Tomato apical stunt viroid
apical stunt
TASVd, Tomato apical stunt pospiviroid
Africa: Cote d'Ivorie, Ghana, Senegal, Tunisia; Asia: Indonesia, Israel; Europe: Belgium, Croatia, Czechia, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Slovenia.
Not known to occur
2025-08-15
viroid
Korea, Thailand
Main: tomato
TASVD0
Tomato apical stunt viroid is primarily transmitted mechanically through contaminated tools, hands, and plant-to-plant contact. It can also spread through grafting and vegetative propagation. While it has been detected on tomato seed surfaces, evidence for seed transmission is inconsistent and is generally considered to be very low to uncertain.
2 Known Hosts
Capsicum annuum
pepper
uncertain
TASVd0-6, TASVd0-8
Evidence of Tomato apical stunt viroid seed transmission is limited and unconfirmed. While peppers can be experimentally infected, reliable data on seed-borne spread are lacking. Mechanical contact during handling poses a much greater risk.
Yes
RT-PCR
METHOD: So 6.1 TaqMan RT-PCR Method, Ver 1.3 (National Seed Health System)
NSHS USDA
cultural
Control relies on using tested clean seed and plants, strict sanitation to avoid mechanical spread, and removing infected plants. In greenhouse production, thorough cleaning between cycles is critical to eliminate residual contamination.
CABI CPC, TASVD0-13
2025-08-18 11:57:49
Matsushita, Y., Tsuda, S., 2016. Seed transmission of potato spindle tuber viroid, tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid, tomato apical stunt viroid, and Columnea latent viroid in horticultural plants., Europeaon J. of Plant Pathology 145: 1007-1011.
Verhoeven, J. Th. J., Koenraadt, H. M. S., Westenberg, M., Roenhorst, J. W., 2017. Characterization of tomato apical stunt viroid isolated from a 24-year old seed lot of Capsicum annuum., Virology162: 1741-1744.
United Stated Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Protection Service National Seed Health System (USDA-APHIS NSHS) www.seedhealth.org
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Chen, W.Y., Shih, S.L., Hsieh, M.H. and Kenyon, L., 2019. Management of tomato viroids at World Vegetable Center headquarters. ISHS Acta Horticulturae 1316, pp 135-142.
Solanum lycopersicum
tomato
uncertain
TASVd0-2, TASVd0-3, TASVd0-5, TASVd0-6, TASVd0-7, TASVD0-9, TASVD0-10, TASVD0-11, TASVD0-12
Seed transmission of Pospiviroid apicimpeditum in tomato is uncertain. Some studies detected it in seeds, but large-scale trials found no seed-to-seedling transmission. Most risk assessments rate seed transmission and establishment as low.
Yes
RT- PCR
METHOD: So 6.1 TaqMan RT-PCR Method, Ver 1.3 (National Seed Health System)
NAKT validated Protocol, 2014
TASVd0-4, NSHS USDA
cultural
Control relies on using tested clean seed and plants, strict sanitation to avoid mechanical spread, and removing infected plants. In greenhouse production, thorough cleaning between cycles is critical to eliminate residual contamination.
CABI CPC, TASVD0-13
2025-08-18 08:56:23
Antignus, Y., Lachman, O., Pearlsman, M., Gofman, R., and Bar-Joseph, M. 2002. A new disease of greenhouse tomatoes in Israel caused by a distinct strain of Tomato apical stunt viroid (TASVd). Phytoparasitica 30:502-510.
Hammond, R. W. and Owens, R. A. 2006. Viroids: New and Continuing Risks for Horticultural and Agricultural Crops. Oniine. APSnet Features. doi: 10.1094/APSnetFeature-1106
Antignus, Y., Lachman, O., and Pearlsman, M. 2007. The spread of Tomato apical stunt viroid (TASVd) in greenhouse tomato crops is associated with seed transmission and bumble bee activity. Plant Dis. 91:47-50
Matsushita, Y., Tsuda, S., 2016. Seed transmission of potato spindle tuber viroid, tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid, tomato apical stunt viroid, and Columnea latent viroid in horticultural plants., Europeaon J. of Plant Pathology 145: 1007-1011.
Faggioli, F., Luigi, M., Sveikauskas, V., Olivier, T., Marn, M. V., Plesko, I. M., Jonghe, K. de, Bogaert, N. van, Grausgruber-Gröger, S., 2015. An assessment of the transmission rate of four pospiviroid species through tomato seeds., Europeaon J. of Pant Pathology143: 613-617.
Verhoeven JThJ, Jansen CCC and Roenhorst JW, 2006a. First report of Tomato apical stunt viroid in tomato in Tunisia. Plant Disease, 90, 528.
EFSA Panel on Plant Health, 2011. Scientific Opinion on the assessment of the risk of solanaceous pospiviroids for the EU territory and the identification and evaluation of risk management options. European Food Safety Authority Journal, 9(8), 2330, 132pp.
Batuman, O., Osei, M.K., Mochiah, M.B., Lamptey, J.N., Miller, S. and Gilbertson, R.L., 2013. The first report of Tomato apical stunt viroid (TASVd) and Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) in tomatoes in Ghana. Phytopathology 103(Suppl. 2), pp.S2.12.
Hennig, E., Pięcińska, J., Borodynko, N. and Hasiów-Jaroszewska, B., 2013. First Reports of Potato spindle tuber viroid on Solanum jasminoides and of Tomato apical stunt viroid on Solanum rantonnetti in Poland. Plant Disease, 97(12), pp.1663-1663
Naktuinbouw Reference Protocol: Tomato Apical Stunt Viroid. 2014. http://www.naktuinbouw.nl/sites/naktuinbouw.eu/files/20140801Tomatopopsiviroids.pdf
United Stated Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Protection Service National Seed Health System (USDA-APHIS NSHS) www.seedhealth.org
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Chen, W.Y., Shih, S.L., Hsieh, M.H. and Kenyon, L., 2019. Management of tomato viroids at World Vegetable Center headquarters. ISHS Acta Horticulturae 1316, pp 135-142.
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