Solanum melongena
eggplant
35 Related Pests
Tomato black ring virus
virus
Lettuce Ringspot Virus, Bean Ringspot Virus, Beet Ringspot Virus, Celery Yellow Vein Virus, Lettuce Ringspot Virus,Potato Bouquet Virus, Potato Pseudo-Aucuba Virus,Tomato Black Ring Nepovirus
Asia: India, Japan, Saudi Arabia, Turkey; Europe: Albania, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Lithuania, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK
Not known to occur
China, Korea, Mexico, Thailand
2025-08-18
Tomato black ring virus spreads by sap contact, pollen, and seed, with seed transmission confirmed in many crops. Soil nematodes also vector it, though efficiency is low, and the spread in fields is patchy. Seed transmission is the main route for long-distance dispersal and survival between seasons.
Wide host range; however, many are experimental only.
Main: onion, leek, garlic, chive, celery, sugarbeet, cabbage, cauliflower, turnip, pepper, cucumber, lettuce, ryegrass, alfalfa, parsley, tomato, potato, spinach, cowpea.
Not a host
TBRV00-2, TBRV00-3, CABI CPC, EPPO
No references found indicating eggplant as a host.
TBRV00-2, TBRV00-3, CABI CPC, EPPO
Lister RM, Murant AF, 1967. Seed-transmission of nematode-borne viruses. Annals of Applied Biology, 59:49-62.
Murant AF, Lister RM, 1967. Seed-transmission in the ecology of nematode-borne viruses. Annals of Applied Biology, 59:63-76.
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
OEPP/EPPO Global Database - European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization
Candidatus liberibacter solanacearum
bacterium
Liberibacter psyllaurous, Liberibacter solancearum, Candidatus Liberibacter psyllaurous
Africa: Morocco, Tunisia; Asia: Israel, Lebanon, Turkey; Europe: Austria, Belgiu, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Serbia, Spain, Sweden, UK; North America: Canada, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, USA; Oceania:l New Zealand, Norfolk Island; South America: Ecuador,.
AZ, CA, CO, ID, KS, MT, NE, NV, NM, ND, OR, TX, UT, WA, WY.
China, Thailand, Korea
2024-11-09
The Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (Lso) bacterium primarily spreads through psyllid insect vectors. It’s generally not transmitted through seeds in Solanaceae species, though it has been reported to spread through carrot seeds. In Europe, Lso infects crops like carrots and celery, where it’s transmitted by psyllid species.
Main: pepper, tomato, potato; Other: carrot, eggplant
No
LIBEPS-2, CABICPC, ISFRPLD
This bacterium requires the Bactericera trigonica or Trioza apicalis psyllid for transmision. There is no evidence that seed is a pathway.
LIBEPS-2, CABICPC, ISFRPLD
Pseudomonas syringae pv aptata
bacterium
Bacterium aptatum, Chlorobacter aptatus, Phytomonas aptata, Pseudomonas aptata
Asia: Georgia, India, Iran, Japan, North Korea, South Korea; Europe: Hungary, Italy, Russia, Serbia, UK; North America: USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand.
CA, GA, ME, OH, OR, PA, UT, VA, WA
China
2024-09-09
Pseudomonas syringae pv. aptata is spread through rain and irrigation. During cultivation it can be transmitted by workers and tools. It is not known to be seedborne.
Main: sugarbeet, pepper, cucumber, sunflower, lettuce, common bean, eggplant, nasturtium, faba bean, cowpea. Other: melon.
No
PSDMPT-9, ISFRPLD
Not a host. Eggplant as a host has been established by artificial inoculation only. No evidence of natural infections.
PSDMPT-9, ISFRPLD
Dickeya chrysanthemi
bacterium
Dickeya chrysanthemi bv. chrysanthemi
Dickeya chrysanthemi bv. parthenii
Dickeya chrysanthemi pv. chrysanthemi
Dickeya chrysanthemi pv. parthenii
Erwinia carotovora f.sp. parthenii
Erwinia carotovora var. chrysanthemi
Erwinia chrysanthemi
Erwinia chrysanthemi pv. chrysanthemi
Erwinia chrysanthemi pv. parthenii (
Pectobacterium carotovorum f.sp. chrysanthemi
Pectobacterium carotovorum var. chrysanthemi
Pectobacterium chrysanthemi
Pectobacterium chrysanthemi pv. chrysanthemi
Pectobacterium chrysanthemi pv. parthenii
Pectobacterium parthenii
Pectobacterium parthenii var. chrysanthemi
Pectobacterium parthenii-dianthicola
Worldwide
AR, CA, CO, CT, FL, GA, IL, MA, MN, NE, NY, NC, ND, OH, PA, SD, TX, VA, WI
Mexico, China
2025-09-12
Dickeya chrysanthemi strains have been isolated from a number of different hosts in different countries. The list of all susceptible plants after inoculation by Dickeya chrysanthemi would be far longer than the natural host range, and difficult to establish. There is little if any information on seed as a pathway for this pathogen and therefore should not be regulated.
Eriwina chrysanthemi has been reclassified into Pectobacterium spp. and Dickeya spp.
Primarily ornamentals and flowers. Main: Araceae, Asteraceae familes
No
ERIWCH-11, CABI CPC
No references found indicating that eggplant seed is a pathway for this pathogen.
ERIWCH-11, CABI CPC
Kahn, Furuya, Ura and Matsuyama. 2000. Rapid identification of Erwinia chrysanthemi isolated from soft rotted eggplant and Phalaenpsis sp. by lipid and fatty acid profiling. J. Fac. Agric. Kyushu Univer. 44: 257-263
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Ralstonia solanacearum
bacterium
Bacillus musae, Bacillus musarum, Bacillus nicotianae, Bacillus sesami, Bacillus solanacearum, Bacterium solanacearum, Bacterium solanacearum var. asiatica, Bacterium solanacearum var. asiaticum, Burkholderia solanacearum, Chromobacterium nicotianae, Erwinia nicotianae,
Erwinia solanacearum, Phytobacterium solanacearum, Phytomonas ricini, Phytomonas solanacearum, Phytomonas solanacearum var. asiatica, Pseudomonas batatae, Pseudomonas ricini,
Pseudomonas solanacearum, Pseudomonas solanacearum var. asiatica, Pseudomonas tectonae,
Xanthomonas solanacearum, Xanthomonas solanacearum var. asiatica
Worldwide
AL, AR, CT, DE, FL, GA, HI, IL, IN, LA, MI, NH, NJ, NY, NC, PA, SC, SD, VA, WI
China
2025-08-13
Ralstonia solanacearum spreads mainly through infected vegetative planting material, contaminated soil or water, root contact, mechanical injury, and sometimes insect vectors, with wild hosts serving as reservoirs that can contaminate irrigation sources. True seed infection is rare and confirmed in peanut, while seed contamination in other crops such as tomato, pepper, eggplant, and soybean has been reported but not substantiated, making seed a minor pathway compared with other transmission routes. Pest is on USDA Plant Protection and Quarantine Select Agents and Toxins list.
Over 250 species, particularly tropical and subtropical crops, are susceptible to races of the R. solanacearum species complex, with tomato, tobacco, aubergine, potato, banana, plantain, and Heliconia being the most significant worldwide, while other hosts include Anthurium spp., groundnut, Capsicum annuum, cotton, rubber, sweet potato, cassava, castor bean, and ginger.
Yes
RALSSL-3, RALSSL-4, CABI CPC, RALSSL-12, RALSSL-14, RALSSL-18
Recent research has shown that seed can be a pathway in eggplant. Though evidence of a seed pathway in seed produced in known seed production systems has not been found.
RALSSL-3, RALSSL-4, CABI CPC, RALSSL-12, RALSSL-14, RALSSL-18
Biochemical, blotter, serological and molecular methods
These methods have been described for other hosts and specific tests for eggplant have not been developed. These methods have not be standardized or validated for eggplant.
Seed disinfection has been described for other hosts.
Chatterjee, B., Chakraborty, M., Habib, A.A. and Samaddar, K.R., 1994. Survival of Pseudomonas solanacearum biovar 3 on seeds of eggplant. Bacterial Wilt Newsletter, (11).
Singh R, 1994. Seed transmission studies with Pseudomonas solanacearum in tomato and eggplant. ACIAR Bacterial Wilt Newsletter, 11:12-13.
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
EFSA Panel on Plant Health, 2019. Pest categorisation of the Ralstonia solanacearum species complex. European Food Safety Authority Journal, 17(2), 5618, 28pp.
Sharma, D.K. and Agrawal, K., 2010. Incidence and histopathology of Ralstonia solanacearum in tomato seeds. Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology, 40(1), pp.115-119.
Abd Alamer, I. S., Tomah, A. A., Li, B., and Zhang, J. Z. (2020). Isolation, identification and characterization of rhizobacteria strains for biological control of bacterial wilt (Ralstonia solanacearum) of eggplant in China. Agriculture 10 (2), 37.
Colletotrichum capsici
fungus
Vermicularia capsici
Africa: Burkino Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Malawi, Nigeria, Seychelles, Zimbabwe; Asia: Bangladesh, Brunei, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiawn, Thailand; Europe: Poland; North America: Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Cuba, Mexico, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, USA; Oceania: American Samoa, Australia, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, New Caledonia, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Soloman Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna.
AR, FL, GA, LA, MS, NC, TX
Chile, Mexico
2025-06-12
Colletotrichum capsici is soil-, seed-, and waterborne, and can survive both externally and internally on infected seeds. Though closely related to C. truncatum, many infections previously attributed to C. capsici are now recognized as C. truncatum, based on molecular evidence.
Main: pepper, eggplant; Other: Chinese cabbage, bitter gourd, tomato, potato, mung bean, cowpea
No
No references found indicating that eggplant seed is a pathway.
Didymella lycopersici
fungus
Ascochyta lycopersici, Diplodina lycopersici, Phoma lycopersici, Sphaeronaema lycopersici,
Africa: Cote d'Ivorie, Morocco, Nigeria, Togo, Uganda; Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Brunei, China, India, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Malaysia; Europe: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Ukraine, UK; North America: Barbados, Canada, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, USA; Oceania: French Polynesia, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Tonga; South America: Brazil, Venezuela.
AK, DE, FL, NJ, NC, OR, VA, WI
China, Korea, Thailand
2025-07-22
Didymella lycopersici is a fungus that causes stem rot in tomatoes. It survives in soil, plant debris, seeds, and on weeds like nightshade. The disease primarily spreads in cool, wet conditions, particularly with overhead watering. Older plants and poor soil nutrition make it worse. Though seed-borne it doesn’t always lead to infection.
Main: tomato; Other: pepper, eggplant, potato
No
CABI CPC, ISF RPLD, EPPO
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Seed pathway may be inferred because tomato seed is a pathway.
CABI CPC, ISF RPLD, EPPO
Verticillium dahliae
fungus
Verticillium albo-atrum f. angustum.
Verticillium albo-atrum var. chlamydosporale
Verticillium albo-atrum var. dahliae
Verticillium albo-atrum var. medium.
Verticillium dahliae f. angustum
Verticillium dahliae f. cerebriforme
Verticillium dahliae f. chlamydosporale
Verticillium dahliae f. medium
Verticillium dahliae f. zonatum
Verticillium ovatum
Verticillium trachiephilum
Worldwide
Widespread
China
2022-11-11
Prevalent in China
Verticillium dahliae has a broad host range, infecting both woody and herbaceous plants, including ornamentals, native species, and weeds. Economically important hosts include artichoke, eggplant, bell pepper, cotton, hop, lettuce, mints, oilseed rape, olive, potato, strawberry, and tomato.
uncertain
VERTDA-19, VERTDA-26, VERTDA-3, CABI CPC, EPPO, VERTDA-50
Though the pathogen was recovered on seed in a blotter incubation test in the laboratory, there is no evidence of seed transmission in nature.
VERTDA-19, VERTDA-26, VERTDA-3, CABI CPC, EPPO, VERTDA-50
Blotter incubation
VERTDA-19
This method has not been validated or standardized
Porta-Puglia A, Montorsi F, 1982. Observations on the mycoflora of eggplant seeds. Informatore Fitopatologico, 32(6):37-41
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org. Nyon, Switzerland
Vallad, G.E., Bhat, R.G., Koike, S.T., Ryder, E.J. and Subbarao, K.V. (2005). Weedborne reservoirs and seedborne transmission of Verticillium dahliae in lettuce. Plant Disease, 89, 317-324.
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
OEPP/EPPO Global Database - European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization
Marois, J.J., Johnson, S.A., Dunn, M.T. and Papavizas, G.C., 1982. Biological control of Verticillium wilt of eggplant in the field. Plant Disease, 66, pp.1166-1168.
Phytophthora hibernalis
fungus
leaf blight of Citrus spp.
Africa: Congo; Asia: Israel, Turkey; Europe: France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Spain, UK; North America: Trinidad and Tobago, USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand; South America: Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela.
CA, OR
-
2025-09-09
Primarily a pathogen of citrus trees.
No
PHYTHI-3, CABI CPC
Not a host in nature. Fruit rot was caused by Phytophthora hibernalis when fruit were artificially inoculated and stored. No reports of natural infection of eggplant found.
PHYTHI-3, CABI CPC
Peronospora hyoscyami f.sp. tabacina
fungus
Peronospora effusa var. hyoscyami, Peronospora hyoscyami, Peronospora nicotianae, Peronospora tabacina
Worldwide
Widespread
China
2024-10-13
Peronospora hyoscyami f.sp. tabacina is spread via airborne spores. Seed is not a known pathway.
Main: tobacco; Other: pepper, eggplant
No
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, RICHISTA, PEROTA-1, PEROTA-2
Seed is not a known pathway.
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, RICHISTA, PEROTA-1, PEROTA-2
BORRÁS‐HIDALGO, O. R. L. A. N. D. O., Thomma, B. P., Silva, Y., Chacon, O., & Pujol, M. (2010). Tobacco blue mould disease caused by Peronospora hyoscyami f. sp. tabacina. Molecular plant pathology, 11(1), 13-18.
Aylor, D. E. (2003). Spread of plant disease on a continental scale: role of aerial dispersal of pathogens. Ecology, 84(8), 1989-1997.
Tomato ringspot virus
virus
blackberry (Himalaya) mosaic virus, Euonymus chlorotic ringspot virus, Euonymus ringspot virus, grape yellow vein virus, grapevine yellow vein virus, Nicotiana 13 virus, peach stem pitting virus, prune brown line virus, Prunus stem pitting virus, red currant mosaic virus, tobacco ringspot virus 2, tomato ringspot nepovirus, ToRSV, winter peach mosaic virus
Africa: Egypt, Nigeria, Togo; Asia: China, India, Iran, Japan, Jodan, Lebanon, Oman, Pakistan, South Korea, Taiwan, Turkey; Europe: Belarus, Croatia, France, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, UK; North America: Canada, Puerto Rico, USA; Oceania: Fiji, New Zealand; South America: Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela.
Widespread
Korea, Mexico, Thailand
2022-11-07
Natural spread is confined to areas where there are moderate to high populations of nematode vectors belonging to the genus Xiphinema. Requires the nematode to spread. Seed transmission only shown in strawberry and raspberry in nature.
Wide host range, primarily ornamentals and fruit trees and berries. Vegetable crops infected are listed below. Not known to infect grains and grasses
No
TORSV0-3, TORSV0-4
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
TORSV0-3, TORSV0-4
Tobacco mosaic virus
virus
TMV U1, type, Vulgare or Common strain
tobacco mosaic tobamovirus,
VMT (Virus mosaique de tabac)
Worldwide
Widespread
Mexico
2023-08-21
Broad host range. Cultivated species listed below.
No
TMV000-4, TMV000-11
Pathway not proven. Only one reference found indicating that seed maybe a pathway but no other references we're found.
TMV000-4, TMV000-11
No seed test described for Tobacco mosaic virus in eggplant, ELISA and Bioassay commonly applied to other crops. Tests not validated or standardized for eggplant.
No seed treatments described for eggplant. Seed disinfectants, such as Trisodium orthophosphate followed by sodium hypochlorite treatment and HCl soaks have been applied.
Tomato bushy stunt virus
virus
tomato bushy stunt tombusvirus
Africa: Morocco, Tunisia; Asia: Japan, Pakistan, Singapore, South Korea; Europe: Austria, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Czechia, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Spain, United Kingdom; North America; Canada, Mexico, USA; South America; Argentina, Peru, Suriname
CA, CO
Mexico, Thailand, Korea
2024-08-05
Tomato bushy stunt virus, a Tombusvirus, affects vegetables, fruit trees, and ornamentals. It can cause stunting, bushy growth patterns, chlorotic spots, leaf crinkling, necrosis, and deformation of fruits and leaves. TBSV has no known insect vectors. It can spread through infected tissue, mechanically through contaminated equipment, through soil, root wounds, and water.
Main: Capsicum annuum, Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum melongena.
No
TBSV00-3
No references found indicating seed is a pathway in eggplant.
TBSV00-3
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. http://www.worldseed.org, Nyon, Switzerland
Tomato spotted wilt virus
virus
Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus, Tomato spotted wilt virus group
Worldwide
Widespread
2023-08-21
Seed is not a pathway for Tospoviruses, including Tomato spotted wilt virus
Wide host range. Over 800 plant species are known hosts. Primarily ornamentals,flowers. No evidence that small grains or corn are hosts.
No
TSWV00-1, TSWV00-2, TSWV00-3
Seed is not a pathway for Tospoviruses, including Tomato spotted wilt virus
TSWV00-1, TSWV00-2, TSWV00-3
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org
Kormelink R. 2005. Tomato spotted wilt virus Datasheet 412. Description of Plant Viruses Online. 2016. www.dpvweb.net.
Pythium vexans
fungus
Pythium complectens, Phytopythium vexans, Pythium allantocladon, Pythium ascophallon, Pythium piperinum, Ovatisporangium vexans, Pythium euthyphyphon, Pythium polycladon
Africa, Asia, Europe, Guatemala, Caribbean, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, Chile, South Korea, New Zealand, Canada
HI, OK, CA, NC, MD, VA, DE, PA, NJ, WA, TN, LA, WI, IA
Korea
2023-08-21
Primarily affecting seedlings and roots and is transmitted mainly through infested soil. Seed is not known to be a pathway for any host. Zoospores of this fungus can swim in open water for a short distance. This pathogen has been reported in S. Korea. Korea lists this pathogen as Phytopythium vexans
Wide host range
No
PYTHVE-1, PYTHVE-3
Seed is not known to be a pathway for any host.
PYTHVE-1, PYTHVE-3
Tomato torrado virus
virus
-
Africa: Morocco, South Africa; Europe: Hungary, Italy, Poland, Spain; North America: Panama; Oceania: Australia; South America: Colombia, Ecuador.
Not known to occur
Korea, Thailand
2024-11-24
Whitefly transmitted virus
Main: pepper, tomato, eggplant.
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
Pepino mosaic virus
virus
Pepino mosaic potexvirus, PepMV
Africa: Egypt, Morocco, South Africa; Asia: China, Israel, South Korea, Syria, Turkey; Europe: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, LIthuania, Netherlands, Poland, Serbia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK; North America: Canada, Mexico, USA; Oceania: New Zealand; South America Chile, Ecuador, Peru.
AZ, CA, CO, FL, MD, MN, OK, TX
Korea, Thailand
2025-01-02
Pepino mosaic virus is efficiently spread mechanically. Seed transmission in tomato seeds is low but well accepted in tomatos.
Main: tomato, eggplant, potato; Other: melon pear, pepino melon
Not a host
PEPMV0-4, CABI CPC
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Chlorotic spots were detected after artificial inoculation of eggplant (PEPMV0-4), but no reports of eggplant being a natural host for this virus were found.
PEPMV0-4, CABI CPC
Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus
virus
Tomato leaf curl New Delhi begomovirus, ToLCNDV
Africa: Algeria, Morocco, Seychelles, Tunisia; Asia: Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Iran, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey; Europe: France, Greece, Italy, Portugal,Slovakia, Spain,.
Not known to occur
Korea
2024-11-09
Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus is transmitted by the whitefly. Seed transmission of ToLCNDV has not been reported.
ToLCNDV affects a wide spectrum of plant species. Main are the Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae families.
No
CABICPC
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
CABICPC
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci
bacterium
Bacterium angulatum, Bacterium tabaci, Chlorobacter angulatum, Chlorobacter tabaci, Phytomonas angulata, Phytomonas tabaci, Pseudomonas angulata, Pseudomonas tabaci
Worldwide
Widespread in eastern and southeastern states.
Thailand
2025-09-05
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci is a bacterial pathogen that causes wildfire disease in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). It produces small, water-soaked leaf spots surrounded by bright yellow halos, which can merge under humid conditions. The bacterium is mainly spread through water splash from rain or irrigation, contaminated tools or hands, and infected seed (in tobacco). It enters plants through wounds, with disease favored by cool, wet weather.
Main: soybean, common bean, pea; Other: eggplant, oats, cowpea, potato
No
PSDMTA-3
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
PSDMTA-3
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Globodera pallida
nematode
Heterodera pallida
Africa: Algeria, Kenya, Libya, Morcco, Tunisia; Asia: India, Iran, Japan, Pakistan, Turkey; Europe: Widespread, North America: Canda, Costa Rica, Mexico, Panama, USA; Oceania: New Zealand; South America: Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Falkland Islands, Peru, Venezuela.
ID
Korea
2024-09-23
G. pallida has limited potential for natural movement. The main routes of spread are infested seed potatoes and movement of contaminated soil on non-host plants such as plants for planting, nursery stock and flower bulbs, farm machinery, ware potatoes or any other plant parts intended for consumption or processing. True seed is not known to be a pathway for cyst nematodes.
potato, tomato, eggplant
No
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, HETDPA-3
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, HETDPA-3
Cultural
Potato cyst nematode is controlled by strict field management and testing of seed pieces in infested areas.
Globodera rostochiensis
nematode
Heterodera rostochiensis, Heterodera schachtii rostochiensis, Heterodera schachtii solani
Worldwide
DE, NY
Korea
2024-09-13
Primarily a pest of potato and is spread by potato seed pieces and other propagative material. True seed is not known to be a pathway for cyst nematodes.
The major hosts of G. rostochiensis are restricted to the Solanaceae family. Main: potato, tomato, eggplant.
No
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, EPPO, HETDRO-3
Seed is not known to be a pathway for cyst nematodes.
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, EPPO, HETDRO-3
Meloidogyne mayaguensis
nematode
-
Africa: Burkino Faso, Congo, Cote d'Ivorie, Malawi, Senegal, South Africa, Togo; Asia: China, Vietnam; Europe: Switzerland; North America: Cuba, Guadeloue, Guatemala, Martinique, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, USA; South America: Brazil, Venezuela.
FL, NC
Korea
2024-11-10
Seed is not known to be a pathway for Meloidogyne spp. root knot nematodes.
Main: eggplant, pepper, tomato; Other: cucumber; soybean, lettuce.
No
MELGMY-2, CABICPC, MELGMY-4
Seed is not known to be a pathway
MELGMY-2, CABICPC, MELGMY-4
Lammers, W., Karssen, G., Jellema, P., Baker, R., Hockland, S., Fleming, C. and Turner, S. (2006). Meloidogyne minor Pest Risk Assessment. 08-14648 PPM Point 7.3. Plant Protection Services (NL) and Central Science Laboratory (UK). 52pp. (https://www.eppo.int...)
Nemaplex.UCDavis.edu; Revision Date: 07/02/2024; Accessed 11/10/2024
Nacobbus aberrans
nematode
Anguillulina aberrans, Nacobbus batatiformis, Nacobbus bolivianus, Nacobbus serendipiticus, Nacobbus serendipiticus bolivianus, Pratylenchus aberrans
Egypt, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Peru, Mexico
AR, CO, KS, MT, NE, SD, UT, WY
Korea
2023-08-21
Seed is not known to be a pathway for this nematode in any host.
potato, vegetables
No
NACOBA-1
Seed is not known to be a pathway for this nematode in any host.
NACOBA-1
Nacobbus aberrans. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Eggplant mottled dwarf virus
virus
Tomato vein yellowing virus, Eggplant mottled dwarf nucleorhabdovirus, Hibiscus vein yellowing virus, Pelargonium vein clearing virus, Pittosporum vein clearing virus, Pittosporum vein yellowing virus, Tomato vein clearing virus
North Africa, Afghanistan, Iran, Israel, Europe, Australia and Japan
Not known to occur
Mexico, Korea
2023-08-21
This virus is not known to be seed borne (CABI CPC)
Primarily eggplant. Other solanacious and cucurbit crops, and ornamentals that are propagated have been reported as minor hosts.
No
EMDV00-1, ISFRPLD
Eggplant is the primary host of this virus. Seed is not known to be a pathway. Primarily transmitted by leafhoppers.
EMDV00-1, ISFRPLD
Cucumber mosaic virus
virus
banana infectious chlorosis virus, banana mosaic virus, coleus mosaic virus, common mosaic virus, cowpea banding mosaic virus, cowpea ringspot virus, cucumber mosaic cucumovirus, cucumber yellow mosaic virus, cucumis virus 1, lily ringspot virus, pea top necrosis virus, peanut yellow mosaic virus, southern celery mosaic virus, soybean stunt virus, spinach blight virus, tomato fern leaf virus
worldwide
widespread
Brazil
2024-08-13
CMV has a very wide host range and can be extremely damaging to crops. Seed can be a pathway in certain hosts. Transmission occurs mechanically or by more than 80 aphid species.
Wide host range. Primarily Cucurbitaceae, Solanaceae, and Araceae families. Capsicum annuum, Cucumis sativus, Dioscorea, and Solanum lycopersicum are also primary hosts.
Uncertain
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, RICHISTA, DPVWEB, CMV000-11, CMV000-12, CMV000-14, CMV000-15
Seed as a pathway is uncertain. Research on CMV in eggplant seed is limited. A report by Bagewadi suggests CMV was introduced to seedlings by seeds because aphids were not visible at the time. No further research was found to confirm this or if the seeds were tested prior to planting. Research does show transmission of CMV occurs through aphids and mechanical means.
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, RICHISTA, DPVWEB, CMV000-11, CMV000-12, CMV000-14, CMV000-15
Seed tests for other hosts have been described. No references found describing a seed health test for this host.
Cultural, Mechanical
CABICPC, CMV000-13
Risk mitigation strategies include controlling aphids, removing weed hosts, and conducting regular inspections.
Bagewadi, B., Hossain, M. S., Fayad, A., & Naidu, R. A. (2015). First report of Cucumber mosaic virus from eggplant (Solanum melongena) in Bangladesh. Plant Disease, 99(2), 293-293.
Tanne, E. D. N. A., & Zimmerman-Gries, S. (1980). Cucumber mosaic virus on eggplant in Israel. Plant Disease, 64(4), 371-372.
Hosseinzadeh, H., Nasrollanejad, S., & Khateri, H. (2012). First report of cucumber mosaic virus subgroups i and ii on soybean, pea, and eggplant in iran. Acta virologica, 56(2), 145.
Mohammadi, K., Hajizadeh, M., & Koolivand, D. (2016). Detection and identification of four vegetable fruit viruses in west and northwest of Iran. Iranian Journal of Plant Pathology, 52(2).
Hord, M. J., Garcia, A., Villalobos, H., Rivera, C., Macaya, G., & Roossinck, M. J. (2001). Field survey of Cucumber mosaic virus subgroups I and II in crop plants in Costa Rica. Plant Disease, 85(9), 952-954.
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis
bacterium
Aplanobacter michiganensis, Bacterium michiganense Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. Michiganensis, Corynebacterium michiganense, Corynebacterium michiganense pv. Michiganense, Corynebacterium michiganense subsp. Michiganense, Erwinia michiganensis Mycobacterium michiganense, Phytomonas michiganensis, Pseudomonas michiganense, Pseudomonas michiganensis
Worldwide
Widespread
Cambodia, China, Mexico, South Korea, Thailand, Vietnam
2024-07-23
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis is a significant seed-transmitted pathogen primarily affecting solanaceous crops like tomatoes.
Tomato, pepper, and wild species of Solanum have been reported as hosts.
No
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, EPPO, CORBMI-11
There are no references found indicating seed as a pathway for C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis in eggplant. Seed transmission shown only when plants were artificially inoculated.
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, EPPO, CORBMI-11
CORBMI-11, CORBMI-13
OEPP/EPPO Global Database - European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization
Boyaci, H., KABAŞ, A., AYSAN, Y., & Prohens, J. (2021). Screening of eggplant genotypes for resistance to bacterial wilt disease caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. Plant Protection Science, 57(2).
Subcommittee on Plant Health Diagnostics (2018). National Diagnostic Protocol for Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus – NDP8 V2. Authors Luck, J, van Rijswijk, B, Mann, R, Moran, J, Merriman, P; Reviewers Romberg, M, Cother E, Taylor, R. ISBN 978-0-6481143-0-7
Potato spindle tuber viroid
viroid
potato gothic virus, potato spindle viroid, spindle tuber viroid, tomato bunchy top viroid
Americas: Mexico, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Peru, Venezuela. Africa: Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Uganda. Asia: wide spread. Europe: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Croatia, Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Italy, Malta, Montenegro, Netherlands, Russia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, UK, Ukraine. Australia.
pest eradicated (EPPO)
Brazil, China, Mexico, Thailand, The Republic of Korea
2024-07-29
Successful eradication of the viroid has been reported for the USA and Canada. PSTVd-7 data shows little evidence of asymptomatic plants and testing of asymptomatic plants did not increase detection of Potato spindle tuber viroid significantly, if at all. Concluded that inspection for Potato spindle tuber viroid symptoms was a "good aid" in determining if a tomato crop was infected with the viroid.
Mainly solanaceous crops, capsicum, and ornamentals
Not a host
PSTVd-10, ISFRPLD, EPPO, PSTVD-17
Eggplant is not a known natural host of PTSVd. It has only been used as an experimental host in various studies. Seed transmission was not found, however it was present in the placenta and ovary wall but not the ovules.
PSTVd-10, ISFRPLD, EPPO, PSTVD-17
Matsushita, Y. and Tsuda, S. 2016. Seed transmission of potato spindle tuber viroid, tomatochlorotic dwarf viroid, tomato apical stunt viroid, and Columnealatent viroid in horticultural plants. Eur J Plant Pathol.145:1007-1011
OEPP/EPPO Global Database - European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization
Mackie, A. E., Rodoni, B. C., Barbetti, M. J., McKirdy, S. J., & Jones, R. A. (2016). Potato spindle tuber viroid: alternative host reservoirs and strain found in a remote subtropical irrigation area. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 145(2), 433-446.
Boeremia exigua var. exigua
fungus
Ascochyta asteris, Ascochyta cyphomandrae, Ascochyta hydrangeae, Ascochyta nicotianae, Ascochyta phaseolorum, Ascochyta sonchi, Phoma exigua f.sp. exigua, Phoma exigua var. exigua, Phoma herbarum, Phoma herbarum f. brassicae, Phoma herbarum f. hyoscyami, Phoma herbarum f. schoberiae, Phoma herbarum var. dulcamaricola, Phoma linicola, Phoma solanicola, Phoma solanophila, Phoma tuberosa, Phyllosticta decidua, Phyllosticta hortorum, Phyllosticta mulgedii, Phyllosticta sambuci, Phyllosticta vincae-majoris, Phyllosticta vincae-minoris
Worldwide. CABI: B. exigua var. exigua is almost certainly ubiquitous worldwide, but many records fail to specify the variety that it is not possible to provide particular country/state information. There are undoubtedly many records under the many synonyms and these require re-examination.
Widespread
Korea
2024-09-04
This pathogen has been reported in Korea under other synonyms. This is a weak pathogen capable of persisting in soil and also transmitted by rainsplash-dispersed conidia. Common bean and possible sugarcane are the only hosts shown where seed may be a pathway.
B. exigua var. exigua is a ubiquitous weak or secondary pathogen on more than 200 different plant genera. Main hosts are in the Fabaaceae and Solanaceae familes.
No
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, RICHISTA
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. A weak pathogen but widespread in soils throughout the world.
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, RICHISTA
Broad bean wilt virus
virus
Broad bean wilt fabavirus, Catalpa chlorotic leaf spot virus, Nasturtium ringspot virus, Nasturtium white spot virus, Pea streak virus, Patchouli mild mosaic virus, Patchouli mild mottle virus, Petunia ringspot virus, Tropaeolum ringspot virus, Plantago II virus
Africa: Egypt, Ethiopia, Morocco, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Tunisia; Asia: Bangladesh, China, India, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Jordan, North Korea, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Syria, Taiwan, Turkey; Europe: Bulgaria, Czechia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, United Kingdom; North America, USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand; South America: Argentina.
FL, MN, NY, OH, SC, VT, WI
Mexico
2024-09-03
Broad bean wilt virus has only shown possible seed transmission in faba beans through artificial inoculation. It is not known to be common in nature. The virus is transmissible by sap inoculation and by several aphid species in the non-persistent.
Broad bean wilt virus has been reported in natural infections of 180 species of 41 plant families and thus has a very extensive natural host range. Main host families are: Apiaceae, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, and Solanaceae.
No
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, DPVWEB
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, DPVWEB
Golovinomyces orontii
fungus
Erysiphe orontii, Erysiphe polyphaga, Erysiphe tabaci, Oidium begoniae, Oidium violae
Worldwide
AZ, CA, GA, ID, MA, MO, SC, TX, WA
Korea
2024-09-07
Korea lists this pathogen as Erysiphe orontii. Seed is not a pathway. Wind-borne conidia most common means of dispersal.
Main: sugarbeet, pepper, watermelon, melon, cucumber, pumpkin, pea, tomato, eggplant, potato.
No
CABICPC
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
CABICPC
CABICPC
Seed treatment to control powdery mildew on seedlings from wind blown spores during the first 1.5 weeks of growth.
Ditylenchus destructor
nematode
-
Africa: Nigeria, South Africa; Asia: Azerbaijan, China, Iran, Japan, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan; Europe: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Czechia, Estonia, France, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Jersey, Latvia, Luxemburg, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK; North America: Canada, USA; Oceania: New Zealand.
CA, HI, ID, OR, SC, WA, WI
-
2024-09-26
Ditylenchus destructor is spread through seed potatoes. It is also spread on containers, packaging, and soil. True seed is not know to be a pathway.
Extensive host range. Main: ornamental bulbs, sweet potato, onion, garlic, groundnut, beet, sugarbeet, pepper, cucumber, pumpkin, carrot, soybean, tomato, potato, clover, wheat, corn
No
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, DITYDE-1
Seed is not a known pathway.
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, DITYDE-1
Pepper veinal mottle virus
virus
pepper veinal mottle potyvirus
Africa: Benin, Burkino Faso, Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, South Africa, Togo, Tunisia; Asia: Afghanistan, China, India, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Yemen; North America.
Unknown
Nepal
2024-11-13
PVMV is transmitted in the non-persistent manner by the aphids.
Main: pepper, chilli, tomato, eggplant
No
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, DPVWEB
seed is not a known pathway.
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, DPVWEB
Eggplant mottled crinkle virus
virus
-
Lebanon
Not known to occur.
Korea
2024-11-26
Mechanically transmitted.
Main: eggplant.
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici
fungus
Fusarium bulbigenum, Fusarium bulbigenum var. lycopersici, Fusarium lycopersici
Worldwide
AL, AR, CA, CO, CT, FL, GA, HI, ID, IA, KS, KY, MA, MS, MO, MT, NY, NC, OH, OK, OR, TN, WA, WV
Korea, Thailand
2025-06-21
Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici is a soilborne pathogen, and seed is not a confirmed transmission pathway. Although the fungus has been detected on tomato seed (Krikun et al., 1983; Menzies, 1991), there is no evidence of natural seed-to-seedling transmission. Soil and plant debris remain the primary sources of inoculum.
Main: tomato
No
CABI CPC, ISF RPLD, EPPO, FUSARL-9, FUSARL-13
Although eggplant is reported as a natural host of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici, there are no references confirming seed as a transmission pathway in this crop, and the only seed association reported involves tomato.
CABI CPC, ISF RPLD, EPPO, FUSARL-9, FUSARL-13
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
OEPP/EPPO Global Database - European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization
Szczechura, W., Staniaszek, M., Habdas, H. (2013). Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici - the cause of Fusarium crown and root rot in tomato cultivation. Journal of Plant Protection Research, 53(2), 172-176. https://doi.org/10.2478/jppr-2013-0026
Tsitsigiannis, D. I., Antoniou, P. P., Tjamos, S. E., & Paplomatas, E. J. (2008). Major diseases of tomato, pepper and egg plant in green houses. Eur. J. Plant Sci. Biotechnol, 2(S1), 106-124.
Verticillium albo-atrum
fungus
Verticillium albo-atrum var. caespitosum
Verticillium albo-atrum var. tuberosum
Worldwide, primarily in cool temperate climates and in potato producing areas
Widespread, especially in northern states
China, Thailand
2025-09-15
Verticillium albo-atrum is a soilborne fungal pathogen that causes Verticillium wilt in a wide range of host plants, including vegetables, ornamentals, and woody crops. The fungus invades the plant through the roots, colonizes the vascular system, and disrupts water transport. It survives in soil for many years as microsclerotia, making management difficult. The pathogen is primarily spread through infested soil, plant debris, and infected planting material, but seed transmission has been reported (and unverified) in older reports for some crops.
Main: cauliflower. broccoli, lucerne, tomato, potato; Other: brussel sprouts, cucumber
Not a host
CABI CPC, VERTAA-18, VERTAA-19, VERTAA-24
No references found indicating that eggplant seed is a pathway.
CABI CPC, VERTAA-18, VERTAA-19, VERTAA-24
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Blancard, D., 2012. Tomato diseases: identification, biology and control: a colour handbook. Second edition. Academic Press. Elsevier. 688pp.
Raymond, A. T. G., 2009. Vegetable seed production. 3rd Ed. CABI Head Office. Nosworthy Way, Wallingford. UK. 320pp.
Kadow, K.J., 1934. Seed transmission of Verticillium wilt of Eggplants and Tomatoes. Phytopathology, 24(11), pp.1265-1268.
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