Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid
tomato chlorotic dwarf
Tomato chlorotic dwarf pospiviroid
Asia: India, China, Europe: Czechia, France, Slovenia, UK; North America: Mexico. Australia notes presence (TCDVd-16)
AZ, CO, HI, ID
2025-06-21
viroid
Korea, Thailand
Main: petunia, tomato, eggplant; Other: verbena x hybrida
TCDVd
TCDVd is closely related to the Potato spindle tuber viroid and shows uncertain seed transmission in tomatoes. Some studies detect the viroid on seeds, but grow-out tests find no clear spread. The viroid primarily spreads through plant-to-plant contact, grafting, and contaminated tools. While no insect vectors are confirmed, mechanical transmission via chewing insects or bumblebees may occur. Risk assessments conclude that seed transmission and field establishment are unlikely.
4 Known Hosts
Capsicum annuum
pepper
No
CABI CPC, ISF RPLD, TCDVd-9, TCDVd-10, TCDVd-13, TCDVd-17
Not a host. Though Capsicum annum is often tested for this viroid, there is no evidence that it is a host.
Yes
RT-PCR
RT-PCR is used to test seed for this viroid.
RT-PCR (NSHS Method So 6.1)
TCDVd-2, NSHS USDA
2025-06-29 16:13:18
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Venkataraman, S., Shahgolzari, M., Hefferon, K., Atri, E., & De Steur, H. (2024). Economic Impacts of Viroids.
A Qualitative Pest Risk Assessment for Six Pospiviroids (Columnea latent viroid, Pepper chat fruit viroid, Potato spindle tuber viroid, Tomato apical stunt viroid, Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid, and Tomato planta macho viroid) Associated with Imported Tomato and Pepper Seeds Version 1, November 1, 2021
Olmedo-Velarde, A., Hamasaki, R. T., Bushe, B., & Melzer, M. J. (2017). Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid (PD-113). College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa.
Botermans, M., Roenhorst, J. W., Hooftman, M., Verhoeven, J. T. J., Metz, E., van Veen, E. J., ... & Westenberg, M. (2020). Development and validation of a real-time RT-PCR test for screening pepper and tomato seed lots for the presence of pospiviroids. Plos one, 15(9), e0232502.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org
United Stated Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Protection Service National Seed Health System (USDA-APHIS NSHS) www.seedhealth.org
Petunia spp.
petunia
uncertain
TCDVd-3, TCDVd-5, TCDVd-6, TCDVd-14, TCDVd-15
One reference reports seed transmission of Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid (TCDVd) in artificially inoculated petunia plants. Two other studies detected the viroid in petunia plant material, but did not test seed. No references were found showing natural seed infection or seed transmission of TCDVd in petunia.
RT-PCR has been used for petunia seed
TCDVd-15, TCDVd-17
2025-06-22 16:16:16
Matsushita Y, and Tsuda S. 2016. Seed transmission of potato spindle tuber viroid, tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid, tomato apical stunt viroid, and Columnea latent viroid in horticultural plants. Eur. J. Plant Pathol.
Verhoeven J.Th.J., Jansen, C.C.C., Willemen, T.M., Kox, L.F.F., Owens, R.A., and Roenhorst, J.W. (2004). Natural infection of tomato by Citrus exocortis viroid, Columnea latent viroid, Potato spindle tuber viroid and Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid. European Journal of Plant Pathology 110: 823-831
James T, Mulholland V, Jeffries C and Chard J. 2008. First report of Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid infecting commercial petunia stocks in the United Kingdom. Plant Pathology 57:400
Verhoeven, J. T. J., Jansen, C. C. C., Werkman, A. W., & Roenhorst, J. W. (2007). First report of Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid in Petunia hybrida from the United States of America. Plant Disease, 91(3), 324-324.
Viršček Marn, M., & Mavrič Pleško, I. (2010). First Report of Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid in Petunia spp. in Slovenia. Plant Disease, 94(9), 1171-1171.
Botermans, M., Roenhorst, J. W., Hooftman, M., Verhoeven, J. T. J., Metz, E., van Veen, E. J., ... & Westenberg, M. (2020). Development and validation of a real-time RT-PCR test for screening pepper and tomato seed lots for the presence of pospiviroids. Plos one, 15(9), e0232502.
Solanum lycopersicum
tomato
uncertain
TCDVd-3, TCDVd-4, TCDVd-5, TCDVd-7, CABI CPC, ISF RPLD, EPPO, TCDVd-8, TCDVd-10, TCDVd-11, TCDVd-13
Tomato seed has not been proven to be a pathway for TCDVd. Although some studies detected the viroid on tomato seeds, multiple grow-out experiments found no evidence of transmission. Most data come from artificially inoculated material, and the evidence remains inconclusive. Risk assessments from Europe (2011) and the USDA (2021) concluded that the likelihood of seed association and field establishment is low. Seed as a pathway remains speculative and unconfirmed.
Yes
RT-PCR
RT-PCR is the standard method of the NSHS. Seed is often tested, though seed as a pathway is not sufficiently.
RT-PCR (NSHS Method So 6.1)
ISF RPLD, NSHS USDA, EPPO
Biological, cultural, mechanical
Use healthy seed and resistant varieites. Work in clean areas. Sanitize surfaces, tools, and equipment.
TCDVd-12, TCDVd-13
2025-06-22 16:15:57
Matsushita Y, and Tsuda S. 2016. Seed transmission of potato spindle tuber viroid, tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid, tomato apical stunt viroid, and Columnea latent viroid in horticultural plants. Eur. J. Plant Pathol.
Koenraadt, H., Jodlowska, A., van Vliet, A. Verhoeven, K. (2009). Detection of TCDVd and PSTVd in seeds of tomato. Phytopath. 99: S66.
Verhoeven J.Th.J., Jansen, C.C.C., Willemen, T.M., Kox, L.F.F., Owens, R.A., and Roenhorst, J.W. (2004). Natural infection of tomato by Citrus exocortis viroid, Columnea latent viroid, Potato spindle tuber viroid and Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid. European Journal of Plant Pathology 110: 823-831
Kryczynski, S., Paduch-Cichal, E., and Skzeczkowski, L. J. 1988. Transmission of three viroids through seed and pollen of tomato plants. J. Phytopathol. 121:51-57.
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
OEPP/EPPO Global Database - European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization
Matsushita, Y., Kanda, A., Usugi, T., & Tsuda, S. (2008). First report of a Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid disease on tomato plants in Japan. Journal of General Plant Pathology, 74(2), 182-184. Matsushita, Y., Kanda, A., Usugi, T., & Tsuda, S. (2008). First report of a Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid disease on tomato plants in Japan. Journal of General Plant Pathology, 74(2), 182-184.
A Qualitative Pest Risk Assessment for Six Pospiviroids (Columnea latent viroid, Pepper chat fruit viroid, Potato spindle tuber viroid, Tomato apical stunt viroid, Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid, and Tomato planta macho viroid) Associated with Imported Tomato and Pepper Seeds Version 1, November 1, 2021
Candresse T, Marais A, Tassus X, Suhard P, Renaudin I, Leguay A, Poliakoff F, Blancard D. First Report of Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid in Tomato in France. Plant Dis. 2010 May;94(5):633. doi: 10.1094/PDIS-94-5-0633B. PMID: 30754451.
Olmedo-Velarde, A., Hamasaki, R. T., Bushe, B., & Melzer, M. J. (2017). Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid (PD-113). College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa.
United Stated Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Protection Service National Seed Health System (USDA-APHIS NSHS) www.seedhealth.org
Agriculture Victoria. (n.d.). Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid. Victorian State Government. https://agriculture.vic.gov.au/biosecurity/plant-diseases/vegetable-diseases/tomato-chlorotic-dwarf-viroid
verbena x hybrida
verbena
No
CABI CPC, TCDVd-12, TCDVd-18, TCDVd-19
Multiple references identify Verbena × hybrida as a host, but none provide evidence that seed serves as a transmission pathway.
2025-07-14 10:29:38
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Agriculture Victoria. (n.d.). Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid. Victorian State Government. https://agriculture.vic.gov.au/biosecurity/plant-diseases/vegetable-diseases/tomato-chlorotic-dwarf-viroid
Olmedo Velarde, A., Hamasaki, R. T., Bushe, B., & Melzer, M. J. (2017, December). Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid(PD 113). University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources.
Singh, R. P., Dilworth, A. D., Baranwal, V. K., & Gupta, K. N. (2006). Detection of Citrus exocortis viroid, Iresine viroid, and Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid in new ornamental host plants in India. Plant Disease, 90(11), 1457-1457.
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