Phaseolus vulgaris
common bean
48 Related Pests
Tobacco streak virus
virus
Annulus orae, Asparagus stunt virus, Black raspberry latent ilarvirus, Datura quercina virus, New logan virus, Micotiana virus 8, Nicotiana virus vulaerans, Tobacoo streak ilarvirus, Tracttus orea
Africa: South Africa; Asia: China, India, Iran, Japan; Europe: Denmark, France, Italy, Netherlands, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia, UK; North America: USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand; South America: Venezuela
CA, CO, FL, GA, ID, IA, IL, KS, KY, MA, MI, MN, NC, NJ, NY, OH, OK, OR, PA, WA, WI
Korea, Thailand
2025-08-19
Tobacco streak virus is transmitted mainly through infected pollen carried by thrips and by mechanical means. Seed transmission has been reported but occurs inconsistently, making it a minor but possible pathway depending on the host.
Extensive host range includes many weeds, fruit and ornamental plant species. Over 70 species reported as hosts. The vegetables and agronomic crops listed below are important hosts of Tobacco streak virus
Yes
TSV000-3, TSV000-5, TSV000-8, CABI CPC, DPV WEB, TSV000-12, TSV000-17
Seed as a pathway is well documented and accepted by the industry, though disease from the virus is uncommon.
TSV000-3, TSV000-5, TSV000-8, CABI CPC, DPV WEB, TSV000-12, TSV000-17
Indicator plants
TSV000-1, TSV000-3
ELISA kits available, but have not been validated for seed.
CABI CPC
No seed treatments available.
Kaiser, WJ; Wyatt, SD; Klein, RE, 1991. Epidemiology and Seed Transmission of Two Tobacco Streak Virus Pathotypes Associated with Seed Increases of Legume Germ Plasm in Eastern Washington. Plant Disease 75:258-264
Kaiser WJ, Wyatt SD, and Pesho G 1982. Natural Hosts and Vectors of Tobacco Streak Virus in Eastern Washington. Phytopathology 72:1508-1512.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database, www.pestlist.worldseed.org, Nyon, Switzerland
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Description of Plant Viruses ; http://dpvweb.net/dpv/
Walter, M.H., Kaiser, W.J., Klein, R.E. and Wyatt, S.D. (1992). Association between Tobacco streak ilarvirus seed transmission and anther tissue infection in Bean. A Phytopathology 82(4):412-415.
Klein, R.E., Wyatt, S.D. and Kaiser, W.J. (1989). Influence of propagation on incidence of seedborne Bean common mosaic virus in the USDA Phaseolus germplasm collection. Plant Disease 73(9):759-761.
Tobacco Streak Virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Pseudomonas syringae pv aptata
bacterium
Bacterium aptatum, Chlorobacter aptatus, Phytomonas aptata, Pseudomonas aptata
Asia: Georgia, India, Iran, Japan, North Korea, South Korea; Europe: Hungary, Italy, Russia, Serbia, UK; North America: USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand.
CA, GA, ME, OH, OR, PA, UT, VA, WA
China
2024-09-09
Pseudomonas syringae pv. aptata is spread through rain and irrigation. During cultivation it can be transmitted by workers and tools. It is not known to be seedborne.
Main: sugarbeet, pepper, cucumber, sunflower, lettuce, common bean, eggplant, nasturtium, faba bean, cowpea. Other: melon.
No
PSDMPT-9
Not a host. Common bean as a host has been established by artificial inoculation only. No evidence of natural infections.A known host by artificial inoculation only (PSDMPT-9)
PSDMPT-9
Ark and Leach, 1946. Seed Transmission of Bacterial Leaf Blight of Sugar Beet. Phytopathology 36: 549-553
Rhodococcus fascians
bacterium
Corynebacterium fascians, Bacterium fascians, Phytomonas fascians, Pseudobacterium fascians, Rhodococcus rubropertinctus
Europe, North America, Central America, Australia, New Zealand, Iran, Russia, Egypt, Colombia
Widespread
Brazil, Thailand
2023-08-21
Though found in many US states, the pathogen is usually restricted and localized. Probably Worldwide, though not reported. Disease outbreaks are sporadic and usually related to poor sanitation. Bulbs, floral and greenhouse crops most susceptible to disease outbreaks. No reports of seed as a pathway in vegetables and agronomic crops.
Primarily a pest of ornamentals, woody ornamentals and floowers. Vegetables and agronomic crops reported susceptible to the bacterium are listed below. Transmits primarily through propagation.
No
CORBFA-3, CORBFA-2
Listed as a potential host in CABI CPC but no references found verifying bean as a host. No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
CORBFA-3, CORBFA-2
Candidatus phytoplasma asteris
phytoplasma
Aconitum proliferation, Aconitum virescence, Alberta aster yellows, alfalfa stunt, Alstroemeria decline, American aster yellows, Anemone virescence, apple sessile leaf, apricot chlorotic leaf roll, azalea little leaf, banana elephantiasis, basil little leaf, Bermuda grass white leaf, black currant reversion, black pepper yellows, blueberry stunt, broccoli phyllody, Bunias phyllody, cactus virescence, cactus witches'-broom, Calendula virescence, canola yellows, Cardaria phyllody, carrot proliferation, carrot yellows, cassava phyllody phytoplasma, cassava witches' broom, Catharanthus little leaf, Catharanthus virescence, chayote witches'-broom, cherry bunch leaf, cherry little leaf, chlorantie, Chrysanthemum witches'-broom, Chrysanthemum yellows, Cirsium stunt, Cirsium yellows, clover phyllody, columbine virescence, coorg black pepper yellows, cosmos phyllody, Cyclamen virescence, dandelion yellows, Delphinium virescence, dill yellows, Diplotaxis virescence, dogfennel yellows, dogwood stunt, dwarf western aster yellows, eastern aster yellows, Echinacea phyllody, eggplant dwarf, eggplant little leaf, Epilobium phyllody, Erigeron yellows, European aster yellows, false ragweed, Festuca yellows, Gaillardia yellows, Gladiolus virescence, grapevine yellows, grey dogwood stunt, hyacinth yellows, Hydrangea phyllody and virescence, Ipomoea obscura witches' broom, Italian cabbage yellows, Italian lettuce yellows, kale phyllody, larkspur virescence, lazy daisy yellows, lettuce yellows, lilac little leaf, Limonium proliferation, Limonium yellows, Lotus yellows, maize bushy stunt, mallow yellows, marguerite yellows, marigold phyllody, marigold virescence, Maryland aster yellows, Mitsuba witches' broom, monarda yellows, mulberry dwarf, multiplier disease, New England aster yellows, New Jersey aster yellows, oat proliferation, Oenothera virescence, olive witches'-broom, onion phyllody, onion virescence, onion yellows, Papaver virescence, parsley yellows, Paulownia witches' broom, peach red leaf disease, pear proliferation and decline, periwinkle little leaf, periwinkle witches' broom and virescence, periwinkle yellows, Phytoplasma asteris, plantain virescence, Poa stunt, poplar witches' broom, poplar yellows, Portulaca yellows, potato purple top, prickly lettuce yellows, Primula yellows, pumpkin yellows, purple coneflower yellows, Quercus proliferation, ragweed yellows, Ranunculus phyllody, rape phyllody, rape virescence, rose witches'-broom, ryegrass yellows, safflower phyllody, Salix proliferation, sandal spike, Saponaria proliferation, Schizanthus proliferation, severe western aster yellows, soybean purple stem, Spirea stunt, Stellaria yellows, strawberry green petal, strawberry phylloid fruit, strawberry stunting, Symphytum proliferation, Tacaco witches'-broom, Tagetes witches' broom, Thalictrum proliferation, tomato big bud, tomato yellows, turnip virescence, Veronica phyllody, watercress witches'-broom, western aster yellows, wild radish yellows
Worldwide
Widespread
-
2024-11-09
Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris is naturally transmitted by a wide range of leafhopper, Macrosteles fascifrons is reported to be the principal vector. Seed is not a pathway.
Wide host range, primarily herbaceous dicots, though strains infect monocots and woody ornamentals
No
CABICPC
Seed is not a known pathway.
CABICPC
Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. phaseolicola
bacterium
Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola, Pseudomonas phaseolicola
Worldwide
Reported in the US where beans are grown. Not common in dry climates where most bean seed is produced.
2023-08-21
Primarily species of Phaseolus. Reported on pea and soybean, though rare
Yes
PSDMPH-1, PSDMPH-4, PSDMPH-7, ISFRPLD
Seed transmission of this pathogen is well documented and accepted by the industry for common bean
Seed wash, dilution plating is the standard test of the NSHS
PSDMPH-1, PSDMPH-4, PSDMPH-7, ISFRPLD
Seed wash, Dilution plating
PSDMPH-2, PSDMPH-3
This test has been standardized and validated. Commercial testing is available.
AntibioticsÂ
PSDMPH-5, PSDMPH-6
Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. phaseolicola In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Grogan RG, Kimble KA, 1967. The role of seed contamination in the transmission of Pseudomonas phaseolicola in Phaseolis vulgaris. Phytopathology, 57:28-31.
Zaumeter. 1932. Comparative pathological histology of three bacterial diseases of Bean. Journal of Agricultural Research 44; 605-632
Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. phaseolicola Seed Health Testing Method International Seed Testing Association, 2016. www.seedtest.org Zurich Switzerland
Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. phaseolicola Seed Health Testing Method Be 1.2. 2016.National Seed Health System. www.nshs.iastate.edu
Hagedorn DJ, 1967. Streptomycin seed treatment for control of bean halo blight. Plant Disease Reporter, 51:544-548.
Taylor and Dudley. 1977. Seed treatment for the control of halo-blight of beans (Pseudomonas phaseolicola). Annuals of Applied Biology 85; 223-232
Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi
nematode
Aphelenchoides ribes, Aphelenchoides phyllophagus, Aphelenchoides ritzema-bosi, Pathophelenchus ritzemabosi, Pseudaphelenchoides ritzemabosi, Tylenchus ribes
Africa: Mauritus, South Africa; Asia: China, India, Iran, Japan, Kazakhstan, South Korea, Uzbekistan; Europe: Bulgaria, Croatia, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK; North America: Cuba, Mexico, USA; Oceania: Fiji, New Zealand; South America: Brazil, Chile, Venezuela.
CA, CO, FL, WY.
China
2024-09-15
Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi primarily affects the leaves of chrysanthemums but also infects a wide range of ornamentals and vegetables. Seed is not known to be a pathway however there is one report from 1956 of transmission on aster seed.
Reported on a wide range of hosts. Main: Chrysanthemum, Dahlia, Strawberry; Other: sunflower, alfalfa, bean, tomato.
No
APLORI-1, CABICPC, ISFRPLD, APLORI-4
No evidence that seed is a pathway.
APLORI-1, CABICPC, ISFRPLD, APLORI-4
Colletotrichum acutatum
fungus
Glomerella acutata
Worldwide
Widespread
Chile, Mexico
2025-06-14
Colletotrichum acutatum is primarily spread through conidia, with water splash being the main method of local dispersal. It can also survive in soil and spread via plant debris. It has not been considered to be a quarantine pest by EPPO or any other regional plant protection organization. Seed is not known to be a pathway.
Main: strawberry; Other: celery, pepper, sunflower, common bean.
No
COLLAC-2, CABI CPC, COLLAC-3, COLLAC-4, COLLAC-5, COLLAC-6, COLLAC-7
Commone bean seed is not a pathway.
COLLAC-2, CABI CPC, COLLAC-3, COLLAC-4, COLLAC-5, COLLAC-6, COLLAC-7
Vitale S,Infantino A, 2014. Presence of Colletotrichum acutatum causing anthracnose on hot pepper in central Italy. Journal of Plant Pathology, 96(3):607.
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Wharton, P. S., & Diéguez-Uribeondo, J. (2004, June). The biology of Colletotrichum acutatum. In Anales del jardín botánico de Madrid (Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 3-22).
Nair, J.; Newhook, F.J.; Corbin, J.B. (1983) Survival of Colletotrichum acutatum f. sp. pinea in soil and pine debris. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 81, 53-63.
Yang, X.-S.; Wilson, L.L.; Madden, L.V.; Ellis, M.A. (1990) Rain splash dispersal of Colletotrichum acutatum from infected strawberry fruit. Phytopathology 80, 590-595.
Yang, X.-S.; Madden, L.V.; Reichard, D.L.; Wilson, L.L.; Ellis, M.A. (1992) Splash dispersal of Colletotrichum acutatum and Phytophthora cactorum from strawberry fruit by single drop impactions. Phytopathology 82, 332-340.
Eastburn, D.M.; Gubler, W.D. (1992) Effects of soil moisture and temperature on the survival of Colletotrichum acutatum. Plant Disease 76, 841-842.
Botrytis fabae
fungus
Botryotinia fabae
Worldwide
CA
Brazil
2024-11-10
Reported in many countries but only widespread in Egypt and the United Kingdom
Main: faba bean; Other: soybean, lentil, common bean, pea.
No
BOTRFA-7, CABICPC
There is no evidence that seed is a pathway for this pathogen in this crop. This is a minor pathogen for common bean.
BOTRFA-7, CABICPC
Verticillium nigrescens
fungus
Gibellulopsis nigrescens
Asia: China, Japan; North America: USA
GA
Brazil
2025-09-05
Verticillium nigrescens (now often called Gibellulopsis nigrescens) is a mostly saprophytic soil-borne fungus and a weak or opportunistic plant pathogen. It survives in soil and plant debris mainly as chlamydospores and can infect roots when germination is triggered by root exudates. Transmission occurs through soil and possibly contaminated plant material, but there is no confirmed evidence of seed transmission.
Soybean and cotton are main hosts, but even on these hosts it is a weak pathogen.
No
VERTNI-3, VERTNI-4, CABI CPC, RICH ISTA, VERTNI-6
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Reported as a weak pathogen on this host
VERTNI-3, VERTNI-4, CABI CPC, RICH ISTA, VERTNI-6
Villarroel-Zeballos, Feng, Iglesias, du Toit, Correll. 2012. Screening for Resistance to Verticillium Wilt in Spinach and Isolation of Verticillium dahliae from Seed of Spinach Accessions. HORTSCIENCE 47:1297–1303
Pegg, G.F. and Brady, B.L. 2002. Verticliium Wilts. CABI Publishing,
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Richardson, MJ. 1990. An Annotated List of Seedborne Diseases. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich Switzerland.
Vesper, S. J., Turner, J. T., & Phillips, D. V. (1983). Incidence of Verticillium nigrescens in soybeans. Phytopathology, 73(9), 1338-1340.
Globisporangium splendens
fungus
Pythium splendens
Worldwide
Widespread
China, Mexico
2025-08-05
Globisporangium splendens is a damaging root pathogen with a broad host range, favored by warm, wet conditions. It is particularly problematic in greenhouses and irrigated fields, where it can spread rapidly and cause significant losses if not properly managed. It spreads through infested soil, water, tools, and infected plant debris. Seed is not known to be a pathway for any host.
Wide host rainge, primarily flowers and ornamentals
No
PYTHSL-2, PYTHSL-3, CABI CPC, PYTHSL-4
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
PYTHSL-2, PYTHSL-3, CABI CPC, PYTHSL-4
Waterhouse GM, Waterston JM, 1966. Pythium splendens. CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria, No. 120. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
Guo, L. Y., and W. H. Ko. 1993. Distribution of Mating Types and the Nature of Survival of Pythium splendens in soil. Soil biology & biochemistry 25; 839-842.
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
van der Plaats-Niterink, A. J. (1981). Monograph of the genus Pythium (Vol. 21, p. 242). Baarn: Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures.
Phytophthora phaseoli
fungus
Phytophthora infestans var. phaseoli
Africa: Congo, Asia: Philippines, Sri Lanka; Europe: Italy; North America: Mexico, Puerto Rico, USA.
KY, MN, OH, VT, VA
-
2025-09-09
Phytophthora phaseoli is a soilborne oomycete that infects primarily lima bean, causing root and stem rot under warm, wet conditions. It is not known to be seed transmitted and spreads mainly through infested soil or water, leading to stem lesions, root decay, wilting, and plant death.
Main: lima bean, Other: common bean
No
PHYTPH-2, PHYTPH-3, PHYTPH-4, PHYTPH-5, PHYTPH-7, CABI CPC, PHYTPH-8
Common bean is not an important host of the pathogen. Bean seed is not a known pathway.
PHYTPH-2, PHYTPH-3, PHYTPH-4, PHYTPH-5, PHYTPH-7, CABI CPC, PHYTPH-8
Kunjeti, S. G., Evans, T. A. 2012, RNA-Seq reveals infection-related global gene changes in Phytophthora phaseoli, the causal agent of lima bean downy mildew. Molecular Plant Pathology 13:454-466
T. A. Evans, C. R. Davidson, 2002. Two New Races of Phytophthora phaseoli from Lima Bean in Delaware, Plant Disease 86:813
C. R. Davidson, T. A. Evans, 2008. Lima Bean Downy Mildew Epiphytotics Caused by New Physiological Races of Phytophthora phaseoli. Plant Disease 92: 670-674
Erwin, D.C., and Ribeiro, O.K. 1996. Phytophthora Diseases Worldwide. APS Press, St. Paul, MN
Evans, Thomas A., et al. 2007. Lima bean downy mildew: impact, etiology, and management strategies for Delaware and the Mid-Atlantic Region, US. Plant disease 91:128-135.
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Santamaria, L., Ernest, E. G., Gregory, N. F., & Evans, T. A. (2018). Inheritance of resistance in lima bean to Phytophthora phaseoli, the causal agent of downy mildew of lima bean. HortScience, 53(6), 777-781.
Verticillium albo-atrum
fungus
Verticillium albo-atrum var. caespitosum
Verticillium albo-atrum var. tuberosum
Worldwide, primarily in cool temperate climates and in potato producing areas
Widespread, especially in northern states
China, Thailand
2025-09-15
Verticillium albo-atrum is a soilborne fungal pathogen that causes Verticillium wilt in a wide range of host plants, including vegetables, ornamentals, and woody crops. The fungus invades the plant through the roots, colonizes the vascular system, and disrupts water transport. It survives in soil for many years as microsclerotia, making management difficult. The pathogen is primarily spread through infested soil, plant debris, and infected planting material, but seed transmission has been reported (and unverified) in older reports for some crops.
Main: cauliflower. broccoli, lucerne, tomato, potato; Other: brussel sprouts, cucumber
No
VERTAA-2, VERTAA-9
One reference found indicates that the common bean is a host of this fungus, but no data are presented. No evidence that seed is a pathway for this crop.
VERTAA-2, VERTAA-9
Verticillium dahliae
fungus
Verticillium albo-atrum f. angustum.
Verticillium albo-atrum var. chlamydosporale
Verticillium albo-atrum var. dahliae
Verticillium albo-atrum var. medium.
Verticillium dahliae f. angustum
Verticillium dahliae f. cerebriforme
Verticillium dahliae f. chlamydosporale
Verticillium dahliae f. medium
Verticillium dahliae f. zonatum
Verticillium ovatum
Verticillium trachiephilum
Worldwide
Widespread
China
2022-11-11
Prevalent in China
Verticillium dahliae has a broad host range, infecting both woody and herbaceous plants, including ornamentals, native species, and weeds. Economically important hosts include artichoke, eggplant, bell pepper, cotton, hop, lettuce, mints, oilseed rape, olive, potato, strawberry, and tomato.
No
VERTDA-16, CABI CPC
Verticillium dahliae has been reported on bean, but is not an important host. No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
VERTDA-16, CABI CPC
Broad bean wilt virus
virus
Broad bean wilt fabavirus, Catalpa chlorotic leaf spot virus, Nasturtium ringspot virus, Nasturtium white spot virus, Pea streak virus, Patchouli mild mosaic virus, Patchouli mild mottle virus, Petunia ringspot virus, Tropaeolum ringspot virus, Plantago II virus
Africa: Egypt, Ethiopia, Morocco, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Tunisia; Asia: Bangladesh, China, India, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Jordan, North Korea, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Syria, Taiwan, Turkey; Europe: Bulgaria, Czechia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, United Kingdom; North America, USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand; South America: Argentina.
FL, MN, NY, OH, SC, VT, WI
Mexico
2024-09-03
Broad bean wilt virus has only shown possible seed transmission in faba beans through artificial inoculation. It is not known to be common in nature. The virus is transmissible by sap inoculation and by several aphid species in the non-persistent.
Broad bean wilt virus has been reported in natural infections of 180 species of 41 plant families and thus has a very extensive natural host range. Main host families are: Apiaceae, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, and Solanaceae.
No
CABICPC, DPVWEB
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
CABICPC, DPVWEB
Tobacco mosaic virus
virus
TMV U1, type, Vulgare or Common strain
tobacco mosaic tobamovirus,
VMT (Virus mosaique de tabac)
Worldwide
Widespread
Mexico
2023-08-21
Broad host range. Cultivated species listed below.
No
Occasionally listed as a host, no evidence that seed is a pathway.
White clover mosaic virus
virus
Potexvirus
Western Australia. Possibly Japan, Turkey, Brazil, United Kingdom
IN
Brazil
2023-08-21
Primarily clover, pea, sweet pea, alfalfa. Artificially inoculated into other legumes and plant species in the laboratory. Only crops with reported natural infections of this virus included below.
No
WCLMV0-2
Mechanically transmitted in laboratory studies. There is no evidence of that seed is a pathway for this host in nature.
WCLMV0-2
Bancroft, Tuite & Hissong. 1960. Properties of White Clover Mosaic Virus in Indiana, Phytopathology 50: 711.
Southern bean mosaic virus
virus
Bean mosaic virus 4, Bean southern mosaic virus, Southern bean mosaic sobemovirus, Southern bean mosaic virus 1, Phaseolusvirus, Marmor laesiofaciens
Africa: Benin, Cote d'Ivorie, Ghana, Morocco, NIgeria, Senegal, Togo, Zambia; Asia: China, India, Iran, Pakistan; Europe: France, Spain; North America: Costa Rica, Mexico, Nicaragua, USA; South America: Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela.
AR, CA, FL, GA, IA, LA, MD, MI, SC, TN, TX, VA
China, Korea
2025-10-03
Southern bean mosaic virus infects beans and other legumes, producing mosaic leaf patterns, mottling, and reduced vigor. It is transmitted both by leaf beetles and through infected seed, particularly in beans and cowpea. Additional spread can occur mechanically from contact with sap or contaminated seed exudates. Several strains of Southern bean mosaic virus are known and are very specific to thier host. SBMV-B infects bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) but not cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), SBMV-CP infects cowpea, Ghana strain (SBMV-G) infects cowpeas and some bean cultivars, Mexican strain (SBMV-M) (Severe bean mosaic strain) infects beans and some cowpea cultivars.
Main: common bean, cowpea; Other: soybean
Yes
SBMV00-2, SBMV00-4, SBMV00-7, SBMV00-8, CABI CPC, DPV WEB
Seed as a pathway has been demonstrated.
SBMV00-2, SBMV00-4, SBMV00-7, SBMV00-8, CABI CPC, DPV WEB
Serological test and bioassay
SBMV00-12
ELISA and other serological tests have been applied for other hosts. Test has not been validated or standardized.
SBMV00-9
Control leaf beetle vector shown to be effective. Resistant varieties are known.
McDonald J.G.& Hamilton R.I., 1972. Distribution of Southern Bean Mosaic Virus in the Seed of Phaseolus vulgaris.Phytopathology 62:387.
Uyemoto JK, Grogan RG, 1977. Southern bean mosaic virus: evidence for seed transmission in bean embryos. Phytopathology 67:1190-1196
Chalam VC, Khetarpal RK, Parakh DB, Maurya AK, Anju Jain, Shamsher Singh, 2005. Interception of seed-transmitted viruses in French bean germplasm imported during 2002-2003. Indian Journal of Plant Protection, 33:134-138.
Gay JD, 1973. Effect of plant variety and infection age on the presence of southern bean mosaic virus in floral parts and unripe seeds of Vigna sinensis. Plant Disease Reporter, 5:13-14
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Description of Plant Viruses ; http://dpvweb.net/dpv/
Hampton RO; Albrechtsen SE; Mathur SB, 1992. Seed health (viruses) of Vigna unguiculata selections from developing countries. Seed Science and Technology, 20:23-38
Walters HJ, 1970, Bean Leaf Beetle as a Vector of the Cowpea strain of Southern Bean Mosaic Virus. Phytopathology 60:177.
Bean pod mottle virus
virus
Bean pod mottle comovirus, Pod mottle virus, Pod mottle of bean
Africa: Nigeria; Asia: Iran; North America: Canada, USA; South America: Brazil, Ecuador, Peru.
AL, AR, IL, IN, IA, KS, KY, LA, MS, NE, NC, OH, OK, SC, SD, TN, TX, VA, WI
China, Korea
2025-06-06
Bean Pod Mottle Virus (BPMV) primarily spreads via the bean leaf beetle, which transmits the virus through feeding wounds when regurgitating infected sap. Seed transmission as noted in soybean is rare, occurring at rates under 0.1%, and is not a major pathway.
Main: soybean, bean
No
CABI CPC, ISF RPLD, DPV WEB
Bean seed as a pathway may be inferred due to soybean. No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
CABI CPC, ISF RPLD, DPV WEB
Tomato spotted wilt virus
virus
Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus, Tomato spotted wilt virus group
Worldwide
Widespread
2023-08-21
Seed is not a pathway for Tospoviruses, including Tomato spotted wilt virus
Wide host range. Over 800 plant species are known hosts. Primarily ornamentals,flowers. No evidence that small grains or corn are hosts.
No
TSWV00-1, TSWV00-2
Seed is not a pathway for Tospoviruses, including Tomato spotted wilt virus
TSWV00-1, TSWV00-2
Cotton leaf crumple virus
virus
Cotton leaf crumple bigeminivirus
Asia: India; North America: Guatemala, Mexico, USA
AZ, CA, TX
China
2025-08-01
Seed is not known to be a pathway for geminiviruses. It is transmitted by the whitefly (Bemisia tabaci).
cotton, bean
No
CLCRV0-2, EPPO
Seed is not known to be a pathway for this virus.
CLCRV0-2, EPPO
Cowpea severe mosaic virus
virus
Cowpea severe mosaic comovirus, Puerto Rico cowpea mosaic virus
Africa: Senegal; Asia: Pakistan; North America: Cuba, Mexico, Trinidad and Tobago, USA; South America: Brazil, Peru.
Rica, Venezuela, Surinam, Brazil, Peru
AR, IL
China
2025-09-22
Cowpea severe mosaic virus primarily infects cowpea and causes severe mosaic patterns, leaf deformation, stunting, and distorted pods. The virus is mainly transmitted by aphids in a non-persistent manner, but can also spread mechanically through contaminated tools or handling, and occasionally via infected seeds (in cowpea).
Main: soybean, common bean, mung bean, cowpea
No
CPSMV0-3, CPSMV0-5, CABI CPC, DPV WEB
Common bean is primarily a local lesion host. Some Phaseolus spp. may be systemic hosts. No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
CPSMV0-3, CPSMV0-5, CABI CPC, DPV WEB
Dale, W. T. 1949. OBSERVATIONS ON A VIRUS DISEASE OF COWPEA IN TRINIDAD. Annals of Applied Biology, 36: 327–333
Shepherd, RJ. 1954. Properties of a mosaic virus of cowpen and its relationship to the bean pod mottle virus. Phytopathology 54:466-473
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Description of Plant Viruses ; http://dpvweb.net/dpv/
Broad bean stain virus
virus
broad bean, broad bean F1 virus, broad bean stain comovirus, virus de la mosaïque de la fève
Asia: China.
Not known to occur
China
2024-10-15
Seed is a known pathway for Faba beans.
Main: Faba bean
No
CABI CPC, DPV WEB, BBSV00-3
Host by artificial inoculation only. Only Vicia faba known to be a natural host.
CABI CPC, DPV WEB, BBSV00-3
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Description of Plant Viruses ; http://dpvweb.net/dpv/
El-Ghaffar, M. H. A.; Abo-El Maaty, S. A.; Mahmoud, S. Y. M. 2011 Identification and detectability of broad bean stain virus in broad bean seeds and effects on nodulation.Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 2011, 44, 4, pp 390-403
Pleospora herbarum
fungus
Too many to list, most commonly used names include Alternaria putrefaciens, Clasterosporium putrefaciens, Sporidesmium putrefaciens, Stemphyllium botryosum, Stemphylium herbarum.
Worldwide
Widespread
2023-08-21
Primarily a post harvest pathogen
Wide host range
No
PLEOHE-11
Reference above cites one publication from 1938, but this reference discussed techniques for detection. No other references found indicating seed is a pathway.
PLEOHE-11
Richardson, MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seedborne Diseases. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Aphanomyces euteiches
fungus
-
Asia: China, India, Japan; Europe: Denmark, Finland, France, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Spain, Sweden, Ukraine; North America: Canada, USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand.
ID, IL, IA, KY, MN, MS, NY, NC, ND, OR, SD, VT, VI, WA, WI
Mexico
2024-06-09
Not known to be seed transmitted. Long-distance spread is mediated by transportation of contaminated soil or materials, or of infected plants (CABI).
alfalfa, lucerne, bean, pea, lentil, faba bean, clover
No
CABICPC
Seed is not known to be a pathway for this pathogen
CABICPC
Bean golden mosaic virus
virus
Bean golden mosaic begomoivirus, Bean golden mosaic geminivirus, bean golden mosaic virus (type 1), mosaico dorado
North America: Cuba, Nicaragua; South America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil.
Not known to occur
Korea
2024-11-10
BGMW is transmitted by the whiteflies B. tabaci and B. tabaci.
Main: soybean, lima bean, common bean.
No
BGMV00-2, CABICPC, ISFRPLD
Seed is not a known pathway.
BGMV00-2, CABICPC, ISFRPLD
Abutilon mosaic virus
virus
Abutilon infectious variegation virus, Abutilon mosaic bigeminivirus, Abutilon mosaic geminivirus, Bean chlorotic mottle virus, Dwarf mosaic geminivirus, Infectious chlorosis of Malvaceae, Malvaceous chlorosis geminivirus
South America
HI
Korea
2023-03-29
The mosaic disease caused by this virus is considered decorative in Abutilon spp. and is not detrimental to the species. Distribution is probably worldwide in Abutilon spp. Whitefly transmitted geminivirus. Abutilon mocaic virus is not seed transmitted.
Primarily in Abutilon spp. and other Malvaceae spp. common bean, cowpea.
No
ABMV00-2, ABMV00-3
This virus is a whitefly transmitted geminivirus and is not known to be seed transmitted.
ABMV00-2, ABMV00-3
Jeske, 2000. Abutilon mosaic virus Datasheet 373. Description of Plant Viruses; wwwdvpweb.net
EFSA Panel on Plant Health, 2013. Scientific Opinion on the risks to plant health posed by Bemisia tabaci species complex and viruses it transmits for the EU territory. EFSA Journal, 11(4). 3162. http://www.efsa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/scientific_output/files/main_documents/3162.pdf
Bean common mosaic necrosis virus
virus
Bean common mosaic necrosis potyvirus, Bean common mosaic virus, Bean mosaic virus, Bean virus 1, Common bean mosaic virus, Phaseolus virus 1
Worldwide
CA, ID, MI, NY, WA
Korea
2024-08-30
Bean common mosaic necrosis virus is a commonly accepted virus that infects legume crops globally and is transmitted by aphids and seeds.
Fabaceae family. Main: common bean.
Yes
BCMNV0-1, BCMNV0-2, ISFRPLD, BCMNV0-4, BCMNV0-5, BCMNV0-6
Seed as a pathway for Bean common mosaic necrosis virus is established and accepted. Bean common mosaic necrosis strain is a strain of Bean common mosaic virus.
BCMNV0-1, BCMNV0-2, ISFRPLD, BCMNV0-4, BCMNV0-5, BCMNV0-6
ELISA
CABICPC, ISFRPLD
ELISA has been described for Bean common mosaic virus. Since Bean common mosaic necrosis virus is a strain of Bean common mosaic virus, serological tests developed for Bean common mosaic virus work for Bean common mosaic necrosis virus. Commercial testing is available.
Cultural
CABICPC, ISFRPLD
The use of resistant varieties and implementing a quality systems approach in seed production should minimize potential risk.
Morales FJ and Castano M. 1987. Seed transmission characteristics of selected bean common mosaic virus strains in differential bean cultivars. Plant Disease 71:51-53
Bean common mosaic necorsis virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Pasev, G., Kostova, D., & Sofkova, S. (2014). Identification of genes for resistance to Bean common mosaic virus and Bean common mosaic necrosis virus in snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) breeding lines using conventional and molecular methods. Journal of Phytopathology, 162(1), 19-25
Mavrič, I., & ŠUŠTAR-VOZLIČ, J. (2004). Virus diseases and resistance to Bean common mosaic and Bean common mosaic necrosis potyvirus in common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Acta agriculturae slovenica, 83(1), 181-190.
Awale, H. E., Wiersma, A. T., Wright, E. M., Buell, C. R., Kelly, J. D., Cichy, K. A., & Haus, M. J. (2024). Anthracnose and bean common mosaic necrosis virus resistance in wild and landrace Phaseolus vulgaris (L.) genetic stocks. Crop Science
Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus
virus
Mungbean yellow mosaic India begomovirus
Asia: India, Oman
Not known to occur
Korea
2025-10-08
Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus causes yellow mosaic disease in mungbean and other legumes, leading to stunted growth and reduced yield. Transmission occurs primarily through the whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) in a persistent, circulative manner; the virus is not transmitted through seeds. It is often mistaken with Mungbean yellow mosaic virus (MYMV).
Other: cucumber, tomato, soybean, cowpea
No
CABI CPC, MYMIV00-2, MYMIV00-3, MYMIV00-6
No references found indicating common bean seed is a pathway.
CABI CPC, MYMIV00-2, MYMIV00-3, MYMIV00-6
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Akram, M., Kamaal, N., Pratap, A., Kumar, D., Muin, A., Sabale, P. R., ... & Nair, R. M. (2024). Exploring distribution and genomic diversity of begomoviruses associated with yellow mosaic disease of legume crops from India, highlighting the dominance of mungbean yellow mosaic India virus. Frontiers in Microbiology, 15, 1451986.
Varma, A. (1992). MYMV transmission and its control in India (AVRDC).
Nair, R. M., Götz, M., Winter, S., Giri, R. R., Boddepalli, V. N., Sirari, A., ... & Kenyon, L. (2017). Identification of mungbean lines with tolerance or resistance to yellow mosaic in fields in India where different begomovirus species and different Bemisia tabaci cryptic species predominate. European journal of plant pathology, 149(2), 349-365.
Beet curly top virus
virus
Beet curly top geminivirus, beet curly top hybrigeminivirus, potato green dwarf virus, sugarbeet curly top virus, sugarbeet curly-leaf virus, sugarbeet virus 1, tomato yellow virus, tomato yellows virus, western yellow blight virus
Africa: Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt; Asia: India, Iran, Japan, Turkey; Europe: Cyprus, Italy; North America: Canada, Costa Rica, Mexico, USA; South America: Argentina, Bolivia, Uruguay.
Widespread
Korea
2024-06-19
BCTV is spread locally by insect vectors and internationally through infected host material or vectors. It is not known to be a seed transmitted virus in any host. It is More common in the western US where vectors are more common.
celery, table beet, sugarbeet, pepper, cucumber, cucurbits, common bean, tomato, cowpeas
No
BCTV00-5, CABICPC
Seed is not known to be a pathway in any host of Beet curly top virus.
BCTV00-5, CABICPC
Cowpea mild mottle virus
virus
Bean angular mosaic virus, Cowpea mild mottle carlavirus, Eggplant mild mottle virus, Groundnut crinkle virus, Groundnut ngomeni mottle virus, Psophocarpus necrotic mosaic virus,Tomato pale chlorosis virus,Voandzeia mosaic virus
Asia, Africa, Oceania, Belgium, Netherlands
Not known to occur
Korea
2022-11-11
The virus is transmitted by white flies.
cowpea, soybean, common bean, tomato, peanut, faba bean
No
CPMMV0-5, CPMMV0-9, CPMMV0-4
Pathway not proven. Seed transmission in bean is contradictory, as early reports (Brunt and Kenten, 1973) were done with seed recovered from artificially inoculated plants. Later references (Costa, et.al., 1983) were unable to detect the virus using direct ELISA tests on seed from naturally infected plants. No references found indicating that seed is a natural pathway for Cowpea mild mottle virus in bean.
CPMMV0-5, CPMMV0-9, CPMMV0-4
ELISA
CPMMV0-9
This test has not been validated or standardized.
Brunt AA and Kenten RH, 1973. Cowpea mild mottle, a newly recognized virus infecting cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) in Ghana. Annals of Applied Biology, 74:67-74
Costa, A. S.; Gaspar, J. O. and Vega, J. 1983. Angular mosaic of the Phaseolus vulgaris variety Jalo, caused by a carlavirus transmitted by the white-fly Bemisia tabaci. Fitopatologia Brasileira 8:325-337
Jeyanandarajah and Brunt AA 1993. The Natural Occurrence, Transmission, Properties and Possible Affinities of Cowpea Mild Mottle Virus. Journal of Phytopathology 109: 245-253
Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus
virus
Bean yellow stipple virus, Marmor flavopunctum,Virus del moteado amarillo
USA, Costa Rica
Unknown, appears to be restricted.
Korea
2023-04-27
Beetle transmitted bromovirus. Sporadic outbreaks over the years, as resistance and beetle control have improved.
bean, soybean, cowpea
No
CCMV00-3
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
CCMV00-3
Brunt, AA, Crabtree, K., Dallwitz, MJ, Gibbs, AJ, Watson, L. and Zurcher, EJ. (eds.). Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database, Version: 16th 1997. http://bio-mirror.im.ac.cn/mirrors/pvo/vide/refs.htm
Tobacco rattle virus
virus
Aster ringspot virus, belladonna mosaic virus, paeony mosaic virus, paeony ringspot virus, peony mosaic virus, peony ringspot virus, potato corky ringspot virus, potato stem mottle virus, ratel virus, spinach yellow mottle virus, Tabakmauche Virus, Tabakstreifen und Kra, tobacco rattle tobravirus, tulip white streak virus
Worldwide
AK, CA, CO, FL, ID, IL, IN, MA, MI, MN, NE, NC, ND, OH, OR, PA, UT, WA, WI
Korea
2024-09-08
Tobacco Rattle Virus is soil-borne and transmitted between plants by the nematode species Trichodorus and Paratrichodorus. Seed is only known to be a pathway in some weed species.
TRV occurs on numerous crops in many countries and has been detected on over 100 mono- and dicotyledonous plant species.
No
CABICPC, RICHISTA, DPVWEB
Bean can be a host for Tobacco rattle virus, though disease problems are rare. No reference found indicating that seed is a pathway
CABICPC, RICHISTA, DPVWEB
Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae
bacterium
Many
Worldwide
Widespread
Thailand, China, Korea
2022-12-01
Seed is known to be a pathway on several crops. Thailand lists this pathogen as prohibited on corn. China lists this pathogen (Pseudomonas oryzicola) as prohibited on rice.
Wide host range. Important vegetable and agronomic crops listed below.
Yes
PSDMSY-2, PSDMSY-8, PSDMSY-9, PSDMSY-11
Seed as a pathway is well established and accepted.
Seed wash agar plating is the standard method of the NSHS.
PSDMSY-2, PSDMSY-8, PSDMSY-9, PSDMSY-11
Seed wash and agar plating
PSDMSY-10
This test has been standardized and validated
PSDMSY-1
Seed certification is commonly used to reduce risk.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon, Switzerland
Rich JJ, Willis DK, 1997. Multiple loci of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae are involved in pathogenicity on bean: restoration of one lesion-deficient mutant requires two tRNA genes. Journal of Bacteriology 179:2247-2258
Legard, D.E. and Schwartz, H.F. 1987. Sources and management of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola and Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae epiphytes on dry beans in Colorado. Phytopathology 77(11):1503-1509
Hall R, 1991. Compendium of Bean Diseases. St Paul, Minnesota, USA: APS Press
Mohan, S.K. and Schaad, N.W. 1987. An improved agar plating assay for detecting Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae and P. s. pv. phaseolicola in contaminated bean seed. Phytopathology 77(10):1390-1395.
Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Pseudocochliobolus pallescens
fungus
Cochliobolus pallescens, Curvularia leonensis, Curvularia pallescens
Africa, Southeast Asia, Caribbean, South America, Pakistan, Australia, Denmark, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Togo, Canada, Mexico
DC, IA
Korea
2023-08-21
pepper, corn, bean, fava bean, wheat , rice, sorghum, sugarcane, soybean, potato, buckwheat,
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
Pythium vexans
fungus
Pythium complectens, Phytopythium vexans, Pythium allantocladon, Pythium ascophallon, Pythium piperinum, Ovatisporangium vexans, Pythium euthyphyphon, Pythium polycladon
Africa, Asia, Europe, Guatemala, Caribbean, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, Chile, South Korea, New Zealand, Canada
HI, OK, CA, NC, MD, VA, DE, PA, NJ, WA, TN, LA, WI, IA
Korea
2023-08-21
Primarily affecting seedlings and roots and is transmitted mainly through infested soil. Seed is not known to be a pathway for any host. Zoospores of this fungus can swim in open water for a short distance. This pathogen has been reported in S. Korea. Korea lists this pathogen as Phytopythium vexans
Wide host range
No
PYTHVE-1, PYTHVE-3
Seed is not known to be a pathway for any host.
PYTHVE-1, PYTHVE-3
Tobacco necrosis virus
virus
Bean stipple streak virus, Chenopodium necrosis necrovirus, Cucumber systemic necrosis virus, Euonymus mosaic virus, Strawberry necrotic rosette virus, Tobacco necrosis necrovirus, Tulip Augusta disease virus, Tulip necrosis virus
Africa: South Africa; Asia: China, India, Japan, Turkey; Europe: Belgium, Bosnia. & Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain, Sweden. Switzerland,UK; North America: Canada, USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand; South America: Brazil.
CA, IL, NE, NY, UT, WI
Korea
2024-09-24
Tobacco necrosis is primarily transferred through roots by zoospores. Seed is not known to be a pathway for this virus however potato seed tubers can carry the virus.
Main: carrot, common bean, cucumber, potato, tulip; Other: tomato, beet, lettuce, pea
No
CABICPC, DPVWEB
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
CABICPC, DPVWEB
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci
bacterium
Bacterium angulatum, Bacterium tabaci, Chlorobacter angulatum, Chlorobacter tabaci, Phytomonas angulata, Phytomonas tabaci, Pseudomonas angulata, Pseudomonas tabaci
Worldwide
Widespread in eastern and southeastern states.
Thailand
2025-09-05
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci is a bacterial pathogen that causes wildfire disease in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). It produces small, water-soaked leaf spots surrounded by bright yellow halos, which can merge under humid conditions. The bacterium is mainly spread through water splash from rain or irrigation, contaminated tools or hands, and infected seed (in tobacco). It enters plants through wounds, with disease favored by cool, wet weather.
Main: soybean, common bean, pea; Other: eggplant, oats, cowpea, potato
No
PSDMTA-4, RICH ISTA
One strain has been reported on P. vulgaris and its distribution is limited to Brazil. On P. vulgaris, the bacterium only attacks leaves and does not infect pods or seeds directly. There is no evidence that bean seed is a pathway for Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci.
PSDMTA-4, RICH ISTA
Pratylenchus brachyurus
nematode
Anguillulina brachyura, Pratylenchus leiocephalus, Pratylenchus pratensis, Pratylenchus steineri, Tylenchus brachyurus
Worldwide, primarily in tropical and subtropical regions.
AL, AR, CA, FL, GA, HI, KY, LA, MD, MS, NC, OK, SC, TN, TX, VA
Korea
2025-08-13
Pratylenchus brachyurus is a root-lesion nematode that reproduces mainly by mitotic parthenogenesis. It spends its entire life cycle inside plant roots or in surrounding soil, feeding and moving within root tissues. Eggs overwinter in roots or soil, hatching in spring to resume infection. Seed is not known to be a pathway.
Wide host range. Main hosts of economic importance: pineapple, potatoes, peanuts, cotton, tobacco, peaches, cereals, coffee, soybean.
No
CABI CPC, PRATBR-4, PRATBR-5, PRATBR-6, PRATBR-7, PRATBR-8
Seed is not known to be a pathway for this nematode in any host.
CABI CPC, PRATBR-4, PRATBR-5, PRATBR-6, PRATBR-7, PRATBR-8
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Nemaplex.UCDavis.edu; Revision Date: 16-December-2024; Accessed 13-August-2025
Nomura, R. B. G., Lopes-Caitar, V. S., Hishinuma-Silva, S. M., Machado, A. C. Z., Meyer, M. C., & Marcelino-Guimarães, F. C. (2024). Pratylenchus brachyurus: status and perspectives in Brazilian agriculture. Tropical Plant Pathology, 49(5), 573-589.
Agrios, G. N. 2005. Plant Pathology, 5th Edition. Elsevier Academic Press. 922 pp
Chitambar, J. J., Westerdahl, B. B., and Subbotin, S. A. 2018. Plant Parasitic Nematodes in California Agriculture. In Subbotin, S., Chitambar J., (eds) Plant Parasitic Nematodes in Sustainable Agriculture of North America. Sustainability in Plant and Crop Protection. Springer, Cham.
Scheck, H.J. 2023. California Pest Rating Proposal for Pratylenchus brachyurus (Godfrey, 1929) Filipjev & Schuurmans-Stekhoven, 1941 smooth-headed lesion nematode. California Department of Food and Agriculture, Sacramento, California, USA,
Nematospora coryli
fungus
Eremothecium coryli
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-12-01
Requires stink bug feeding to transmit fungus to seeds. (NMATCO-3)
bean, soybean
No
NMATCO-4, RICHISTA
Pathway not proven. RICH ISTA, lists this pathogen as seed borne but indicates the fungus is only a common invader of insect punctured seed and not a seed borne pathogen. Primarily a seed quality issue and it is unclear from the literature of the importance of seed inoculum in transmission.
NMATCO-4, RICHISTA
Use clean seed
NMATCO-4
The disease is managed additionally with weed control and insect control.
Boeremia exigua var. exigua
fungus
Ascochyta asteris, Ascochyta cyphomandrae, Ascochyta hydrangeae, Ascochyta nicotianae, Ascochyta phaseolorum, Ascochyta sonchi, Phoma exigua f.sp. exigua, Phoma exigua var. exigua, Phoma herbarum, Phoma herbarum f. brassicae, Phoma herbarum f. hyoscyami, Phoma herbarum f. schoberiae, Phoma herbarum var. dulcamaricola, Phoma linicola, Phoma solanicola, Phoma solanophila, Phoma tuberosa, Phyllosticta decidua, Phyllosticta hortorum, Phyllosticta mulgedii, Phyllosticta sambuci, Phyllosticta vincae-majoris, Phyllosticta vincae-minoris
Worldwide. CABI: B. exigua var. exigua is almost certainly ubiquitous worldwide, but many records fail to specify the variety that it is not possible to provide particular country/state information. There are undoubtedly many records under the many synonyms and these require re-examination.
Widespread
Korea
2024-09-04
This pathogen has been reported in Korea under other synonyms. This is a weak pathogen capable of persisting in soil and also transmitted by rainsplash-dispersed conidia. Common bean and possible sugarcane are the only hosts shown where seed may be a pathway.
B. exigua var. exigua is a ubiquitous weak or secondary pathogen on more than 200 different plant genera. Main hosts are in the Fabaaceae and Solanaceae familes.
Yes
PHOMHE-4, ISFRPLD, RICHISTA, PHOMHE-6, PHOMHE-7
Reports show seed is a pathway, however; it is not clear how much seed contributes to the epidemiology of the disease.
PHOMHE-4, ISFRPLD, RICHISTA, PHOMHE-6, PHOMHE-7
Blotter and agar incubation
PHOMHE-4, ISFRPLD
Tests have not been standardized or validated
Cultural, Chemical
ISFRPLD, PHOMHE-7
Suggested management strategies suggest using resistant varieties, crop rotation, field inspections, wide plant spacing, clean seed planting, seed treatment, and foliar fungicide application.
Yesuf M and Sangchote S. 2005. Occurrence and distribution of major seedborne fungi associated with Phaseolus bean seeds in Ethiopia. Kasetsart Journal, Natural Sciences, 39:216-225.
Boerema, G.H., Crueger, G., Gerlagh, M. and Nirenberg, H. (1981). Phoma exigua var. diversispora and related fungi on Phaseolus beans. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 88(10):597-607.
Koder, S. B., Nawale, R., Katyayani, K. K. S., Rana, M., & Srivastava, S. (2022). Symptoms, biology and management of ascochyta blight (Phoma exigua) of French beans: A review. Agricultural Science Digest-A Research Journal, 42(6), 657-664.
Grovesinia pyramidalis
fungus
Cristulariella pyramidalis
Asia: India, Japan, Taiwan. North America: USA; South America: Brazil.
FL, GA, IA, LA, MN, NY, SC.
Korea
2024-09-14
Walnuts, grapes, other trees and woody ornamentals.
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
Xiphinema index
nematode
Diversiphinema index
Africa: Algeria, South Africa, Tunisia; Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan; Europe: Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Malta, Moldova, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine; North America: USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand; South America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru.
CA
Korea
2024-09-09
Seed is not a pathway for this nematode. Also known as a dagger nematode.
Xiphinema index is a pest of cultivated and wild grapevines and a number of other crops and ornamentals.
No
XIPHIN-3, CABICPC
Seed is not known to be a pathway. Bean is not known to be an important host.
XIPHIN-3, CABICPC
Alternaria alternata
fungus
Alternaria alternata f.sp. fragariae
Alternaria alternata f.sp. lycopersici
Alternaria fasciculata
Alternaria tenuis
Worldwide
AL, CA, FL, GA, IL, IA, LA, MI, MS, NY, OR, PA, SD, TN, TX
Korea
2025-09-08
Alternaria alternata is a widespread fungus that can persist in soil and crop debris for many years, enabling it to infect plants across successive growing seasons. Its spores are dispersed by air, wind, water splash, irrigation, and contact with contaminated plant material. Numerous studies have demonstrated its transmission under experimental conditions, and it has been shown to be seed-transmitted in a few crops within the Malvaceae family.
Main: allium, pepper; Other: watermelon, sunflower, sorghum, spinach, marigold, many fruits and trees
uncertain
ALTEAL-23, CABI CPC, ALTEAL-77, ALTEAL-78, ALTEAL-79
Alternaria alternata is a weak pathogen of beans and has been detected on bean seed in laboratory surveys. While it can produce toxins that may affect seed quality, there is no proven correlation between seed contamination and disease transmission under greenhouse or field conditions, and seed transmission has not been documented. Alternaria species in beans are generally not considered highly impactful, although they can cause typical leaf and pod blight with concentric necrotic spots and, in advanced stages, defoliation. Given the lack of verified field evidence, the seed pathway for A. alternata in beans is uncertain.
ALTEAL-23, CABI CPC, ALTEAL-77, ALTEAL-78, ALTEAL-79
CABI CPC
Seed treatments affective against A. alternata have been described for other hosts.
Moraes, M.H.D. and Menten, J.O.M. (2006). Transmission of Alternaria spp. by common bean seeds and its effects on physiological quality. Summa Phytopathologica 32(4):381-383
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Mahmoud, S. Y., Hosseny, M. H., & Obiadalla, A. H. (2013). Seed borne fungal pathogens associated with common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) seeds and their impact on germination. Journal of Environmental Studies, 11(1), 19-26.
Gonzalez-Cruces, A., Arista-Carmona, E., Díaz-Arias, K. V., Ramírez-Razo, K., Hernández-Livera, A., Acevedo-Sánchez, G., ... & Mora-Aguilera, G. (2022). Epidemiology of Bean common mosaic virus and Alternaria alternata in 12 Phaseolus vulgaris genotypes. Revista mexicana de fitopatología, 40(2), 188-220.
Mena CJ y Velázquez RV. 2010. Manejo Integrado de Plagas y Enfermedades de Frijol en Zacatecas. Folleto Técnico No. 24. Campo Experimental Zacatecas. CIRNOC-INIFAP. 83 p.
Ditylenchus dipsaci
nematode
Anguillula devastatrix, Anguillula dipsaci, Anguillula secalis, Anguillulina dipsaci,Anguillulina dipsaci var. communis, Ditylenchus allocotus, Ditylenchus amsinckiae, Ditylenchus dipsaci var. tobaensis, Ditylenchus fragariae,Ditylenchus sonchophila, Ditylenchus trifolii, Tylenchus allii Tylenchus devastator, Tylenchus devastatrix
Tylenchus dipsaci, Tylenchus havensteini, Tylenchus hyacinthi, Tylenchus putrefaciens
Worldwide in temperate climates.
Widespread
Brazil
2023-05-05
Ditylenchus dipsaci is known to attack over 450 different plant species, including many weeds. There are approximately 20 biological races known that tend to prefer certain hosts.
No
ISFRPLD, DITYDI-3
No references found indicating that seed of common bean is a pathway. Some references list seed of other species of Phaseolus as a pathway.
ISFRPLD, DITYDI-3
Colletotrichum truncatum
fungus
Colletotrichum dematium f. sp.truncatum, Vermicularia truncata
Worldwide
Widespread
Chile, Mexico
2022-11-11
A possible anamporh of Colletotrichum capsici (ARS GRIN)
soybean, pepper, tomato, bean, pea and a broad range of weed species
No
ISFRPLD, RICHISTA, ARSGRIN
Common bean has been reported as a host. There is no evidence indicating seed is a pathway on common bean and no references were found.
ISFRPLD, RICHISTA, ARSGRIN
Peanut stunt virus
virus
black locust true mosaic virus, clover blotch virus, groundnut stunt virus, peanut common mosaic virus, peanut stunt cucumovirus, robinia mosaic virus
Morocco, Sudan, Asia, Bulgaria, France, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Spain
Southeast, Midwest states, WA
Brazil
2023-04-05
Common virus in peanuts. Can be seedborne in peanuts at low levels.
Primarily a virus of Fabaceae family, tomato, celery,
No
ISFRPLD, CABICPC
Bean is not commonly known as a host of PSV. No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
ISFRPLD, CABICPC
Phakopsora meibomiae
fungus
Aecidium crotalariae, Aecidium crotalariicola, Malupa vignae, Phakopsora aeschynomenes, Phakopsora crotalariae, Phakopsora diehlii, Phakopsora psoraleae, Phakopsora vignae, Physopella aeschynomenes, Physopella concors, Physopella meibomiae, Uredo aeschynomenes, Uredo concors, Uredo teramni, Uredo vignae
North America: Barbados, Belize, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico, Trinidad & Tobago, US Virgin Islands, USA; South America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela.
FL, HI, KY
South Korea
2024-06-25
P. meibomiae is a rust native to the tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas that has a broad host range among legume species. (CABI) Urediniospores are distributed by the wind locally and over long-distances (CABI; PHAKME-2; PHAKME-3)
soybean, bean
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
CABICPC
Seed treatments have been used as a means of controlling early season infection by wind blown spores.
Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens
bacteria
Bacterium flaccumfaciens, Corynebacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens, Corynebacterium flaccumfaciens subsp. flaccumfaciens, Phytomonas flaccumfacien, Pseudomonas flaccumfaciens
Africa: Maurtius, Tunisia, Zambia; Asia: Iran, Turkey; Europe: Belgium, Russia; North America: Canada, USA; Oceania: Australia; South America: Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela.
CO, CT, ID, IA, MI, MT, NE, ND, OH, OR, VA, WI, WY.
EU
2024-11-21
Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (Cff) is a seedborne pathogen that is included in the A2 (high risk) list of quarantine pathogens by EPPO. It can overwinter in plant debris and in weeds. Root damage caused by infections from the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita has been shown to facilitate the entry of pathogens into host plants. The bacterium can multiply quickly in hot and humid weather. Infection is not as visible in temperate climates, therefore lab tests need to be done to confirm infection.
Main: Fabaceae family primarily common bean.
Yes
CORBFL-5, CORBFL-9, CABI CPC, ISF RPLD, NSHS USDA, CORBFL-15, CORBFL-16, CORBFL-17, CORBFL-19, CORBFL-20, CORBFL-21
Seed as a pathway is well established.
CORBFL-5, CORBFL-9, CABI CPC, ISF RPLD, NSHS USDA, CORBFL-15, CORBFL-16, CORBFL-17, CORBFL-19, CORBFL-20, CORBFL-21
dilution plating, PCR
CORBFL-2, CORBFL-3, CORBFL-6, CORBFL-9, NSHS USDA, CORBFL-17
Cultural
CABI CPC, EPPO, CORBFL-15, CORBFL-17
The use of clean seed is the most effective method to prevent spread. Field inspection appears to be inadequate to detect Cff. Weeds, volunteer plants, and plant debris should be removed. There are no effective seed treatments against cff.
Schuster ML and Smith CC, 1983. Surveillance and seed transmission of three strains of Corynebacterium flaccumfaciens in beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Fitopatologia Brasileira, 8:87-92
Tegli S, Sereni A, Surico G, 2002. PCR-based assay for the detection of Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens in bean seeds. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 35:331-337
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
United Stated Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Protection Service National Seed Health System (USDA-APHIS NSHS) www.seedhealth.org
Maringoni, A.C. and Camara, R.C. (2006). Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens detection in bean seeds using a semi-selective culture medium. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 37(4):451-455
Sammer, U. F., Reiher, K., 2012. Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens on soybean in Germany - a threat for farming.Journal of Phytopathology, 160(6) 314-316.
Soares RM, Fantinato GGP, Darben LM, Marcelino-Guimarães FC, Seixas CDS, Carneiro GEde S, 2013. First report of Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens on soybean in Brazil. Tropical Plant Pathology, 38(5):452-454.
Harveson, R. M., Schwartz, H. F., Vidaver, A. K., Lambrecht, P. A., Otto, K. L., 2006. New outbreaks of bacterial wilt of dry bean in Nebraska observed from field infections.Plant Disease, 90(5) 681.
Huang, H. C., Erickson, R. S., Yanke, L. J., Chelle, C. D., Mündel, H. H., 2006. First report of the purple variant of Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens, causal agent of bacterial wilt of bean, in Canada.Plant Disease, 90(9) 1262.
Harveson, R. M., Vidaver, A. K., 2008. A new color variant of the dry bean bacterial wilt pathogen (Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens) found in Western Nebraska.Plant Health Progress, No.AugustPHP-2008.
Calzolari A, Cavanni P and Ponti I, 1987. Bacterial and fungus diseases of soyabean. Informatore Fitopatologico, 37:7-12
Dunleavy JM, 1986. Effect of temperature on systemic spread of tan spot of soybean from seed to unifoliate leaves. Phytopathology 76:1079 ;
CORBFL-4,Dunleavy JM, 1988. Bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases affecting soybean leaves. In: Wyllie TD, Scott DH, eds. Soybean Diseases of the North Central Region. St. Paul, USA: American Phytopathological Society, 40-46.
A. J. González, J. C. Tello, and M. R. Rodicio. 2005. Bacterial Wilt of Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) Caused by Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens in Southeastern Spain, Plant Disease, 89:1361
OEPP/EPPO Global Database - European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization
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