Cucurbita spp.
squash, pumpkin, gourd
34 Related Pests
Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus
virus
Bottlegourd Indian mosaic virus, Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus, Cucumber mottle virus, Cucumber virus 2, 3 or 4, Cucumis virus 2, Tobacco mosaic virus watermelon strain
Asia: China, Georgia, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, Myanmar, Pakistan, Sudan, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Syria, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey. Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Spain, Sweden, UK. America: Canada. Australia.
CA
Many countries
2023-12-19
Primarily found externally on the seed coat. Mechanical transmission primary the means of spread. Natural infections of Cucurbita pepo (squash and pumpkin) are not known to occur.
watermelon, gerkin, melon, cucumber, bottlegourd, rootstock, Prunus and Gladiolus spp. in experimentation
No
CGMMV-2, CABICPC, ISFRPLD
Pathway uncertain. Cucurbita spp. is a host of this virus. No references found indicating seed is a natural pathway in Cucurbita spp., though it is known to be seed transmitted in cucumber, rootstock and watermelon. Seeds are often tested.
ELISA
CGMMV-2, CABICPC, ISFRPLD
ELISA
CGMMV-3, NSHSUSDA
This method is a standard method of the NSHS
Hollings M, Komuro, Y, Tochihara, H, 1975. Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus Datasheet 154. Descriptions of Plant Viruses. http://dpvweb.net/dpv/
Detection of Squash Mosaic Virus, Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus and Melon Necrotic Spot Virus in cucurbit seed. International Seed Testing Association. International Rules for Seed Testing 7-026: Seed Health Testing Methods. 2024 https://www.seedtest.org/en/international-rules-for-seed-testing/seed-health-methods-product-1014.html
Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli
bacterium
Acidovorax citrulli, Pseudomonas avenae subsp. citrulli, Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes subsp. citrulli
Worldwide
Midwest and Southeast States, CA, OR
2023-04-10
Wild cucurbit species and cucurbit volunteers are known hosts. Occassional reports, but unsubstantiated infections in pepper and tomato
watermelon, melon, squash, pumpkin, cucumber, root stock.
Yes
PSDMAC-1, PSDMAC-6
Seed as a pathway well documented and accepted for this pathogen. Outbreaks in Cucurbita spp. tend to be less frequent.
Seedling Grow out and PCR tests are NSHS standard tests (PSDMAC-4)
PSDMAC-1, PSDMAC-6
Seedling Grow out, PCR, Immunomagnetic separation-PCR wash
PSDMAC-1
PSDMAC-6
Clean seed programs including exclusion, cultural practices, sanitation and copper sprays when needed, decreased seed infestations but did not eradicate.
Xanthomonas cucurbitae
bacterium
Xanthomonas campestris pv. cucurbitae, Bacterium cucurbitae, Phytomonas cucurbitae, Pseudomonas cucurbitae
China, India, Nepal, Japan, Brunei, France, Italy, Egypt, Seychelles, Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Trinidad and Tobago, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Russia
Widespread
Mexico, Korea, Nepal
2023-09-07
When symptoms are present, confirm the causal agent with laboratory diagnoses. Symptoms of this disease may be suppressed, indistinguishable from other diseases or inconspicuous under unfavorable climatic conditions or plant physiological stress, requiring thorough laboratory analysis. Prolonged periods of latency resulting in asymptotic plants has not been documented for this pathogen, though the period from infection to symptom expression may vary with climatic conditions, plant genetics, physiological stress and plant pathogen strain. Literature showing that random sampling of apparently healthy plants to detect latent populations of this pathogen has not been found.
Cucurbits
Yes
XANTCU-3, XANTCU-4, XANTCU-2, ISFRPLD, XANTCU-8
The pathogen has been detected on or in seed but movement to seedlings was not shown to occur in controlled experiments. Seed as a pathway for transmission of Xanthomonas cucurbitae appears to be minor or insignificant (XANTCU-2). The bacteria can remain pathogenic in pumpkin seeds for at least 24 months. (XANTCU-8)
XANTCU-3, XANTCU-4, XANTCU-2, ISFRPLD, XANTCU-8
Incubation, Seed wash
ISFRPLD
These methods have not been validated or standardized.
CABICPC
Use good seed growing practices. Grow in disease free areas and in arid climates. No overhead irrigation. Copper sprays when needed. Seed treatments are needed to eradicate the pathogen carried on and/or in the seeds. (XANTCU-8)
Zitter, T.A., Hopkins, D.L. and Thomas, C.E. (Eds) (1996). Compendium of Cucurbit Diseases. American Phytopathological Society: St. Paul, Minnesota (USA). 120 pp.
MClean, DM, 1958. A Seed-Borne Bacterial Cotyledon Disease of Squash. Plant Disease Rept. 42;425-426
Babadoost, 2016. Personnel communication University of Illinois:
Zhang, X., & Babadoost, M. (2018). Characteristics of xanthomonas cucurbitae isolates from pumpkins and survival of the bacterium in pumpkin seeds. Plant Disease, 102(9), 1779–1784. Retrieved September, 2021.
Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans
bacterium
Bacillus lachrymans, Bacterium burgeri, Bacterium lachrymans, Chlorobacter lachrymans, Phytomonas lachrymans, Pseudomonas burgeri, Pseudomonas lachrymans, Pseudomonas lachrymans f. cucumis
Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Gabon, Kenya, South Africa, Zimbabwe; Asia: China, India, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Laos, North Korea, Philippines, South Korea, Tajikistan, Thailand, Turkey, Uzbekistan; Europe: Australia, Belarus, Bulgaria, Czechia, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Moldova, Netherlands, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK; North America: Canada, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Nicaragua, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, USA: Oceania: Australia, New Zealand; South America: Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela.
Widespread
MX
2024-10-16
This pathogen occurs in MX
Main: Cucurbitaceae family
uncertain
PSDMLA-2, CABI CPC, ISF RPLD, PSDMLA-7, PSDMLA-8, PSDMLA-12
Squash, pumpkin and gourd maybe hosts of this pathogen, but usually are resistant to infection. Pseudomonas lachyrmans was isolated from one squash variety involved in a disease outbreak in Italy (PSDLMA-7). Article needs translation to verify methods. No evidence of seed as a pathway found. Often inferred as seed borne because it is seedborne in cucumber.
PSDMLA-2, CABI CPC, ISF RPLD, PSDMLA-7, PSDMLA-8, PSDMLA-12
Ohuchi A, Hayashi N, Sakai Y, Ezuka A, 1980. Bacteriological properties and pathogenicity of Pseudomonas lachrymans, the causal agent of angular leaf spot of cucumber, from Japan. Bulletin of the National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, C, No.34:1-13
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Kritzman G, Zutra D, 1983. Systemic movement of Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans in the stem, leaves, fruits, and seeds of cucumber. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 5(4):273-278
Umekawa M, Watanabe Y, 1978. Dry heat and hot water treatments of cucumber seeds for control of angular leaf spot. Bulletin of the Vegetable and Ornamental Crops Research Station, B (Morioka, Iwate), No. 2:55-61
Scortichini, M. (1992). Occurrence of Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans in imported commercial black zucchini squash seeds. Informatore Fitopatologico, 42 (11), 55-58.
Candidatus phytoplasma asteris
phytoplasma
Aconitum proliferation, Aconitum virescence, Alberta aster yellows, alfalfa stunt, Alstroemeria decline, American aster yellows, Anemone virescence, apple sessile leaf, apricot chlorotic leaf roll, azalea little leaf, banana elephantiasis, basil little leaf, Bermuda grass white leaf, black currant reversion, black pepper yellows, blueberry stunt, broccoli phyllody, Bunias phyllody, cactus virescence, cactus witches'-broom, Calendula virescence, canola yellows, Cardaria phyllody, carrot proliferation, carrot yellows, cassava phyllody phytoplasma, cassava witches' broom, Catharanthus little leaf, Catharanthus virescence, chayote witches'-broom, cherry bunch leaf, cherry little leaf, chlorantie, Chrysanthemum witches'-broom, Chrysanthemum yellows, Cirsium stunt, Cirsium yellows, clover phyllody, columbine virescence, coorg black pepper yellows, cosmos phyllody, Cyclamen virescence, dandelion yellows, Delphinium virescence, dill yellows, Diplotaxis virescence, dogfennel yellows, dogwood stunt, dwarf western aster yellows, eastern aster yellows, Echinacea phyllody, eggplant dwarf, eggplant little leaf, Epilobium phyllody, Erigeron yellows, European aster yellows, false ragweed, Festuca yellows, Gaillardia yellows, Gladiolus virescence, grapevine yellows, grey dogwood stunt, hyacinth yellows, Hydrangea phyllody and virescence, Ipomoea obscura witches' broom, Italian cabbage yellows, Italian lettuce yellows, kale phyllody, larkspur virescence, lazy daisy yellows, lettuce yellows, lilac little leaf, Limonium proliferation, Limonium yellows, Lotus yellows, maize bushy stunt, mallow yellows, marguerite yellows, marigold phyllody, marigold virescence, Maryland aster yellows, Mitsuba witches' broom, monarda yellows, mulberry dwarf, multiplier disease, New England aster yellows, New Jersey aster yellows, oat proliferation, Oenothera virescence, olive witches'-broom, onion phyllody, onion virescence, onion yellows, Papaver virescence, parsley yellows, Paulownia witches' broom, peach red leaf disease, pear proliferation and decline, periwinkle little leaf, periwinkle witches' broom and virescence, periwinkle yellows, Phytoplasma asteris, plantain virescence, Poa stunt, poplar witches' broom, poplar yellows, Portulaca yellows, potato purple top, prickly lettuce yellows, Primula yellows, pumpkin yellows, purple coneflower yellows, Quercus proliferation, ragweed yellows, Ranunculus phyllody, rape phyllody, rape virescence, rose witches'-broom, ryegrass yellows, safflower phyllody, Salix proliferation, sandal spike, Saponaria proliferation, Schizanthus proliferation, severe western aster yellows, soybean purple stem, Spirea stunt, Stellaria yellows, strawberry green petal, strawberry phylloid fruit, strawberry stunting, Symphytum proliferation, Tacaco witches'-broom, Tagetes witches' broom, Thalictrum proliferation, tomato big bud, tomato yellows, turnip virescence, Veronica phyllody, watercress witches'-broom, western aster yellows, wild radish yellows
Worldwide
Widespread
-
2024-11-09
Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris is naturally transmitted by a wide range of leafhopper, Macrosteles fascifrons is reported to be the principal vector. Seed is not a pathway.
Wide host range, primarily herbaceous dicots, though strains infect monocots and woody ornamentals
No
CABICPC
Seed is not a known pathway.
CABICPC
Ralstonia solanacearum
bacterium
Bacillus musae, Bacillus musarum, Bacillus nicotianae, Bacillus sesami, Bacillus solanacearum, Bacterium solanacearum, Bacterium solanacearum var. asiatica, Bacterium solanacearum var. asiaticum, Burkholderia solanacearum, Chromobacterium nicotianae, Erwinia nicotianae,
Erwinia solanacearum, Phytobacterium solanacearum, Phytomonas ricini, Phytomonas solanacearum, Phytomonas solanacearum var. asiatica, Pseudomonas batatae, Pseudomonas ricini,
Pseudomonas solanacearum, Pseudomonas solanacearum var. asiatica, Pseudomonas tectonae,
Xanthomonas solanacearum, Xanthomonas solanacearum var. asiatica
Worldwide
AL, AR, CT, DE, FL, GA, HI, IL, IN, LA, MI, NH, NJ, NY, NC, PA, SC, SD, VA, WI
China
2025-08-13
Ralstonia solanacearum spreads mainly through infected vegetative planting material, contaminated soil or water, root contact, mechanical injury, and sometimes insect vectors, with wild hosts serving as reservoirs that can contaminate irrigation sources. True seed infection is rare and confirmed in peanut, while seed contamination in other crops such as tomato, pepper, eggplant, and soybean has been reported but not substantiated, making seed a minor pathway compared with other transmission routes. Pest is on USDA Plant Protection and Quarantine Select Agents and Toxins list.
Over 250 species, particularly tropical and subtropical crops, are susceptible to races of the R. solanacearum species complex, with tomato, tobacco, aubergine, potato, banana, plantain, and Heliconia being the most significant worldwide, while other hosts include Anthurium spp., groundnut, Capsicum annuum, cotton, rubber, sweet potato, cassava, castor bean, and ginger.
No
CABI CPC, RALSSL-12
Squash, pumpkin and gourd are not considered an important hosts of the pathogen. Seed is not known to be a pathway.
CABI CPC, RALSSL-12
Colletotrichum orbiculare
fungus
Colletotrichum lagenarium, Glomerella lagenarium
Worldwide, wherever cucurbits are grown.
Widespread, wherever cucurbits are grown
Mexico, Chile
2022-11-11
Cucurbitaceae family
No
COLLLA-1, COLLLA-2, COLLLA-3, COLLLA-5, COLLLA-6
Pathway not proven. Though seed is often listed as a pathway, there has been no research or literature found showing seed is a pathway for this pathogen on this host.
COLLLA-1, COLLLA-2, COLLLA-3, COLLLA-5, COLLLA-6
Blotter incubation
COLLLA-6
Though not seed borne, Blotter assays using methods described for Didymella bryoniae (gummy stem blight) are commonly used in the seed industry.
COLLLA-3
Although not proven to be seedborne in cucurbits, a seed treatment is recommended.
Colletotrichum orbiculare In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc."
Koike ST, Tidwell TE, Fogle DG, Patterson CL, 1991. Anthracnose of greenhouse-grown watermelon transplants caused by Colletotrichum orbiculare in California. Plant Disease, 75:644
Madaan RL, Grover RK, 1979. Chemical control of Colletotrichum lagenarium causing anthracnose and scab of bottle gourd. Indian Phytopathology, 32:210-215
Vakalounakis, DJ. 1996. In, Compendium of Cucurbit Diseases. Eds. Zitter, TA, Hopkins DL and Thomas CE. APS Press, Minniapolis, MN
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org. Nyon Switzerland
Alternaria cucumerina
fungus
Alternaria brassicae var. nigrescens, Macrosporium cucumerinum, Alternaria loofahae
Worldwide
Widespread
Mexico
2022-09-21
Distribution information from USDA GRIN
Cucurbitaceae family
No
ALTECU-3
Pathway not proven. According to Thomas, 1996, artificially infested seed has resulted in seedling infection, but infection was low. Spread from naturally infested seed has not been demonstrated.
ALTECU-3
Seed treatments are often inferred as effective, but no data exists and seed has not been proven to be a pathway.
ALTECU-4
A quality systems approach in production of the seeds with crop inspections, careful selection of healthy fruits and seed conditioning and cleaning should be used to ensure seed quality and reduce unwanted seed contaminants.
Cladosporium cucumerinum
fungus
Cladosporium cucumeris, Cladosporium scabies, Macrosporium cucumerinum, Macrosporium melophthorum, Scolicotrichum melophthorum
Worldwide
FL. ME, MI, NY, NC, OK, OR, TX, WA
China
2022-11-11
Widespread in many cool, temperate regions of the world. This pathogen is known to occur in China.
cucumber, pumpkin, gourd,melon, watermelon
No
CLADCU-1, CLADCU-2, CLADCU-3, CLADCU-4, CLADCU-7
Pathway not proven. Though seed is often listed as a pathway, there is little evidence that seed is a pathway for this host. Seed-borne inoculum appears to be of minor importance and it is often found in soil debris. Cladosporium spp. on pumpkin seed, has been reported, but it is unclear if the it was identified to species and assumed Cladosporium cucumerinum was the species observed. Seed transmission was not proven and was externally associated with the seed.
CLADCU-1, CLADCU-2, CLADCU-3, CLADCU-4, CLADCU-7
Freezing blotter
CLADCU-4
Used to identify Cladosporium spp. on seed, but did not identify the Cladosporium to species. This method has not been validated or standardized.
Seed surface-disinfestation with 0.5% sodium hypochlorite for 10 min to decrease all fungal contamination
CLADCU-1
Cladosporium cucumerinum In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Zitter, T.A. Scab 2016. The American Phytopathologogical Society APSnetfeatures. (http://www.apsnet.org/publications/apsnetfeatures/Pages/Scab.aspx) St. Paul, MN
Cassaroli, D., Garcia, D.C., Muniz, M.F.B & Menezes, N.L. 2006. Qualidade sanitária e siológica de sementes de abóbora variedade Menina Brasileira. Fitopatologia Brasileira 31:158-163
Ellis, M.B. and Holliday, P., 1972. Cladosporium cucumerinum.[Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]. IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, (35).
Verticillium albo-atrum
fungus
Verticillium albo-atrum var. caespitosum
Verticillium albo-atrum var. tuberosum
Worldwide, primarily in cool temperate climates and in potato producing areas
Widespread, especially in northern states
China, Thailand
2025-09-15
Verticillium albo-atrum is a soilborne fungal pathogen that causes Verticillium wilt in a wide range of host plants, including vegetables, ornamentals, and woody crops. The fungus invades the plant through the roots, colonizes the vascular system, and disrupts water transport. It survives in soil for many years as microsclerotia, making management difficult. The pathogen is primarily spread through infested soil, plant debris, and infected planting material, but seed transmission has been reported (and unverified) in older reports for some crops.
Main: cauliflower. broccoli, lucerne, tomato, potato; Other: brussel sprouts, cucumber
No
VERTAA-2, VERTAA-9, CABI CPC, VERTAA-28
On reference found indicating Cucurbit spp. may be a host for this fungus. No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
VERTAA-2, VERTAA-9, CABI CPC, VERTAA-28
Anonymous 1960. Index of Plant Diseases in the United States. U.S.D.A. Agric. Handb. 165: 1-531. (94)
Richardson, MJ. 1990. Annotated List of Seedborne Diseases, Fourth Ed. International Seed Testing Association. Zurich, Switzerland
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Volesky, N., Murray, M., & Nischwitz, C. (2022). Fusarium and Verticillium Wilts of Vegetables.
Tobacco ringspot virus
virus
Anemone necrosis virus, Annulus tabaci, Blueberry necrotic ringspot virus, Nicotiana virus 12, Soybean bud blight virus, Tobacco Brazilian streak virus, Tobacco ringspot nepovirus, Tobacco ringspot virus No. 1
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea, China
2025-09-15
Tobacco ringspot virus is a Nepovirus with a broad host range that causes ring spots, mottling, stunting, and yield loss. It is transmitted primarily by dagger nematodes (Xiphinema spp.) in soil, but can also spread through infected seed in certain crops (mainly soybeans), mechanical contact with sap or contaminated tools, and, in some cases, via infected pollen.
Extensive host range includes many weed, fruit and ornamental plant species. Main: peppers, watermelon, melon, cucumber, soybean, tomato.
No
CABI CPC, DPV WEB, TRSV00-12
No references found indicating Cucurbita spp. seed is a pathway.
CABI CPC, DPV WEB, TRSV00-12
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Description of Plant Viruses ; http://dpvweb.net/dpv/
Abdalla, O.A., Bruton, B.D., Fish, W.W., Ali, A., 2012 . First confirmed report of Tobacco ringspot virus in cucurbits crops in Oklahoma.Plant Disease, 96 ( 11 ): 1705
Cucumber leaf spot virus
virus
Cucumber fruit streak virus
Asia: Iran; Europe: Bulgaria, Poland
Not known to occur
China, Nepal
2025-09-12
Cucumber leaf spot virus is transmitted in the field by the soil-inhabiting fungus Olpidium bornovanus, which carries virus particles to plant roots. Mechanical transmission is also possible under experimental conditions. Reports of seed transmission are unsubstantiated, and the main natural pathway of spread is through the fungal vector.
Main: cucumber
No
CLSV00-3, CLSV00-4, CLSV00-5, CLSV00-7, CABI CPC, DPV WEB
Cucurbita spp. seed is not a pathway for Cucumber leaf spot virus. A report indicates that inoculation of Cucurbita spp seed results only in local lesions, consistent with a non-host reaction. However, only one report described infection in the field, but this has not been confirmed.
CLSV00-3, CLSV00-4, CLSV00-5, CLSV00-7, CABI CPC, DPV WEB
Weber, I., Proll, E., Ostermann, W.D., Leiser, R.M., Stanarius, A. and Kegler, H. (1982). Arch. Phytopath. PflSchutz. 18: 137
Brunt, AA, Crabtree, K., Dallwitz, MJ, Gibbs, AJ, Watson, L. and Zurcher, EJ. (eds.). Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database, Version: 16th 1997. http://bio-mirror.im.ac.cn/mirrors/pvo/vide/refs.ht
Bananej, K., Kianfar, N., Vahdat, A., Winter, S., and Menzel, W. 2014 "Molecular and serological identification of Cucumber leaf spot virus in Iran." Journal of Phytopathology 162 (3) 205-208
Gallitelli, D., Vovlas, C. and Avgelis, A., 1983. Some properties of cucumber fruit streak virus. Journal of Phytopathology, 106:149-162.
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Description of Plant Viruses ; http://dpvweb.net/dpv/
Melon necrotic spot virus
virus
Worldwide
CA
Mexico
2023-08-21
Only systemic in Cucumis melo (melon). Local lesions produced in Cucumis sativus (cucumber), Citrullus lanatus (watermelon), Cucurbita moschata (pumpkin), Lagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd), Vigna unguiculata (cowpea), Vigna unguiculata ssp. Sesquipedalis (yardlong bean).
No
MNSV00-5, DVPWEB
Considered a local lesion host only and only in host range experiments. Not systemic or reported in nature.
MNSV00-5, DVPWEB
Squash mosaic virus
virus
Cucurbit ring mosaic virus, Muskmelon mosaic comovirus, Muskmelon necrotic mosaic virus, pumpkin mosaic virus, squash mosaic comovirus
Africa: Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia; Asia: Bangladesh, China, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Philippines, Syria, Turkey, Yemen; Europe: Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czechia, Greece, Italy, Netherlands; North America: Canada, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Montserrat, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand, Samoa; South America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Venezuela.
AL, AZ, AR, CA, FL, IL, MA, MI, NY, OK, TX, WI
Korea, Mexico
2024-12-22
Squash mosaic virus is transmitted by numerous insect species, mostly beetles. Seed is also a pathway for certain species.
Main: Cucurbitaceae family. Also infects Amaranthaceae, Apiaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Fabaceae, and Hydrophyllaceae
Yes
SQMV00-10, SQMV00-9, CABI CPC, DPV WEB
Seed transmission in pumpkin is known to occur, though infrequently. It is not clear if seed from pumpkin varieties of C pepo can be a pathway or if seed transmission is in other pumpkin species.
ELISA, positive confirmation by Grow out is the standard method of the NSHS
SQMV00-10, SQMV00-9, CABI CPC, DPV WEB
ELISA, Grow out
This is the standard method of the NSHS.
International Seed Federation Pest List Database. http://www.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Nelson, MR, and Kunhtsen HK, 1973, Squash mosaic virus variability: epidemiological consequences of differences in seed transmission frequency between strains. Phytopathology 63:918-920
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Description of Plant Viruses ; http://dpvweb.net/dpv/
Tomato ringspot virus
virus
blackberry (Himalaya) mosaic virus, Euonymus chlorotic ringspot virus, Euonymus ringspot virus, grape yellow vein virus, grapevine yellow vein virus, Nicotiana 13 virus, peach stem pitting virus, prune brown line virus, Prunus stem pitting virus, red currant mosaic virus, tobacco ringspot virus 2, tomato ringspot nepovirus, ToRSV, winter peach mosaic virus
Africa: Egypt, Nigeria, Togo; Asia: China, India, Iran, Japan, Jodan, Lebanon, Oman, Pakistan, South Korea, Taiwan, Turkey; Europe: Belarus, Croatia, France, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, UK; North America: Canada, Puerto Rico, USA; Oceania: Fiji, New Zealand; South America: Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela.
Widespread
Korea, Mexico, Thailand
2022-11-07
Natural spread is confined to areas where there are moderate to high populations of nematode vectors belonging to the genus Xiphinema. Requires the nematode to spread. Seed transmission only shown in strawberry and raspberry in nature.
Wide host range, primarily ornamentals and fruit trees and berries. Vegetable crops infected are listed below. Not known to infect grains and grasses
No
TORSV0-4, TORSV0-5
One reference found indicating seed may be a pathway but no other references were found to substantiate. Seed is not known to be a pathway in nature. No conclusive evidence of natural seed transmission exists.
TORSV0-4, TORSV0-5
ELISA
TORSV0-1
This test has not been validated or standardized. Commercial testing is available.
International Seed Federation Pest List Database. http://www.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Richardson, MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Diseases. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich Switzerland
Al-Tamimi, N., Kawas, H. and Mansour, A. (2009). Seed transmission viruses in squash seeds (Cucurbita pepo) in southern Syria and Jordan valley. [In Arabic]. Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences (ISSN: 1815-8625), 5 (4), 497-506.
Tomato spotted wilt virus
virus
Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus, Tomato spotted wilt virus group
Worldwide
Widespread
2023-08-21
Seed is not a pathway for Tospoviruses, including Tomato spotted wilt virus
Wide host range. Over 800 plant species are known hosts. Primarily ornamentals,flowers. No evidence that small grains or corn are hosts.
No
TSWV00-1, TSWV00-2, TSWV00-3
Seed is not a pathway for Tospoviruses, including Tomato spotted wilt virus
TSWV00-1, TSWV00-2, TSWV00-3
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org
Kormelink R. 2005. Tomato spotted wilt virus Datasheet 412. Description of Plant Viruses Online. 2016. www.dpvweb.net.
Phomopsis sclerotioides
fungus
Diaporthe sclerotioides
Asia: India, Malaysia; Europe: Austria, Denmark, France, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, UK; North America: Canda, USA
WA
Korea
2025-09-05
Phomopsis sclerotioides is a strong saprophytic fungus that survives in soil, forming sclerotia that can persist for years under adverse conditions. It rapidly colonizes clean or sterilized soil, requiring thorough disinfection to manage. The fungus is dispersed through water, air, and soil particles.
Main: cucumber, cucurbits
No
PHOPSC-3, PHOPSC-5
No evidence that seed is a pathway. Primarily found in greenhouse soils.
PHOPSC-3, PHOPSC-5
Bruton BD and Biles CL. 2017. Phomosis Black Root Rot of Cucumber. In, Compendium of Cucurbit Diseases and Pests, Second Edition. Keinath AP, Wintermantel WM and Zitter TA, eds. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.
Richardson, M.J. 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-Borne Diseases. Fourth Edition. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Pleospora herbarum
fungus
Too many to list, most commonly used names include Alternaria putrefaciens, Clasterosporium putrefaciens, Sporidesmium putrefaciens, Stemphyllium botryosum, Stemphylium herbarum.
Worldwide
Widespread
2023-08-21
Primarily a post harvest pathogen
Wide host range
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway
Fusarium solani f.sp. cucurbitae
fungus
Europe. Iraq, Japan, New Zealand, Brazil, Canada, South Africa
CA, OR, WA, NY, AR, NC
Mexico, Korea
2022-11-22
Primarily squash and pumpkin. Reported in melon.
Yes
FUSASC-2, FUSASC-3, FUSASC-4
Seed can be a pathway in Cucurbita spp., but only when symptoms are found on the fruit.
FUSASC-2, FUSASC-3, FUSASC-4
Agar incubation
FUSASC-4
This test has not been validated or standardized
Fungicide seed treatments
FUSASC-1, FUSASC-2
Crop rotation (4 years). Harvesting fruit without symptoms prevents seed lot contamination.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org. Nyon, switzerland
Toussoun, T. A., and Snyder, W. C. 1961. The pathogenicity, distribution, and control of two races of Fusarium (Hypomyces) solani f. cu- curbitae. Phytopathology 51:17-22.
Mehl, H.L. and Epstein, L., 2007. Identification of Fusarium solani f. sp. cucurbitae race 1 and race 2 with PCR and production of disease-free pumpkin seeds. Plant Disease, 91:1288-1292.
Fusarium solani f.sp. cucurbitae In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Arabis mosaic virus
virus
Arabis mosaic nepovirus, Ash ring and line pattern virus, forsythia yellow net virus, hop nettlehead virus, jasmine yellow blotch virus, raspberry yellow dwarf virus, Rhabarber mosaik virus (rhubarb mosaic virus), rhubarb mosaic virus
Africa: Egypt, South Africa; Asia: India, Iran, Japan, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey; Europe: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK; North America: Canada, Mexico, USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand; South America: Chile, Peru
CT, FL, MI, MN, MO, NE, NY, OH, SC
Mexico, China, Korea, Brazil, Thailand
2025-09-11
Arabis mosaic virus is a virus in the genus Nepovirus that infects a wide range of crops. It is transmitted mainly by the nematode Xiphinema diversicaudatum in soil and through infected planting material, with mechanical transmission possible. A heavily cited report from 1967 suggests seed transmission in some species, but no further evidence has been found since.
Wide host range including many vegetable, agronomic and fruit species. Main: celery, asparagus, sugarbeet, cucumber, carrot, lettuce, clover.
No
ARMV00-3, ARMV00-5, CABI CPC, ARMV00-10
No evidence was found indicating that Cucurbita spp. seed is a pathway for Arabis mosaic virus.
ARMV00-3, ARMV00-5, CABI CPC, ARMV00-10
Murant. 1983. Seed and Pollen Transmission of Nematode-borne viruses. Seed Sci and Technol. 11:973-987
Lister and Murant. 1967. Seed-transmission of nematode-borne viruses. Annals of Applied Biology, 59:49-62.
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Baker, R., Bragard, C., Candresse, T., Gilioli, G., Grégoire, J. C., Holb, I., ... & van der Werf, W. (2013). Scientific opinion on the risk to plant health posed by Arabis mosaic virus, Raspberry ringspot virus, Strawberry latent ringspot virus and Tomato black ring virus to the EU territory with the identification and evaluation of risk reduction options. EFSA JOURNAL, 11(10), 1-83.
Cucumber vein yellowing virus
virus
Bottle gourd mosaic virus
India, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, Egypt, Sudan, Tunisia, Cyprus, Portugal, Spain
Not known to occur
Korea
2023-08-21
Not known to be seed transmitted. Whitefly transmitted virus.
watermelon, melon, cucumber, squash, pumpkin
No
CVYV00-1
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
CVYV00-1
Cucumber Vein Yellowing Virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus
virus
Africa: Egypt, Morocco, Sudan, Tunisia; Asia: China, India, Iran, Iraw, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Turkey, United Arab Emirates; Europe: Belgium, Cyprus, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Spain; North America: Jamaica, Mexico, Panama, USA
AL, AZ, CA, FL, GA, SC, TX
Korea, Nepal
2025-08-04
Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) transmitted virus. Seed is not known to be a pathway.
Main: watermelon, melon, cucumber, squash, pumpkin.
No
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
Beet curly top virus
virus
Beet curly top geminivirus, beet curly top hybrigeminivirus, potato green dwarf virus, sugarbeet curly top virus, sugarbeet curly-leaf virus, sugarbeet virus 1, tomato yellow virus, tomato yellows virus, western yellow blight virus
Africa: Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt; Asia: India, Iran, Japan, Turkey; Europe: Cyprus, Italy; North America: Canada, Costa Rica, Mexico, USA; South America: Argentina, Bolivia, Uruguay.
Widespread
Korea
2024-06-19
BCTV is spread locally by insect vectors and internationally through infected host material or vectors. It is not known to be a seed transmitted virus in any host. It is More common in the western US where vectors are more common.
celery, table beet, sugarbeet, pepper, cucumber, cucurbits, common bean, tomato, cowpeas
No
BCTV00-1, BCTV00-5
Seed is not known to be a pathway in any host of Beet curly top virus
BCTV00-1, BCTV00-5
Kyuri green mottle mosaic virus
virus
KGMMV , Kyuri green mottle mosaic tobamovirus
Japan, Korea, Indonesia
Not known to occur
Korea
2022-11-29
Seed as a pathway for Kyrui green mottle mosaic virus has been suggested for cucurbits. There were no references found confirming seed as a pathway in Cucurbita spp. Kyrui green mottle mosaic virus is closely related to Zucchini green mottle mosaic virus and Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus. Kyrui green mottle mosaic virus is a known soil borne problem in Japan. The reported presence for Kyrui green mottle mosaic virus is limited primarily to Japan, one area of Korea and one report in Indonesia.
squash, pumpkin
uncertain
KGMMV0-1
Pathway not proven. Seed as a pathway for Kyrui green mottle mosaic virus has been suggested for cucurbits. There were no references found confirming seed as a pathway in Cucurbita spp.
KGMMV0-1
ELISA
KGMMV0-1
A seed test method using ELISA is available in some commercial labs.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org
Zucchini green mottle mosaic virus
virus
ZGMMV
Asia: China, Korea, Saudi Arabia,
Not known to occur
Korea
2025-07-15
Zucchini green mottle mosaic virus is a seedborne tobamovirus that infects cucurbits. It was first identified in zucchini squash and is closely related to cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV). Transmission occurs primarily through contaminated seed and mechanical contact.
squash, pumpkin, bottle gourd
Yes
ZGMMV0-2, CABI CPC, ISF RPLD, ZGMMV0-3, ZGMMV0-4
Seed as a pathway for zucchini green mottle mosaic is documented and accepted.
ZGMMV0-2, CABI CPC, ISF RPLD, ZGMMV0-3, ZGMMV0-4
RT-PCR
ZGMMV0-3
A PCR test was developed for research purposes but has not gained acceptance.
cultural, mechanical
Use virus-free seed, promptly removing infected plants, and maintain strict sanitation practices to prevent mechanical transmission.
Ali, A., Abdalla, O., Bruton, B., Fish, W., Sikora, E., Zhang, S., and Taylor, M. 2012. Occurrence of viruses infecting watermelon, other cucurbits, and weeds in the parts of southern United States. Online. Plant Health Progress doi:10.1094/PHP-2012-0824-01-RS.
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Li, Z., Yang, S., Qin, B., Xie, H., Cui, L., Su, Q., Cai, J., Gu, Q., 2018. First report of natural infection of zucchini green mottle mosaic virus on bottle gourd in Guangxi, China.Plant Disease, 102(11) 2384-2385.
Yoon, J.Y., Min, B.E., Choi, J.K. and Ryu, K.H. 2002. Genome structure and production of biologically active in vitro transcripts of cucurbit-infecting Zucchini green mottle mosaic virus. Phytopathology 92:156-163
Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus
virus
Tomato leaf curl New Delhi begomovirus, ToLCNDV
Africa: Algeria, Morocco, Seychelles, Tunisia; Asia: Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Iran, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey; Europe: France, Greece, Italy, Portugal,Slovakia, Spain,.
Not known to occur
Korea
2024-11-09
Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus is transmitted by the whitefly. Seed transmission of ToLCNDV has not been reported.
ToLCNDV affects a wide spectrum of plant species. Main are the Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae families.
No
CABICPC
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
CABICPC
Gibberella avenacea
fungus
Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium avenaceum f.sp. fabae, Fusarium avenaceum subsp. aywerte, Fusarium roseum var. avenaceum
Worldwide, primarily in temperate regions.
AZ, CA, CO, CT, ID, MT, NV, NY, ND, TX, WA, WY
Thailand
2025-10-23
One of many Fusaria, Gibberella's that may contaminate kernels.
Wide host range. Main: Fabaceae and Poaceae family, as well as some Brassicaceae and Cucurbitaceae.
No
GIBBAV-2, GIBBAV-4
Pathway not proven. Some references (GIBBAV-4) list seed as a pathway for this pathogen, no references with supporting data were found.
GIBBAV-2, GIBBAV-4
Nacobbus aberrans
nematode
Anguillulina aberrans, Nacobbus batatiformis, Nacobbus bolivianus, Nacobbus serendipiticus, Nacobbus serendipiticus bolivianus, Pratylenchus aberrans
Egypt, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Peru, Mexico
AR, CO, KS, MT, NE, SD, UT, WY
Korea
2023-08-21
Seed is not known to be a pathway for this nematode in any host.
potato, vegetables
No
NACOBA-1, NACOBA-2
Seed is not known to be a pathway for this nematode in any host.
NACOBA-1, NACOBA-2
Xiphinema diversicaudatum
nematode
Dorylaimus diversicaudatus, Dorylaimus elongatus apud, Longidorus diversicaudatus, Xiphinema diversicaudatum, Xiphinema amarantum, Xiphinema basiri apud, Xiphinema israeliae apud, Xiphinema paraelongatum, Xiphinema sahelense apud, Xiphinema seredouense
Africa: Morocco, South Africa; Asia: India, Turkey; Europe: Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Czechia, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Urkaine, UK; North America: USA. Oceania: New Zealand.
CA
Korea
2024-09-09
Found primarily in pasture and woodland areas. May spread nepoviruses. Seed is not known to be a pathway for dagger nematodes.
Wide host range
No
XIPHDI-1, CABICPC
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
XIPHDI-1, CABICPC
Golovinomyces orontii
fungus
Erysiphe orontii, Erysiphe polyphaga, Erysiphe tabaci, Oidium begoniae, Oidium violae
Worldwide
AZ, CA, GA, ID, MA, MO, SC, TX, WA
Korea
2024-09-07
Korea lists this pathogen as Erysiphe orontii. Seed is not a pathway. Wind-borne conidia most common means of dispersal.
Main: sugarbeet, pepper, watermelon, melon, cucumber, pumpkin, pea, tomato, eggplant, potato.
No
CABICPC
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
CABICPC
CABICPC
Seed treatment to control powdery mildew on seedlings from wind blown spores during the first 1.5 weeks of growth.
Boeremia exigua var. exigua
fungus
Ascochyta asteris, Ascochyta cyphomandrae, Ascochyta hydrangeae, Ascochyta nicotianae, Ascochyta phaseolorum, Ascochyta sonchi, Phoma exigua f.sp. exigua, Phoma exigua var. exigua, Phoma herbarum, Phoma herbarum f. brassicae, Phoma herbarum f. hyoscyami, Phoma herbarum f. schoberiae, Phoma herbarum var. dulcamaricola, Phoma linicola, Phoma solanicola, Phoma solanophila, Phoma tuberosa, Phyllosticta decidua, Phyllosticta hortorum, Phyllosticta mulgedii, Phyllosticta sambuci, Phyllosticta vincae-majoris, Phyllosticta vincae-minoris
Worldwide. CABI: B. exigua var. exigua is almost certainly ubiquitous worldwide, but many records fail to specify the variety that it is not possible to provide particular country/state information. There are undoubtedly many records under the many synonyms and these require re-examination.
Widespread
Korea
2024-09-04
This pathogen has been reported in Korea under other synonyms. This is a weak pathogen capable of persisting in soil and also transmitted by rainsplash-dispersed conidia. Common bean and possible sugarcane are the only hosts shown where seed may be a pathway.
B. exigua var. exigua is a ubiquitous weak or secondary pathogen on more than 200 different plant genera. Main hosts are in the Fabaaceae and Solanaceae familes.
No
CABICPC, RICHISTA
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. A weak pathogen but widespread in soils throughout the world.
CABICPC, RICHISTA
Pratylenchus brachyurus
nematode
Anguillulina brachyura, Pratylenchus leiocephalus, Pratylenchus pratensis, Pratylenchus steineri, Tylenchus brachyurus
Worldwide, primarily in tropical and subtropical regions.
AL, AR, CA, FL, GA, HI, KY, LA, MD, MS, NC, OK, SC, TN, TX, VA
Korea
2025-08-13
Pratylenchus brachyurus is a root-lesion nematode that reproduces mainly by mitotic parthenogenesis. It spends its entire life cycle inside plant roots or in surrounding soil, feeding and moving within root tissues. Eggs overwinter in roots or soil, hatching in spring to resume infection. Seed is not known to be a pathway.
Wide host range. Main hosts of economic importance: pineapple, potatoes, peanuts, cotton, tobacco, peaches, cereals, coffee, soybean.
No
CABI CPC, PRATBR-4, PRATBR-5, PRATBR-6, PRATBR-7, PRATBR-8
Seed is not known to be a pathway for this nematode in any host.
CABI CPC, PRATBR-4, PRATBR-5, PRATBR-6, PRATBR-7, PRATBR-8
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Nemaplex.UCDavis.edu; Revision Date: 16-December-2024; Accessed 13-August-2025
Nomura, R. B. G., Lopes-Caitar, V. S., Hishinuma-Silva, S. M., Machado, A. C. Z., Meyer, M. C., & Marcelino-Guimarães, F. C. (2024). Pratylenchus brachyurus: status and perspectives in Brazilian agriculture. Tropical Plant Pathology, 49(5), 573-589.
Agrios, G. N. 2005. Plant Pathology, 5th Edition. Elsevier Academic Press. 922 pp
Chitambar, J. J., Westerdahl, B. B., and Subbotin, S. A. 2018. Plant Parasitic Nematodes in California Agriculture. In Subbotin, S., Chitambar J., (eds) Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Sustainable Agriculture of North America. Sustainability in Plant and Crop Protection. Springer, Cham.
Scheck, H.J. 2023. California Pest Rating Proposal for Pratylenchus brachyurus (Godfrey, 1929) Filipjev & Schuurmans-Stekhoven, 1941 smooth-headed lesion nematode. California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, California, USA,
Didymella bryoniae
fungus
Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum, Ascochyta citrullinaAscochyta cucumis, Ascochyta melonis, Cercospora citrullinaCercospora cucurbitae, Didymella melonis, Didymosphaeria bryoniae, Didymosphaeria effusa, Didymosphaeria melonisMycosphaerella citrullina, Mycosphaerella melonis,Phoma cucurbitacearum, Phyllosticta citrullina, Sphaerella bryoniae, Sphaeria bryoniae
Worldwide
FL, GA, NY, NC, SC
Nepal
2023-09-08
Cucumber, watermelon, melon, squash and pumpkin
Yes
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, DIDYBR-5, DIDYBR-6
Seed is a known pathway.
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, DIDYBR-5, DIDYBR-6
Blotter, PCR
NSHSUSDA
Both blotter and PCR are the temporary standard of the NSHS.
Chemical, cultural
CABICPC, DIDYBR-1, DIDYBR-2
Seed treatment with fungicides has shown to be effective. D. bryoniae can survive on seeds, weeds, and plant debris from previously infected cucurbit crops. It is recommended to use only disease-free seed, and evaluate seed production through field inspections.
Grube, M., Fürnkranz, M., Zitzenbacher, S., Huss, H., & Berg, G. (2011). Emerging multi-pathogen disease caused by didymella bryoniae and pathogenic bacteria on styrian oil pumpkin. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 131(3), 539–548. Retrieved September, 2023, from https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-011-9829-8
Lee, D.-H., Mathur, S. B., & Neergaard, P. (1984). Detection and location of seed-borne inoculum of didymella bryoniae and its transmission in seedlings of cucumber and pumpkin. Journal of Phytopathology, 109(4), 301–308. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.1984.tb00723.x
Miller SA, Rowe CR, Riedel MR, 2001. The Ohio State University Gummy Stem Blight and Black Rot of Cucurbits HYG-3126-96.
Hopkins, D. L., Thompson, C. M., Hilgren, J., & Lovic, B. (2003). Wet seed treatment with peroxyacetic acid for the control of bacterial fruit blotch and other seedborne diseases of watermelon. Plant Disease, 87(12), 1495–1499. Retrieved September, 2023, from https://doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.12.1495
Candidatus Phytoplasma australiense
bacteria
Australian grapevine yellows phytoplasma, Australian lucerne yellows phytoplasma, Coprosma lethal decline phytoplasma, Cordyline sudden decline phytoplasma, cottonbush reduced yellow leaves phytoplasma, cottonbush witches' broom phytoplasma, Liquidambar yellows phytoplasma, papaya dieback phytoplasma, periwinkle phyllody phytoplasma, Phormium yellow leaf phytoplasma, pumpkin yellow leaf curl phytoplasma, strawberry green petal phytoplasma, strawberry lethal yellows phytoplasma
Asia: Israel; Oceania: Australia, New Caledonia, New Zealand.
Not known to occur
China
2024-12-16
In EPPO PHYP08 is Phormium yellow leaf phytoplasma. Transmitted by insect vectors. True seed is not a known pathway.
Main: grapevines, strawberry, pawpaw; Other: celery, pumpkin, alfalfa, potato, clover
No
CABICPC, EPPO
No references indicating seed is a pathway.
CABICPC, EPPO
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