verbena x hybrida
verbena
2 Related Pests
Erwinia rhapontici
bacteria
Aplanobacter rhapontici, Bacillus rhapontici, Bacterium rhapontici, Erwinia carotovora var. rhapontici, Pectobacterium rhapontici, Phytomonas rhapontici, Pseudobacterium rhapontici,Xanthomonas rhapontici
Asia, Europe, Canada, Mexico, New Zealand
Western and Midwest states
Brazil
2023-04-20
Brazil lists this as Pectobacterium rhapontici.
Primarily rhubarb and wheat. Reported on a few vegetables.
No
ERWIRH-2
No references were found indicating verbena seed is a pathway. One reference was found noting Erwinia sp was found on Verbena x hybridia in Italy but no new information was found since.
ERWIRH-2
Garibaldi, A., Bertetti, D., Moretti, C., Buonaurio, R., & Gullino, M. L. (2011). First report of bacterial blight caused by an unknown Erwinia sp. on Verbena × hybrida in Italy. Journal of Plant Pathology, 93(1), 243.
Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid
viroid
Tomato chlorotic dwarf pospiviroid
Asia: India, China, Europe: Czechia, France, Slovenia, UK; North America: Mexico. Australia notes presence (TCDVd-16)
AZ, CO, HI, ID
Korea, Thailand
2025-06-21
TCDVd is closely related to the Potato spindle tuber viroid and shows uncertain seed transmission in tomatoes. Some studies detect the viroid on seeds, but grow-out tests find no clear spread. The viroid primarily spreads through plant-to-plant contact, grafting, and contaminated tools. While no insect vectors are confirmed, mechanical transmission via chewing insects or bumblebees may occur. Risk assessments conclude that seed transmission and field establishment are unlikely.
Main: petunia, tomato, eggplant; Other: verbena x hybrida
No
CABI CPC, TCDVd-12, TCDVd-18, TCDVd-19
Multiple references identify Verbena × hybrida as a host, but none provide evidence that seed serves as a transmission pathway.
CABI CPC, TCDVd-12, TCDVd-18, TCDVd-19
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Agriculture Victoria. (n.d.). Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid. Victorian State Government. https://agriculture.vic.gov.au/biosecurity/plant-diseases/vegetable-diseases/tomato-chlorotic-dwarf-viroid
Olmedo Velarde, A., Hamasaki, R. T., Bushe, B., & Melzer, M. J. (2017, December). Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid(PD 113). University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa, College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources.
Singh, R. P., Dilworth, A. D., Baranwal, V. K., & Gupta, K. N. (2006). Detection of Citrus exocortis viroid, Iresine viroid, and Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid in new ornamental host plants in India. Plant Disease, 90(11), 1457-1457.
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