt AA and Kenten RH, 1973. Cowpea mild mottle, a newly recognized virus infecting cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) in Ghana. Annals of Applied Biology, 74:67-74
Horn, N. M.; Saleh, N.; Baliadi, Y.Cowpea mild mottle virus could not be detected by ELISA in soybean and groundnut seeds in Indonesia.Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology 97:125-127"
Gillaspie, A. G., Jr.; Hopkins, M. S.; Pinnow, D. L. 1993. Seedborne viruses in preintroduction cowpea seed lots and establishment of virus-free accessions. Plant Disease, 1993, 77, 9, pp 875-877
OEPP/EPPO Global Database - European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization
Naidu, R. A., Gowda, S., Satyanarayana, T., Boyko, V., Reddy, A. S., Dawson, W. O., & Reddy, D. V. R. (1998). Evidence that whitefly-transmitted cowpea mild mottle virus belongs to the genus Carlavirus. Archives of virology, 143(4), 769-780.
Muniyappa, V., & Reddy, D. V. R. (1983). Transmission of cowpea mild mottle virus by Bemisia tabaci in a nonpersistent manner. Plant Disease, 67(4), 391-393.
Bhagwatkar, D. N., Sandra, N., Tripathi, A., Dalal, G., Kesaratagi, S., Saini, M., ... & Lal, S. K. (2025). Seed transmission of Carlavirus vignae (Cowpea mild mottle virus): a hidden driver of veinal necrosis and bud blight disease in soybean (Glycine max) in India. Frontiers in Microbiology, 16, 1654471.
Sutrawati, M., Hidayat, S. H., Suastika, G., Sukarno, B. P. W., & Nurmansyah, A. (2021). Seed-transmission of cowpea mild mottle virus on several varieties of soybean in Indonesia. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity, 22(10).
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