Cynodon dactylon
bermuda grass
3 Related Pests
Balansia oryzae-sativae
fungus
Balansia oryzae, Ephelis oryzae, Ephelis pallida
Primarily Asia. Reported in Sierra Leone, Africa, New Caledonia, Vanuatu
LA, FL
2023-08-21
Reported only in LA, FL on rice.
Rice, sorghum. Considered a minor pathogen of several other grains and grasses, including bermuda grass.
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. May have been inferred because seed transmission occurs in rice. There are very few reports of this pathogen in this crop.
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae
bacterium
Bacterium oryzae, Phytomonas oryzae, Pseudomonas oryzae, Xanthomonas campestris pv. Oryzae, Xanthomonas itoana, Xanthomonas kresek, Xanthomonas oryzae, Xanthomonas translucens f. sp. oryzae
Africa: Benin, Burkino Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Egypt, Gabon, Gambia, Guinea, Kenya, Madagascar, Mali, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Tanzania, Togo, Uganda; Asia: Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, North Korea, Pakistan, Philippines, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam; North America: Bonaire, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Mexico, Panama; Oceania: Australia; South America; Bolivia, Ecuador, Venezuela.
Eradicated in 1980's
Brazil, China
2024-07-22
Highly pathogenic strains eradicated in the US in late 1980's. (Recent strains of Xanthomonads on rice in LA and TX were genetically distinct from this pathvar and weakly pathogenic (XANTOR-10).
Rice is considered the main host. It is known to be a wild or cultivated host in Poaceae.
uncertain
XANTOR-4, XANTOR-10, CABICPC, XANTOR-12, XANTOR-13, XANTOR-14
Bermuda grass is well documented as a wild host of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in rice production; however reports of seed transmission in this species could not be found.
XANTOR-4, XANTOR-10, CABICPC, XANTOR-12, XANTOR-13, XANTOR-14
Chemical, Cultural
CABICPC, EPPO
Removal of plants and chemcial treatments during the growing season have proven effective.
Kauffman HE, Reddy APK, 1975. Seed transmission studies of Xanthomonas oryzae in rice. Phytopathology, 65:663-666
Triplett, L. R., J. P. Hamilton, C. R. Buell, N. A. Tisserat, V. Verdier, F. Zink, and J. E. Leach. 2011. Genomic Analysis of Xanthomonas oryzae Isolates from Rice Grown in the United States Reveals Substantial Divergence from Known X. oryzae Pathovars. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 77: 3930–3937
USDA-ARS (2013) Recovery Plan for Xanthomonas oryzae Causing Bacterial Blight and Bacterial Leaf Streak of Rice
Shekhar, S., Sinha, D., & Kumari, A. (2020). An overview of bacterial leaf blight disease of rice and different strategies for its management. Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci, 9(4), 2250-2265.
Ali, M., Singh, R., Lal, M., Chaudhary, S., Kumar, S., & Ahmad, S. (2019). Determination the role of weeds hosts in spreading of sheath blight from weeds to rice crop in western plain zone of Uttar Pradesh, India. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 8(9), 972-982.
OEPP/EPPO Global Database - European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization
Rathayibacter rathayi
bacterium
Agrobacterium rathayi, Aplanobacter rathayi, Bacterium rathayi, Clavibacter rathayi, Corynebacterium michiganense pv. rathayi, Corynebacterium rathayi, Erwinia rathay, Phytomonas rathayi, Pseudobacterium rathayi
Africa: Egypt, Ethiopia; Asia: China, India, Iran, Japan, Europe: Cyprus, Germany, Romania, Sweden, UK; North America: Canada, USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand.
OR, VA
China
2024-12-31
Rathayibacter rathayi is spread by nematodes into seed heads creating a gall and releasing harmful corynetoxins which are hazardous to livestock when consumed. The pathogen has a significant impact on forages and requires management of nematode populations. It is suspected that seed could also be a pathway.
Primary: orchardgrass; Main: bermudagrass, rye
uncertain
CABI CPC, CORBRA-2, CORBRA-3, CORBRA-4, CORBRA-8
Reference indicates that pathogen may be found on seed, but transmission may require a seed gall nematode vector.
CABI CPC, CORBRA-2, CORBRA-3, CORBRA-4, CORBRA-8
soak test
Seeds are soaked overnight in water. Nematodes are concentrated by sieving, followed by microscopic examination. Tests not validated or standardized.
cultural
CABI CPC, CORBRA-8
Use disease-free seed. Plant in areas free of nematodes. Crop rotation with particular species is being looked at as an option.
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Bradbury JF, 1973. Corynebacterium rathayi. CMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, Number 376. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
Bagger O, 1977. Plant diseases in Demark In, 93rd Annual Survey. Lyngby, Denmark: State Plant Pathology Institute
Zgurskaya, H. I., Evtushenko, L. I., Akimov, V. N., & Kalakoutskii, L. V. (1993). Rathayibacter gen. nov., including the species Rathayibacter rathayi comb. nov., Rathayibacter tritici comb. nov., Rathayibacter iranicus comb. nov., and six strains from annual grasses. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, 43(1), 143-149.
Rivedal, H. M., Temple, T. N., Starchvick, R. J., Braithwaite, E., Lowder, S. R., Dorman, S. J., ... & Zasada, I. A. (2024). Comparison of molecular and morphological identification methods for Anguina seed gall nematodes in Oregon grasses grown for seed. PhytoFrontiers™, PHYTOFR-01.
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