Solanum lycopersicum
tomato
100 Related Pests
Tobacco streak virus
virus
Annulus orae, Asparagus stunt virus, Black raspberry latent ilarvirus, Datura quercina virus, New logan virus, Micotiana virus 8, Nicotiana virus vulaerans, Tobacoo streak ilarvirus, Tracttus orea
Worldwide
CA, CO, FL ID IA, KT, MA, MI, MN, NC, OH, OK, OR, PA, WA, WI
Korea, Thailand
2022-11-04
Requires thrips to transmit from plant to plant.
Extensive host range includes many weeds, fruit and ornamental plant species. Over 70 species reported as hosts. The vegetables and agronomic crops listed below are important hosts of Tobacco streak virus
No
TSV000-1, TSV000-2, TSV000-8
Pathway not proven. Seed transmission demonstrated with artificially inoculated plants only. No evidence seed as a pathway in nature was found.
TSV000-1, TSV000-2, TSV000-8
Tobacco Streak Virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Sdoodee R, Teakle DS, 1988. Seed and pollen transmission of tobacco streak virus in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Grosse Lisse). Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 39:469-474
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database, www.pestlist.worldseed.org, Nyon, Switzerland
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis
bacterium
Aplanobacter michiganensis, Bacterium michiganense Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. Michiganensis, Corynebacterium michiganense, Corynebacterium michiganense pv. Michiganense, Corynebacterium michiganense subsp. Michiganense, Erwinia michiganensis Mycobacterium michiganense, Phytomonas michiganensis, Pseudomonas michiganense, Pseudomonas michiganensis
Worldwide
Widespread
Cambodia, China, Mexico, South Korea, Thailand, Vietnam
2024-07-23
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis is a significant seed-transmitted pathogen primarily affecting solanaceous crops like tomatoes.
Tomato, pepper, and wild species of Solanum have been reported as hosts.
Yes
CORBMI-5, CORBMI-6, CORBMI-7, CABICPC, ISFRPLD
Seed as a pathway is well documented and accepted for this pathogen
Dilution plating, identification PCR, pathogenicity assay
CORBMI-5, CORBMI-6, CORBMI-7, CABICPC, ISFRPLD
Dilution plating, identification PCR, pathogenicity assay
CORBMI-8, CORBMI-9, NSHSUSDA, ISHI-ISF
These are the recommended methods by ISHI as of July 2017.
Biological, Chemical, and Cultural
CABICPC, ISFRPLD
Use healthy seeds. Seed treatments are available as is HCl seed disinfestation. Use good hygeine and sanitation processes. Good management practices such as regular field inspections, are recommended.
Ricker MD, Riedel RM, 1993. Effect of secondary spread of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis on yield of northern processing tomatoes. Plant Disease, 77:364-366
Gleason ML, Braun EJ, Carlton WM, Peterson RH, 1991. Survival and dissemination of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis in tomatoes. Phytopathology, 81:1519-1523
Chang RJ, Ries SM, Pataky JK, 1992a. Local sources of Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. michiganensis in the development of bacterial canker on tomatoes. Phytopathology, 82:553-560
International Seed Federation “Method for the Detection of Clavibacter michiganensis spp. michiganensis on Tomato Seed. Version 4.1, 2014. http://www.worldseed.org/isf/ishi_vegetable.html
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis Seed Health Testing Method Mz 10.1 National Seed Health System www.seedhealth.org
ISHI Seed Health Test Methods - https://worldseed.org/resources/ishi-methods/
Tomato black ring virus
virus
Lettuce Ringspot Virus, Bean Ringspot Virus, Beet Ringspot Virus, Celery Yellow Vein Virus, Lettuce Ringspot Virus,Potato Bouquet Virus, Potato Pseudo-Aucuba Virus,Tomato Black Ring Nepovirus
India, Japan, Turkey, throughout Europe
Not known to occur
China, Korea, Mexico, Thailand
2022-11-03
Wide host range reported. Requires the Dagger nematode to transmit this virus
Wide host range, however many are experimental only. Important crops listed below.
No
TBRV00-4, ISFRPLD, TBRV00-2, TBRV00-3
Pathway not proven. No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Older literature (TBRV00-2, TBRV00-3) lists seed as a possible pathway, but no evidence of seed transmission was presented for this host.
TBRV00-4, ISFRPLD, TBRV00-2, TBRV00-3
Murant AF, 1983. Seed and pollen transmission of nematode-borne viruses. Seed Science and Technology, 11:973-987.
Lister RM, Murant AF, 1967. Seed-transmission of nematode-borne viruses. Annals of Applied Biology, 59:49-62.
Murant AF, Lister RM, 1967. Seed-transmission in the ecology of nematode-borne viruses. Annals of Applied Biology, 59:63-76.
Alfalfa mosaic virus
virus
Alfalfa virus 1 and 2, Lucerne mosaic virus, Marmor medicaginis, Potato calico virus, Tomato necrotic tip curl, Alfalfa yellow spot
Worldwide
Widespread
Sudan, Mexico
2022-09-13
Wide host range
No
AMV000-6
Pathway not proven. No references found. ISF Pestlist Databaes, 2018 found one reference indicating seed maybe a pathway, but seed was not directly tested, it is unclear if the proper control or methodology was used to determine seed infection transmission. Tomato is a host of Alfalfa mosaic virus, and seed pathway is inferred in many tomato disease guides,, but no references were cited or data presented to verify this inference.
AMV000-6
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org. Nyon Switzerland
Candidatus liberibacter solanacearum
bacterium
Liberibacter psyllaurous, Liberibacter solancearum, Candidatus Liberibacter psyllaurous
Africa: Morocco, Tunisia; Asia: Israel, Lebanon, Turkey; Europe: Austria, Belgiu, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Serbia, Spain, Sweden, UK; North America: Canada, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, USA; Oceania:l New Zealand, Norfolk Island; South America: Ecuador,.
AZ, CA, CO, ID, KS, MT, NE, NV, NM, ND, OR, TX, UT, WA, WY.
China, Thailand, Korea
2024-11-09
The Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (Lso) bacterium primarily spreads through psyllid insect vectors. It’s generally not transmitted through seeds in Solanaceae species, though it has been reported to spread through carrot seeds. In Europe, Lso infects crops like carrots and celery, where it’s transmitted by psyllid species.
Main: pepper, tomato, potato; Other: carrot, eggplant
No
LIBEPS-2, CABICPC
This bacterium requires the Bactericera trigonica or Trioza apicalis psyllid for transmision. There is no evidence that seed is a pathway.
LIBEPS-2, CABICPC
Rhodococcus fascians
bacterium
Corynebacterium fascians, Bacterium fascians, Phytomonas fascians, Pseudobacterium fascians, Rhodococcus rubropertinctus
Europe, North America, Central America, Australia, New Zealand, Iran, Russia, Egypt, Colombia
Widespread
Brazil, Thailand
2023-08-21
Though found in many US states, the pathogen is usually restricted and localized. Probably Worldwide, though not reported. Disease outbreaks are sporadic and usually related to poor sanitation. Bulbs, floral and greenhouse crops most susceptible to disease outbreaks. No reports of seed as a pathway in vegetables and agronomic crops.
Primarily a pest of ornamentals, woody ornamentals and floowers. Vegetables and agronomic crops reported susceptible to the bacterium are listed below. Transmits primarily through propagation.
No
CORBFA-2, CORBFA-3
Listed as a potential host, not common. No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
CORBFA-2, CORBFA-3
Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens
bacterium
Bacterium atrofaciens, Phytomonas atrofaciens, Pseudomonas atrofaciens
Canada, Iran, Australia, New Zealand, Eastern Europe, Morocco, South Africa, Zimbabwe
AK, CO, IL, MN, MT, NY, ND, PA, VA,
China
2021-04-26
Not considered an important disease in the US. Very limited distribution.
Limited to small grains, though reported on tomato. Grasses may harbor the pathogen but no eivdence that this is a pathogen of grasses.
No
PSDMAT-4
Not a host. Artificial inoculation only. No evidence that tomato is a natural host for this pathogen. There is no evidence it is an important pathogen.
PSDMAT-4
Bradbury, J.F. 1986. Guide to Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. CAB International Mycological Institute. United Kingdom
Dickeya chrysanthemi
bacterium
Eriwina chrysanthemi (and pathovars,varieites), Pectobacterium chrysanthemi (and pathovars,varieties), Erwinia carotovora pvs. chrysanthemi/parthenii, Pectobacterium carotovorum pvs. chrysanthemi/parthenni
Worldwide
Widespread
Mexico, China
2022-11-11
Dickeya chrysanthemi strains have been isolated from a number of different hosts in different countries. The list of all susceptible plants after inoculation by Dickeya chrysanthemi would be far longer than the natural host range, and difficult to establish. There is little if any information on seed as a pathway for this pathogen and therefore should not be regulated.
Eriwina chrysanthemi has been reclassified into Pectobacterium spp. and Dickeya spp.
Primarily ornamentals and flowers. Only hosts of Dickeye chrysanthemi or Dickeya zeae are listed below. (Ma, et.al. 2007)
No
ERIWCH-12, ERIWCH-1, ISFRPLD, ERIWCH-13
Pathway not proven. One reference found indicating seed may be a pathway but all research was done with artificially inoculated seeds or under laboratory conditions. No evidence that seed is a pathway under natural conditions.
ERIWCH-12, ERIWCH-1, ISFRPLD, ERIWCH-13
Alvizantos, 1985. Bacterial wilt of tomato in Greece caused by Erwinia chrysanthemi. Plant Pathology 34: 638-639
Dickeya chrysanthemi In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Aysan, Y., Sahin, F., Ceinkaya-Yildiz, R., Mirik, M. and Yucel, F. (2005). Occurrence and primer inoculum sources of bacterial stem rot caused by Erwinia species on tomato in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 112 (1): 42–51
Candidatus phytoplasma asteris
phytoplasma
Aconitum proliferation, Aconitum virescence, Alberta aster yellows, alfalfa stunt, Alstroemeria decline, American aster yellows, Anemone virescence, apple sessile leaf, apricot chlorotic leaf roll, azalea little leaf, banana elephantiasis, basil little leaf, Bermuda grass white leaf, black currant reversion, black pepper yellows, blueberry stunt, broccoli phyllody, Bunias phyllody, cactus virescence, cactus witches'-broom, Calendula virescence, canola yellows, Cardaria phyllody, carrot proliferation, carrot yellows, cassava phyllody phytoplasma, cassava witches' broom, Catharanthus little leaf, Catharanthus virescence, chayote witches'-broom, cherry bunch leaf, cherry little leaf, chlorantie, Chrysanthemum witches'-broom, Chrysanthemum yellows, Cirsium stunt, Cirsium yellows, clover phyllody, columbine virescence, coorg black pepper yellows, cosmos phyllody, Cyclamen virescence, dandelion yellows, Delphinium virescence, dill yellows, Diplotaxis virescence, dogfennel yellows, dogwood stunt, dwarf western aster yellows, eastern aster yellows, Echinacea phyllody, eggplant dwarf, eggplant little leaf, Epilobium phyllody, Erigeron yellows, European aster yellows, false ragweed, Festuca yellows, Gaillardia yellows, Gladiolus virescence, grapevine yellows, grey dogwood stunt, hyacinth yellows, Hydrangea phyllody and virescence, Ipomoea obscura witches' broom, Italian cabbage yellows, Italian lettuce yellows, kale phyllody, larkspur virescence, lazy daisy yellows, lettuce yellows, lilac little leaf, Limonium proliferation, Limonium yellows, Lotus yellows, maize bushy stunt, mallow yellows, marguerite yellows, marigold phyllody, marigold virescence, Maryland aster yellows, Mitsuba witches' broom, monarda yellows, mulberry dwarf, multiplier disease, New England aster yellows, New Jersey aster yellows, oat proliferation, Oenothera virescence, olive witches'-broom, onion phyllody, onion virescence, onion yellows, Papaver virescence, parsley yellows, Paulownia witches' broom, peach red leaf disease, pear proliferation and decline, periwinkle little leaf, periwinkle witches' broom and virescence, periwinkle yellows, Phytoplasma asteris, plantain virescence, Poa stunt, poplar witches' broom, poplar yellows, Portulaca yellows, potato purple top, prickly lettuce yellows, Primula yellows, pumpkin yellows, purple coneflower yellows, Quercus proliferation, ragweed yellows, Ranunculus phyllody, rape phyllody, rape virescence, rose witches'-broom, ryegrass yellows, safflower phyllody, Salix proliferation, sandal spike, Saponaria proliferation, Schizanthus proliferation, severe western aster yellows, soybean purple stem, Spirea stunt, Stellaria yellows, strawberry green petal, strawberry phylloid fruit, strawberry stunting, Symphytum proliferation, Tacaco witches'-broom, Tagetes witches' broom, Thalictrum proliferation, tomato big bud, tomato yellows, turnip virescence, Veronica phyllody, watercress witches'-broom, western aster yellows, wild radish yellows
Worldwide
Widespread
-
2024-11-09
Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris is naturally transmitted by a wide range of leafhopper, Macrosteles fascifrons is reported to be the principal vector. Seed is not a pathway.
Wide host range, primarily herbaceous dicots, though strains infect monocots and woody ornamentals
No
CABICPC, ISFRPLD
Seed is not a known pathway.
CABICPC, ISFRPLD
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato
bacterium
Bacterium tomato, Pseudomonas tomato
Worldwide
Wide spread
China, Korea, Thailand
2021-04-26
tomato
Yes
PSDMTM-4, PSDMTM-5
Seed as a pathway has been demonstrated and is accepted by the seed industry
Seed wash and agar plating is the standard method of the NSHS.
PSDMTM-4, PSDMTM-5
Seed wash and agar plating
NSHSUSDA
This test has been validated by the NSHS.
Yes. Disinfectants, such as hot water or hypochlorides commonly used.
PSDMTM-1
Commercial seed companies often use hypochloride disinfectants.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
McCarter, Jones, Gitaitis,Smitley. 1983. Survival of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato in association with tomato seed, soil, host tissue and epiphytic weed hosts in Georgia. Phytopathology 73:1393-1398
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Ralstonia solanacearum
bacterium
Too many to list, see CABI CPC for a complete list
Worldwide
Widespread
China
2022-08-30
Most important economic crop is potato. Host range is extremely wide.
No
RLSTSO-3, RLSTSO-4, RLSTSO-2
Pathway not proven. Though references have speculated seed as a potential pathway for this pathogen, fruit used for these experiments did not come from seed production crops. Seed transmission from artificially inoculated plants, fruit or seed has also been demonstrated, but there is no evidence that seed is a pathway under natural seed production systems.
RLSTSO-3, RLSTSO-4, RLSTSO-2
Chatterjee, B., Chakraborty, M., Habib, A.A. and Samaddar, K.R., 1994. Survival of Pseudomonas solanacearum biovar 3 on seeds of eggplant. Bacterial Wilt Newsletter, (11).
Singh R, 1994. Seed transmission studies with Pseudomonas solanacearum in tomato and eggplant. ACIAR Bacterial Wilt Newsletter, 11:12-13.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi
nematode
Aphelenchoides ribes, Aphelenchoides phyllophagus, Aphelenchoides ritzema-bosi, Pathophelenchus ritzemabosi, Pseudaphelenchoides ritzemabosi, Tylenchus ribes
Africa: Mauritus, South Africa; Asia: China, India, Iran, Japan, Kazakhstan, South Korea, Uzbekistan; Europe: Bulgaria, Croatia, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK; North America: Cuba, Mexico, USA; Oceania: Fiji, New Zealand; South America: Brazil, Chile, Venezuela.
CA, CO, FL, WY.
China
2024-09-15
Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi primarily affects the leaves of chrysanthemums but also infects a wide range of ornamentals and vegetables. Seed is not known to be a pathway however there is one report from 1956 of transmission on aster seed.
Reported on a wide range of hosts. Main: Chrysanthemum, Dahlia, Strawberry; Other: sunflower, alfalfa, bean, tomato.
No
APLORI-1, CABICPC, ISFRPLD, APLORI-4
No evidence that seed is a pathway.
APLORI-1, CABICPC, ISFRPLD, APLORI-4
Colletotrichum capsici
fungus
Vermicularia capsici
Worldwide, primarily in tropical production
Southeast US.
Chile, Mexico
2022-02-08
Farr and Rossman, 2015 considers this Colletotrichum species an anamporh of Colletotrichum truncatum.
pepper, tomato, eggplant, Chinese cabbage, bitter gourd
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Not considered an important host of this pathogen.
Colletotrichum truncatum
fungus
Colletotrichum dematium f. sp.truncatum, Vermicularia truncata
Worldwide
Widespread
Chile, Mexico
2022-11-11
A possible anamporh of Colletotrichum capsici (ARS GRIN)
soybean, pepper, tomato, bean, pea and a broad range of weed species
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Not a common pest of tomato.
Verticillium nigrescens
fungus
China, Japan, Canada, Italy, Australia, New Zealand. (Most likely a worldwide saprophyte.)
GA, MS, MO
Brazil
2022-10-09
Not considered a highly virulent fungal pathogen. Often found as a saprophyte or weakly pathogenic at most. This fungus should not be regulated on seed.
Soybean and cotton are main hosts, but even on these hosts it is a weak pathogen. Has been isolated from other hosts, though primarily as a saprophyte or weakly pathogenic
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Reported as a weak pathogen on this host
Didymella lycopersici
fungus
Ascochyta lycopersici, Diplodina lycopersici, Phoma lycopersici, Sphaeronaema lycopersici,
Worldwide
AK, DE, FL, NJ, NC, OR, VA, WI
China, Korea, Thailand
2022-11-22
peppers, tomato, eggplant
Yes
DIDYLY-2, DIDYLY-3, DIDYLY-4, ISFRPLD
Seed transmission has been demonstrated. Spores of the fungus are found on external seed parts. Fungus does not survive more than 9 months on seed.
DIDYLY-2, DIDYLY-3, DIDYLY-4, ISFRPLD
Agar plate
DIDYLY-2, DIDYLY-3
This method has not been validated or standardized. Commercial testing is available.
Thiram and Benomyl
DIDYLY-6, DIDYLY-7, DIDYLY-4
Knight DE, Keyworth WG, 1960. Didymella stem rot of outdoor tomatoes. I and II. Annals of Applied Biology, 48:245-269.
Phillips DH, 1956. Tomato seed transmission of Didymella lycopersici Kleb. Transactions of British Mycological Society, 39:319-329.
Fagg J, Fletcher JT, 1987. Studies of the epidemiology and control of tomato stem rot caused by Didymella lycopersici. Plant Pathology, 36:361-366
Kasselaki AM, Malathrakis NE, Goumas DE, Cooper JM, Leifert C, 2008. Effect of alternative treatments on seed-borne Didymella lycopersici in tomato. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 105:36-41
Kasselaki AM, Malathrakis NE, Goumas DE, Leifert C, 2007. Effect of alternative seed treatments on seed-borne fungal diseases in tomato. In: Improving sustainability in organic and low input food production systems. Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress of the European Integrated Project Quality Low Input Food (QLIF), University of Hohenheim, Germany, 20-23 March, 2007 [ed. by Niggli, U.\Leifert, C.\Alföldi, T.\Lück, L.\Willer, H.]. Frick, Switzerland: Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), 289-291.
Verticillium albo-atrum
fungus
Verticillium albo-atrum var. caespitosum, Verticillium albo-atrum var. tuberosum
Worldwide, primarily in cool temperate climates and in potato producing areas
Widespread, especially in northern states
China, Thailand
2022-11-11
Many reports of Verticillium albo-atrum in crops reported prior to 1970 may have actually been Verticillium dahlia. Only lucerne, potatoes, tomatoes and hops are considered important hosts. This pathogen has been reported in China
Wide host range. An important pathogen of potatoes.
No
VERTAA-1, VERTAA-2, VERTAA-9, ISFRPLD
Verticillium albo atrum can cause verticillium wilt in tomatoes, but no evidence that seed is a pathway for this pathogen was found. A 1934 reference to seed as a possible pathway was found, but more recent references have not found an association of the pathogen with seed.
VERTAA-1, VERTAA-2, VERTAA-9, ISFRPLD
Verticillium albo-atrum In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Anonymous 1960. Index of Plant Diseases in the United States. U.S.D.A. Agric. Handb. 165: 1-531. (94)
Richardson, MJ. 1990. Annotated List of Seedborne Diseases, Fourth Ed. International Seed Testing Association. Zurich, Switzerland
Verticillium dahliae
fungus
Verticillium ovatum, Verticillium trachiephilum
Worldwide
Widespread
China
2022-11-11
Prevalent in China
Wide host range (ornamentals, vegetables, agronomic). Isolated from some small grains but not pathogenic on small grains
No
VERTDA-22, VERTDA-23, VERTDA-26
Pathway not proven. Verticillium dahliae is a ubiquitous soilborne fungus with a wide host range. Early reports of seed transmission or dissemination have not been substantiated in field grown tomatoes. The role of seed as a pathway in the epidemiology of the disease has limited importance and modern seed production practices may prevent and limit seed dissemination.
VERTDA-22, VERTDA-23, VERTDA-26
Yes, van Koot, 1949 suggested hot water (45-50 C) for 30 mins.
VERTDA-24
This article suggests that this treatment could be used on growers saving seed. The role of seed as a pathway has not ben substatined in modern seed prodcution practices.
Rudolph, B.A. 1944. The unimportance of tomato seed in the dissemination of Verticillium wilt in California. Phytopathology 34:622–630.
Kadow, K. J. 1934. Seed transmission of Verticillium wilt of eggplants and tomatoes. Phytopathology 24:1265-1268.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org. Nyon, Switzerland
van Koot, Y and Brons, EC. 1949. Production and disinfestation of tomato seed. Review of Applied Mycology 28:493
Phytophthora erythroseptica var. erythroseptica
fungus
Phytophthora himalayensis, Phytophthora erythroseptica
Worldwide, especially where potatoes are grown
Widespread in potato growing regions
China
2023-08-21
This pathogen has not been repoted in China. True seed is not known to be a pathway.
This is an important pathogen of potato. Affects a few other important crops, but not known to be a serious pathogen of other crops. Most crops not known to be a host in nature.
No
PHYTER-1, PHYTER-3, PHYTER-5, ISFRPLD
Not a host. Tomato, as a host has only been established under artificial inoculation, infection in nature not reported. True seed is not known to be a pathway.
PHYTER-1, PHYTER-3, PHYTER-5, ISFRPLD
Phytophthora erythroseptica var. erythroseptica In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Whelan J, Loughnane JB, 1969. Non-solanaceous hosts of Phytophthora erythroseptica. Sci. Proc. R. Dublin Soc. Ser. B, 171-177
Jones W, 1954. Pink rot of potato tubers on Vancouver Island. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Science, 34:504-506.
Phytophthora fragariae
fungus
Phytophthora fragariae var. oryzobladis
Worldwide
Widespread
China
2022-12-01
Only the leaf blight of rice strain reported in China (PHYTFR-2)
In nature only strawberry and rice (leaf blight strain)
No
PHYTFR-2
A host by artificial inoculation only,
PHYTFR-2
Erwin DC, Ribeiro OK, 1996. Phytophthora Diseases Worldwide. American Phytopathological Society Press, St Paul, Minnesota, USA:
Phytophthora hibernalis
fungus
South Africa, Congo, Israel, Turkey, Australia, New Zealand, Europe, Central America, Caribbean, Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela
CA, OR
2022-12-01
Primarily a pathogen of citrus trees.
No
PHYTHI-3
Not a host in nature. Fruit rot was caused by Phytophthora hibernalis when fruit were artificially inoculated and stored. No references indicating tomato is a host in nature found.
PHYTHI-3
Nadel-Schiffmann, M., 1947. Phytophthora hibernalis. Pal. J. Bot. Rehovot ser, 6:148-157.
Peronospora hyoscyami f.sp. tabacina
fungus
Peronospora effusa var. hyoscyami, Peronospora hyoscyami, Peronospora nicotianae, Peronospora tabacina
Worldwide
Widespread
China
2024-10-13
Peronospora hyoscyami f.sp. tabacina is spread via airborne spores. Seed is not a known pathway.
Main: tobacco; Other: pepper, eggplant
Not a host
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, PEROTA-1, PEROTA-2
Tomato is not a host of this pathogen.
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, PEROTA-1, PEROTA-2
BORRÁS‐HIDALGO, O. R. L. A. N. D. O., Thomma, B. P., Silva, Y., Chacon, O., & Pujol, M. (2010). Tobacco blue mould disease caused by Peronospora hyoscyami f. sp. tabacina. Molecular plant pathology, 11(1), 13-18.
Aylor, D. E. (2003). Spread of plant disease on a continental scale: role of aerial dispersal of pathogens. Ecology, 84(8), 1989-1997.
Thecaphora solani
fungus
Angiosorus solani
Mexico, Panama, South America
Not known to occur
China
2021-04-22
Not reported in China
potatoes. Reported in tomato once from Colombia
No
THPHSO-1
Tomato is not considered an important host for this pathogen. Only reported in tomato once in Colombia.
THPHSO-1
Thecaphora solani In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Moniliophthora perniciosa
fungus
Crinipellis perniciosa
South and Central America, Caribbean
Not known to occur
China
2022-12-01
Cacoa only in nature. S-biotype has infected tomato and pepper in laboratory settings.
No
MONIPE-2
A biotype of this pathogen (S-biotype) found in wild species of solanum in Brazil has caused disease in tomato and pepper when artificially inoculated in the greenhouse. This pathogen, however, is not known to infect tomato or pepper under natural cultivation.
MONIPE-2
Marelli, J.P., Maximova, S.N., Gramacho, K.P., Kang, S. and Guiltinan, M.J., 2009. Infection biology of Moniliophthora perniciosa on Theobroma cacao and alternate solanaceous hosts. Tropical Plant Biology, 2:149-160.
Tobacco ringspot virus
virus
Anemone necrosis virus, Annulus tabaci, Blueberry necrotic ringspot virus, Nicotiana virus 12, Soybean bud blight virus, Tobacco Brazilian streak virus, Tobacco ringspot nepovirus, Tobacco ringspot virus No. 1
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea, China
2022-09-22
Nepovirus. Requires the Xiphinema americanum nematode for transmission. This pest has been reported to be in Korea.
Extensive host range includes many weed, fruit and ornamental plant species. The vegetables and agronomic crops listed below are important
No
TORSXX-5, TORSXX-2
No references found indicating seed is a pathway in tomato.
TORSXX-5, TORSXX-2
Eggplant mottled dwarf virus
virus
Tomato vein yellowing virus, Eggplant mottled dwarf nucleorhabdovirus, Hibiscus vein yellowing virus, Pelargonium vein clearing virus, Pittosporum vein clearing virus, Pittosporum vein yellowing virus, Tomato vein clearing virus
North Africa, Afghanistan, Iran, Israel, Europe, Australia and Japan
Not known to occur
Mexico, Korea
2023-08-21
This virus is not known to be seed borne (CABI CPC)
Primarily eggplant. Other solanacious and cucurbit crops, and ornamentals that are propagated have been reported as minor hosts.
No
EMDV00-1, EMDV00-2
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
EMDV00-1, EMDV00-2
Broad bean wilt virus
virus
Broad bean wilt fabavirus, Catalpa chlorotic leaf spot virus, Nasturtium ringspot virus, Nasturtium white spot virus, Pea streak virus, Patchouli mild mosaic virus, Patchouli mild mottle virus, Petunia ringspot virus, Tropaeolum ringspot virus, Plantago II virus
Africa: Egypt, Ethiopia, Morocco, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Tunisia; Asia: Bangladesh, China, India, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Jordan, North Korea, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Syria, Taiwan, Turkey; Europe: Bulgaria, Czechia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, United Kingdom; North America, USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand; South America: Argentina.
FL, MN, NY, OH, SC, VT, WI
Mexico
2024-09-03
Broad bean wilt virus has only shown possible seed transmission in faba beans through artificial inoculation. It is not known to be common in nature. The virus is transmissible by sap inoculation and by several aphid species in the non-persistent.
Broad bean wilt virus has been reported in natural infections of 180 species of 41 plant families and thus has a very extensive natural host range. Main host families are: Apiaceae, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, and Solanaceae.
No
BBWV00-1, BBWV00-5, DVPWEB
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
BBWV00-1, BBWV00-5, DVPWEB
Tomato ringspot virus
virus
blackberry (Himalaya) mosaic virus, Euonymus chlorotic ringspot virus, Euonymus ringspot virus, grape yellow vein virus, grapevine yellow vein virus, Nicotiana 13 virus, peach stem pitting virus, prune brown line virus, Prunus stem pitting virus, red currant mosaic virus, tobacco ringspot virus 2, tomato ringspot nepovirus, ToRSV, winter peach mosaic virus
Africa: Egypt, Nigeria, Togo; Asia: China, India, Iran, Japan, Jodan, Lebanon, Oman, Pakistan, South Korea, Taiwan, Turkey; Europe: Belarus, Croatia, France, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, UK; North America: Canada, Puerto Rico, USA; Oceania: Fiji, New Zealand; South America: Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela.
Widespread
Korea, Mexico, Thailand
2022-11-07
Natural spread is confined to areas where there are moderate to high populations of nematode vectors belonging to the genus Xiphinema. Requires the nematode to spread. Seed transmission only shown in strawberry and raspberry in nature.
Wide host range, primarily ornamentals and fruit trees and berries. Vegetable crops infected are listed below. Not known to infect grains and grasses
No
TORSV0-3, TORSV0-6, TORSV0-4
Seed is not known to be a pathway. No conclusive evidence of seed being a pathway in nature. Though one reference indicates seed transmission may occur, no data was presented in this reference to support the claim.
TORSV0-3, TORSV0-6, TORSV0-4
Tomato Ringspot Virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Hollings, M., Stone, O.M. and Dale, W.T. (1972). Tomato ringspot virus in Pelargonium in England. Plant Pathology 21:46–47
International Seed Federation Pest List Database. http://www.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Chrysanthemum stunt viroid
viroid
Chrysanthemum stunt pospiviroid
Worldwide
KS, MI, MN, NY, PA
Mexico
2022-01-19
Tomato is not known to host Chrysanthemum stunt viroid in nature. Only experimental work done by Kryczynski, et al. implicates tomato as a host for Chyrsanthemum stunt viroid. No other vegetable is known to be a host.
Primarily Chrysanthemum spp., especially C. morifolium, Ageratum spp., Argyranthemum frutescens, Petunia hybrida, Dalhia
No
CSVd00-2, ISFRPLD
Pathway not proven. Tomato only shown as a host in laboratory experiments using artificially infected plants. Seed showed the presence of Chrysanthemum stunt viroid serologically but not visually.
CSVd00-2, ISFRPLD
RT-PCR
ISFRPLD
This test is available commercially, but has not been standardized or validated.
Tobacco mosaic virus
virus
TMV U1, type, Vulgare or Common strain
tobacco mosaic tobamovirus,
VMT (Virus mosaique de tabac)
Worldwide
Widespread
Mexico
2023-08-21
Broad host range. Cultivated species listed below.
Yes
TMV000-4, TMV000-9, TMV000-11
Seed as a pathway well documented and accepted in this crop.
Bioassay is the standard method of the NSHS. ELISA is commonly used as a pre-screen.
TMV000-4, TMV000-9, TMV000-11
Bioassay, ELISA
TMV000-4, TMV000-10
Bioassay is the standard of the NSHS
Seed disinfection,Trisodium orthophosphate followed by sodium hypochlorite treatment, HCl soaks
TMV000-7, TMV000-8
Clean seed programs and the use certified Tomato mosaic virus free seed
Cicek Y, Yorganci U, 1991. Studies on the incidence of tobacco mosaic virus on certified seed of tomato, pepper and eggplant in Aegean region. Journal of Turkish Phytopathology, 20:57-68
Alekseev RV, Schcherbinin BM, Tokareva NN, 1974. Transmission of tobacco mosaic virus by tomato seeds and the means for their disinfection. Sb. Nauch. Tr. VNII Oroshaem. Ovoshchevodstva I Bakhchevodstva, 2:77-81.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org
Tobamovirus Seed Health Method So 5.1. 2015. The National Seed Health System, www.seedhealth.org"
Gooding GV Jr, 1975. Inactivation of tobacco mosaic virus on tomato seed with trisodium orthophosphate and sodium hypochlorite. Plant Disease Reprt. 59:770-772
Alekseev RV, Shcherbinin BM, Tokareva NN, 1975. Control of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in tomato seed crops. Sb. Nauch. Tr. VNII Oroshaem. Ovoshchevodstva i Bakhchevodstva, No.3/4:82-87
Tomato bushy stunt virus
virus
tomato bushy stunt tombusvirus
Africa: Morocco, Tunisia; Asia: Japan, Pakistan, Singapore, South Korea; Europe: Austria, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Czechia, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Spain, United Kingdom; North America; Canada, Mexico, USA; South America; Argentina, Peru, Suriname
CA, CO
Mexico, Thailand, Korea
2024-08-05
Tomato bushy stunt virus, a Tombusvirus, affects vegetables, fruit trees, and ornamentals. It can cause stunting, bushy growth patterns, chlorotic spots, leaf crinkling, necrosis, and deformation of fruits and leaves. TBSV has no known insect vectors. It can spread through infected tissue, mechanically through contaminated equipment, through soil, root wounds, and water.
Main: Capsicum annuum, Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum melongena.
uncertain
TBSV00-2, TBSV00-3, CABICPC, ISFRPLD, TBSV00-6, TBSV00-7, TBSV00-8, TBSV00-9, TBSV00-10
There is not sufficient evidence that tomato seed is a pathway for TBSV. The Tomlinson and Faithful (1984) abstract reported detecting the virus in symptomless tomato fruit and in seedlings from these fruits, but their paper isn't publicly available for confirmation. Other sources reference this one study, but no research was found to support seeds as a pathway in nature for TBSV.
TBSV00-2, TBSV00-3, CABICPC, ISFRPLD, TBSV00-6, TBSV00-7, TBSV00-8, TBSV00-9, TBSV00-10
DAS-ELISA and conventional RT-PCR
TBSV00-12
biological, Cultural
CABICPC, TBSV00-7
It is recommended to use healthy planting material in soils that have not previously had TBSV-infected plants. Observations in the field and tests on various tomato cultivars suggest that some varieties may have resistance to TBSV, offering a potential method for controlling the virus.
Tomlinson JA, Faithfull EM, 1984. Studies on the occurrence of tomato bushy stunt virus in English rivers. Annals of Applied Biology, 104:485-495
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. http://www.worldseed.org, Nyon, Switzerland
Nasir, M., Idrees, M., Zaidi, S. S., Chisti, S. A., Ayub, M., & Aamrao, L. (2016). Tomato bushy stunt virus and tomato advanced lines/cultivars. Pakistan Journal of Phytopathology, 28(2), 283-286.
Gerik, J. S., Duffus, J. E., Perry, R., Stenger, D. C., & Van Maren, A. F. (1990). Etiology of tomato plant decline in the California desert. Phytopathology, 80(12), 1352-1356.
Luis-Arteaga, M., Rodríguez-Cerezo, E., Fraile, A., Sáez, E., & García-Arenal, F. (1996). Different tomato bushy stunt virus strains that cause disease outbreaks in solanaceous crops in Spain. Phytopathology, 86(5), 535-542.
Koenig, R. 1988. The Plant Viruses: Vol. 3. (New York, NY: Plenum Press). 13-72.
Kim, M. K., Kwak, H. R., Jeong, S. G., Ko, S. J., Lee, S. H., Park, J. W., ... & Cha, B. J. (2007). First report on Tomato bushy stunt virus infecting tomato in Korea. The Plant Pathology Journal, 23(3), 143-150.
Gumus, M., & Paylan, I. C. (2013). Detection of viruses in seeds of some vegetables by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). African Journal of Biotechnology, 12(25).
Potato virus Y
virus
brinjal mosaic virus, datura 437 virus, Marmor upsilon, potato acropetal necrosis virus, potato severe mosaic virus, potato virus 20, potato Y potyvirus, Solanum virus 2, Tabakrippenbraune Virus, tobacco vein banding, mosaic virus, tobacco veinal necrosis virus, tobacco vein-banding virus
Worldwide
Widespread
Mexico
2024-02-16
PVY is transmitted in a non-persistent manner by more than 50 aphid species. (CABI) PVY is not known to be seed borne in any host, including true potato seed. PVY is best controlled by the production, propagation and distribution of elite virus-free planting stocks, nucleus stocks of which are maintained under stringent conditions to prevent infection.
Primarily potato. Reported in tomato and pepper.
No
PVY000-2, PVY000-10, RICHISTA
No evidence that seed is a pathway. Richardson (RICH ISTA) cites one reference where seed implicated as a potential pathway. Most references do not indicate seed is a pathway for any host.
PVY000-2, PVY000-10, RICHISTA
Brunt, AA, Crabtree, K., Dallwitz, MJ, Gibbs, AJ, Watson, L. and Zurcher, EJ. (eds.). Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database, Version: 16th 1997. http://bio-mirror.im.ac.cn/mirrors/pvo/vide/refs.htm
J.Arambura,L. Galipienso, M. Matas 2006, Characterization of potato virus y isolates from tomato crops in Northeast Spain. Europen Journal of Plant Pathology 2006 115: 247-258
Tomato spotted wilt virus
virus
Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus, Tomato spotted wilt virus group
Worldwide
Widespread
2023-08-21
Seed is not a pathway for Tospoviruses, including Tomato spotted wilt virus
Wide host range. Over 800 plant species are known hosts. Primarily ornamentals,flowers. No evidence that small grains or corn are hosts.
No
TSWV00-1, TSWV00-2, TSWV00-3
Seed is not a pathway for Tospoviruses, including Tomato spotted wilt virus
TSWV00-1, TSWV00-2, TSWV00-3
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org
Kormelink R. 2005. Tomato spotted wilt virus Datasheet 412. Description of Plant Viruses Online. 2016. www.dpvweb.net.
Tomato apical stunt viroid
viroid
TASVd, Tomato apical stunt pospiviroid
Austria, Croatia, France, Germany, Italy, Finland, Netherlands , Israel, Poland, Slovenia, Côte d'Ivoire, Senegal, Tunisia, Indonesia
Not known to occur
Korea, Thailand
2022-09-13
Symptoms are often not present in infected plants
Very limited. tomato, pepper and a few other solanaceous plants.
No
TASVd0-2, TASVd0-3, TASVd0-5, TASVd0-6, TASVd0-7, ISFRPLD
Pathway not proven. There is experimental evidence of tomato seed being a possible pathway. This viroid has been detected on seed, but evidence of transmission was not shown. All other research on seed as a pathway experimental only. Seed transmission is not conclusive.
NAKT validated Protocol, 2014
TASVd0-2, TASVd0-3, TASVd0-5, TASVd0-6, TASVd0-7, ISFRPLD
RT- PCR
TASVd0-4
Though seed transmission is not conclusive, commercial testing is available. NAKT has validated the RT-PCR protocol.
Sanitation, crop rotation, cultural practices may reduce disease problems
Antignus, Y., Lachman, O., Pearlsman, M., Gofman, R., and Bar-Joseph, M. 2002. A new disease of greenhouse tomatoes in Israel caused by a distinct strain of Tomato apical stunt viroid (TASVd). Phytoparasitica 30:502-510.
Hammond, R. W. and Owens, R. A. 2006. Viroids: New and Continuing Risks for Horticultural and Agricultural Crops. Oniine. APSnet Features. doi: 10.1094/APSnetFeature-1106
Antignus, Y., Lachman, O., and Pearlsman, M. 2007. The spread of Tomato apical stunt viroid (TASVd) in greenhouse tomato crops is associated with seed transmission and bumble bee activity. Plant Dis. 91:47-50
Matsushita, Y., Tsuda, S., 2016. Seed transmission of potato spindle tuber viroid, tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid, tomato apical stunt viroid, and Columnea latent viroid in horticultural plants., Europeaon J. of Plant Pathology 145: 1007-1011.
Faggioli, F., Luigi, M., Sveikauskas, V., Olivier, T., Marn, M. V., Plesko, I. M., Jonghe, K. de, Bogaert, N. van, Grausgruber-Gröger, S., 2015. An assessment of the transmission rate of four pospiviroid species through tomato seeds., Europeaon J. of Pant Pathology143: 613-617.
Naktuinbouw Reference Protocol: Tomato Apical Stunt Viroid. 2014. http://www.naktuinbouw.nl/sites/naktuinbouw.eu/files/20140801Tomatopopsiviroids.pdf
Pleospora herbarum
fungus
Too many to list, most commonly used names include Alternaria putrefaciens, Clasterosporium putrefaciens, Sporidesmium putrefaciens, Stemphyllium botryosum, Stemphylium herbarum.
Worldwide
Widespread
2023-08-21
Primarily a post harvest pathogen
Wide host range
No
PLEOHE-11
Pathway not proven. Reference above cited unpublished research that cannot be verified. No other references found indicating seed is a pathway.
PLEOHE-11
Richardson, MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seedborne Diseases. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Stemphylium vesicarium
fungus
Pleospora alli, Helminthosporium vesicarium, Macrosporium alliorum, Mystrosporium alliorum, Macrosporium parasiticum, Stemphylium parasiticum
Worldwide
AZ, CA, FL, MI, MN, NM, NY, TX, WA
-
2024-10-22
Ascospores (P. allii) and conidia (S. vesicarium) are mainly wind-blown or water-dispersed.
Main: onion, garlic, asparagus, soybean, alfalfa, tomato; Other: leek, sunflower, lettuce, radish.
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway for this crop.
Arabis mosaic virus
virus
Arabis mosaic nepovirus, Ash ring and line pattern virus, Forsythia yellow net virus, Hop nettlehead virus,Jasmine yellow blotch virus, Raspberry yellow dwarf virus, Rhabarber mosaik virus (rhubarb mosaic virus), Rhubarb mosaic virus
Worldwide
CT, FL, MI, MN, MO, NE, NY, OH, SC
Mexico, China, Korea, Brazil, Thailand
2022-10-08
This virus has been reported in Mexico, China (CABI, 2017), but natural spread may be limited to EU (Murant, 1974).
Wide host range including many vegetable, agronomic and fruit species
No
ARMV00-3, ARMV00-4, ARMV00-5, ARMV00-7
Pathway not proven. Lister and Murant, (ARMV00-5) research done with artificially inoculated plants only. Mandahar (ARMV00-4) concluded seed transmission of Arabis mosaic virus in field uncommon.
ARMV00-3, ARMV00-4, ARMV00-5, ARMV00-7
Murant. 1983. Seed and Pollen Transmission of Nematode-borne viruses. Seed Sci and Technol. 11:973-987
Mandahar, CL. 1981. Virus Transmission through seed and pollen. In, Plant Diseases and Vectors, Maramorosch, K and Harris, KF, ed. Acedemic Press.
Lister and Murant. 1967. Seed-transmission of nematode-borne viruses. Annals of Applied Biology, 59:49-62.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org. Nyon Switzerkand
Passalora concors
fungus
Mycovellosiella concors, Fusisporium concors,Cercospora concors
Widespread in potato regions
GA, IA, MS, NY, WA, IN, WV, VT
Korea
2022-12-01
potato
No
ARSGRIN
Tomato is listed on the ARS GRIN as a possible host but the pathogen is only included on a "preliminary" list of pathogens that may be in Poland. No substantiated evidence of tomato being a host for this pathogen was found. This is a pathogen of potato.
ARSGRIN
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici
fungus
none
Worldwide
CA, FL, MS, PA, OH
Korea, Thailand
2022-11-22
Though reported worldwide, this pathogen is found mostly in soils that are cool and damp, or in enclosed productions.
tomato
No
FUSARL-2, FUSARL-3, FUSARL-4
Pathway not proven. No references found indicating seed is a pathway in nature. References indicating seed may be a pathway were either done with artificially inoculated seeds or it is unclear as to whether the research was done with commercial seed. Some disease guides also indicate that seed may be a pathway but no data presented.
FUSARL-2, FUSARL-3, FUSARL-4
Agar incubation
FUSARL-4
Test done in research only. Test has not been validated or standardized for commercial use, though some commercial entities offer testing for this fungus.
Cleaning and sanitization of tomato seed would reduce the potential for this organism being associated with the seed.
FUSARL-2
Production of the seeds by crop inspections and not harvesting from infected plants should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org. Nyon, switzerland
Menzies, J.G. 1991. The infestation of tomato seed by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici. Canadian Plant Disease Survey 71:16.
Menzies, J.G. and Jarvis, W.R. 1994. The infestation of tomato seed by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici. Plant Pathology 43: 378-386.
Fusarium redolens
fungus
Fusarium oxysporum var. redolens, Fusarium redolens var. solani, Fusarium solani var. redolens
Africa: Algeria, Tunisia; Asia: China, Iran, Japan, Pakistan, Turkey; Europe: Czechia, Finland, Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, UK; North America: Canada, USA,; Oceania: New Zealand.
MT, ND.
Korea
2024-09-04
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Fusarium redolens is soil-borne.
An economic pathogen of carnation. Though reported on other vegetable and grain crops, it is not considered an economic pathogen of many hosts or its economic importance is not known.
uncertain
FUSARE-6
Only one reference found indicating that seed might be a pathway. However, seedlings did not show symptoms after 8 weeks in soil but the pathogen was recovered from extracted vascular tissue. The pathogen was not directly recovered from the seed. Other research done with artificially inoculated plants. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of this pathogen on tomato seed.
FUSARE-6
Wilcox HJ and Jackson H. 1970. Occurrence of Fusarium redolens in tomato and seed-borne infection Plant pathology 19:98-99
Chilli veinal mottle virus
virus
Chilli veinal mottle potyvirus, Chilli vein-banding mottle virus
Asia, Tanzania, New Guinea
Not known to occur
Korea
2022-01-19
Primarily mechanically transmitted
pepper, tobacco
No
CHIVMV-1, CHIVMV-2
Tomato is not known to be a natural host. Experimental host only.
CHIVMV-1, CHIVMV-2
Chilli veinal mottle virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Ong CA, Varghese G, Ting WP, 1979. Aetiological investigations on a veinal mottle virus of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) newly recorded from Peninsular Malaysia. MARDI Research Bulletin, 7:78-88.
Tomato infectious chlorosis virus
virus
Tomato infectious chlorosis closterovirus
Asia, Tunisia, Europe, Mexico
Reported in CA, NC
Korea
2022-09-21
Whitefly transmitted virus. Phloem limited Criniviruses are not known to be seed transmitted. Not to be confused with Tomato chlorosis virus, a closely related Crinivirus.
tomato, potato, petunia
No
TICV00-2, TIC
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Seed transmission is not known to occur in Criniviruses or other members of the Closteroviridae family.
TICV00-2, TIC
Tomato chlorosis virus
virus
-
Africa: Egypt, Kenya, Mauritius, Mayotte, Morocco, NIgeria, Reunion, South Africa, Sudan, Tunisia; Asia: China, India, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Taiwan, Turkey; Europe: Albania, Cyprus, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain,; North America: Costa Rica, Cuba, Mexico, Puerto Rico, USA; South America: Brazil, Uruguay.
CO, CT, FL, GA, LA, NY, VA
Korea
2024-10-22
Whitefly transmitted. Phloem limited Crinivirus. Crinivirus' are not known to be seed transmitted. Not to be confused with Tomato infectious chlorosis virus, a closely related Crinivirus.
Main: tomato; Other: pepper, cucumber, pumpkin, radish, eggplant, zininia.
No
CABICPC
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Criniviruses, like all Closteroviridae are not known to be seed borne or transmitted.
CABICPC
Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid
viroid
India, Japan, Canada, Mexico, Europe
CO, AZ
Korea, Thailand
2022-09-21
Closely related to Potato spindle tuber viroid. Few occurrences in the US. Though Capsicum annum is often tested for this viroid, there is no evidence that it is a host.
tomato, petunia
No
TCDVd-2, TCDVd-3, TCDVd-4
Pathway not proven. Data conflicting or research used artificially inoculated plants only. Increased detections of the viroid in the world increases speculation of seed as a pathway but seed transmission is still debatable (Ling, personal communication, 2018)
RT-PCR (NSHS Method So 6.1)
TCDVd-2, TCDVd-3, TCDVd-4
RT-PCR
TCDVd-2, NSHSUSDA
RT-PCR is the standard method of the NSHS. Seed is often tested, though seed as a pathway is not sufficiently.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org
Matsushita Y, and Tsuda S. 2016. Seed transmission of potato spindle tuber viroid, tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid, tomato apical stunt viroid, and Columnea latent viroid in horticultural plants. Eur. J. Plant Pathol.
Koenraadt, H., Jodlowska, A., van Vliet, A. Verhoeven, K. (2009). Detection of TCDVd and PSTVd in seeds of tomato. Phytopath. 99: S66.
Tobacco etch virus
virus
Tobacco etch potyvirus,Tobacco severe etch potyvirus,Tomato etch potyvirus, Tomato etch virus
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-09-13
No evidence that Tobacco etch virus is seed borne
pepper, tomato, tobacco
No
TEV00-1, DVPWEB
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
TEV00-1, DVPWEB
Beet curly top virus
virus
Beet curly top geminivirus, beet curly top hybrigeminivirus, potato green dwarf virus, sugarbeet curly top virus, sugarbeet curly-leaf virus, sugarbeet virus 1, tomato yellow virus, tomato yellows virus, western yellow blight virus
Africa: Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt; Asia: India, Iran, Japan, Turkey; Europe: Cyprus, Italy; North America: Canada, Costa Rica, Mexico, USA; South America: Argentina, Bolivia, Uruguay.
Widespread
Korea
2024-06-19
BCTV is spread locally by insect vectors and internationally through infected host material or vectors. It is not known to be a seed transmitted virus in any host. It is More common in the western US where vectors are more common.
celery, table beet, sugarbeet, pepper, cucumber, cucurbits, common bean, tomato, cowpeas
No
BCTV00-5, CABICPC, ISFRPLD
Seed is not known to be a pathway in any host of Beet curly top virus
BCTV00-5, CABICPC, ISFRPLD
Gibberella stilboides
fungus
Fusarium stilboides, Fusarium lateritium var. longum,Fusarium lateritium var. stilboides, Fusarium stilboides var. minus
Central America, Africa, Australia, Russia, Poland, Germany
Not known to occur
Korea
2022-11-22
A tropical disease of coffee.
coffee, pine trees, tomato
No
GIBBST-2, GIBBST-3
Only one reference from Russia cited this fungus (Fusarium stiboides) as a host and found on tomato seed, but seed was artificially inoculated with this fungus. No reports of natural infection of this fungus on tomato were found.
GIBBST-2, GIBBST-3
Phoma destructiva
fungus
Phoma destructiva var, destructiva, Diplodina destructiva, Phyllosticta lycopersic, Remotididymella destructiva
Worldwide, primarily in tropic environments
Widespread in southeast US
2022-05-26
Though worldwide, not commonly reported.
tomato, pepper
No
ISFRPLD, ARSGRIN, PHOMDE-5
Pathway not proven. Though Phoma destructiva has been reported on seed, there is very little data presented to support these statements. Phoma destructiva is also isolated from seed collected and harvested from local varieties without quality seed production practices or tested soon after harvest (not properly dried). No references found indicating seed transmission in nature.
ISFRPLD, ARSGRIN, PHOMDE-5
Blotter, Agar incubation.
PHOMDE-5
These methods were applied for research purposes and have not been validated or standardized for clinical use.
Quality seed production practices and seed treatments (thiram) used as a protectant for other soil fungus should be effective against this fungus
Impatiens necrotic spot virus
virus
Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus, Impatiens strain
Africa: Egypt, Uganda; Asia: China, Iran, Japan, South Korea; Europe: Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Czechia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Gurnsey, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Poland, Portugal, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, UK; North America: Canada, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama, USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand; South America: Chile, Colombia.
Widespread
Korea
2024-09-07
The virus is closely related to Tomato spotted wilt virus and a member of the Tospovirus group of viruses which are thrip transmitted. Seed transmission is unlikely and not reported for any host.
Wide host range. Main: Impatiens. Other: many ornamentals and vegetables.
No
INSV00-2, CABICPC, ISFRPLD
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
INSV00-2, CABICPC, ISFRPLD
Difficult to control. Field control must consider the virus and the vector for success.
Cowpea mild mottle virus
virus
Bean angular mosaic virus, Cowpea mild mottle carlavirus, Eggplant mild mottle virus, Groundnut crinkle virus, Groundnut ngomeni mottle virus, Psophocarpus necrotic mosaic virus,Tomato pale chlorosis virus,Voandzeia mosaic virus
Asia, Africa, Oceania, Belgium, Netherlands
Not known to occur
Korea
2022-11-11
The virus is transmitted by white flies.
cowpea, soybean, common bean, tomato, peanut, faba bean
No
CPMMV0-2, CPMMV0-4
This virus is not common in tomato and there is no evidence that seed is a pathway.
CPMMV0-2, CPMMV0-4
ELISA is used for testing of legumes for this virus.
Hop stunt viroid
virus
Citrus cachexia viroid, Citrus viroid I, Cucumber pale fruit viroid, Dapple plum and peach fruit disease viroid
Worldwide.
CA, AZ, FL,TX, WA
Mexico
2022-11-22
Primarily an important pathogen of hop, citrus and some stone fruits. Does not occur widespread in any location except Shandong, China
citrus, prunus, hop, other fruit trees. Cucumber seems to be the only vegatable affected by this viroid in nature. Tomato is an uncommon host and probably only experimental.
No
HSVd-3
Pathway not proven. The reference above indicated tomato seed as a pathway for Hop stunt viroid (Cucumber pale fruit viroid) under experimental conditions. No references found indicating seed is a pathway in nature. This viroid is not common in tomato.
HSVd-3
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database, www.pestlist.worldseed.org. Nyon Switzerkand
Ditylenchus dipsaci
nematode
Anguillula devastatrix, Anguillula dipsaci, Anguillula secalis, Anguillulina dipsaci,Anguillulina dipsaci var. communis, Ditylenchus allocotus, Ditylenchus amsinckiae, Ditylenchus dipsaci var. tobaensis, Ditylenchus fragariae,Ditylenchus sonchophila, Ditylenchus trifolii, Tylenchus allii Tylenchus devastator, Tylenchus devastatrix
Tylenchus dipsaci, Tylenchus havensteini, Tylenchus hyacinthi, Tylenchus putrefaciens
Worldwide in temperate climates.
Widespread
Brazil
2023-05-05
Ditylenchus dipsaci is known to attack over 450 different plant species, including many weeds. There are approximately 20 biological races known that tend to prefer certain hosts.
No
ISFRPLD
Tomato is an uncommon host for this nematode. No references found indicating seed is a pathway
ISFRPLD
Pythium vexans
fungus
Pythium complectens, Phytopythium vexans, Pythium allantocladon, Pythium ascophallon, Pythium piperinum, Ovatisporangium vexans, Pythium euthyphyphon, Pythium polycladon
Africa, Asia, Europe, Guatemala, Caribbean, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, Chile, South Korea, New Zealand, Canada
HI, OK, CA, NC, MD, VA, DE, PA, NJ, WA, TN, LA, WI, IA
Korea
2023-08-21
Primarily affecting seedlings and roots and is transmitted mainly through infested soil. Seed is not known to be a pathway for any host. Zoospores of this fungus can swim in open water for a short distance. This pathogen has been reported in S. Korea. Korea lists this pathogen as Phytopythium vexans
Wide host range
No
PYTHVE-1, PYTHVE-3
Seed is not known to be a pathway for any host.
PYTHVE-1, PYTHVE-3
Columnea latent viroid
viroid
CLVd, Columnea latent pospiviroid
Mali, Thailand, Germany, France, Italy, Netherlands, Costa Rica, Canada
MD
Korea, Thailand
2022-11-11
A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed CLVd00-2)
tomato
No
CLVd00-2
Pathway not proven. There is conflicting information on whether seed is a pathway for Columnea latent viroid in tomato. One reference indicates Columnea latent viroid could be detected on the seed, however, another indicates transmission did not occur. A recent reference indicates seed transmission occurred in 3 out of 4 varieties of tomato inoculated and grown under experimental conditions. Columnea latent viroid infection in tomato is considered self limiting in that extremely small numbers of seed are produced in infected tomato plants.
Naktuinbouw reference protocol (NAKT NL)
CLVd00-2
RT-PCR
CLVd00-2, NAKTNL
Commercial testing available using the Naktuinbouw reference protocol.
No references found indicating a seed treatment is effective against Columnea latent viroid in tomato. Seed treatments to sanitize the seeds against Columnea latent viroid are considered to be of little use in preventing seed-borne transmission, ISF
Pepper chat fruit viroid
viroid
PCFVd
Thailand, Canada
Not known to occur
Korea
2022-12-01
pepper, tomato
No
PCFVd0-2, PCFVd0-3, PCFVd0-4
Pathway not proven. Tomato seed has been shown to be a pathway in several references, however, it is unclear as to whether the seed was from natural infections or if the seed extracted and cleaned in a commercial manner.
RT-PCR is the NSHS Standard Method (So 6.1)
PCFVd0-2, PCFVd0-3, PCFVd0-4
RT-PCR
PCFVd0-2
Seed assays are commercially available. RT-PCR is the standard method of the NSHS.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org
Yanagisawa, H. and Matsushita, Y. (2017). Host ranges and seed transmission of Tomato planta macho viroid and Pepper chat fruit viroid. European J. of Plant Path. 149: 211-217.
Chambers, G.A., Seyb, A.M., Mackie, J., Constable, F.E., Rodoni, B.C., Letham, D., Davis, K. and Gibbs, M.J. (2013). First Report of Pepper chat fruit viroid in Traded Tomato Seed, an Interception by Australian Biosecurity. Plant Disease 97: 1386
Tomato planta macho viroid
viroid
Mexican papita pospiviroid, Mexican papita viroid,Tomato planta macho pospiviroid, TPMVd
Canada, Mexico
Not known to occur
Korea, Thailand
2022-12-01
There is no evidence that Capsicum annuum is a host for this viroid.
tomato
No
TPMVd0-2, TPMVd0-3
Pathway not proven. Seed transmission only demonstrated when seed was grown from artificially inoculated plants. No evidence that seed is a pathway from naturally infected plants.
RT-PCR (NSHS Method So 6.1)
TPMVd0-2, TPMVd0-3
RT-PCR
TPMVd0-3, NSHSUSDA
RT-PCR is the standard method of the NSHS.
TPMVd0-3
A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed.
Tobacco leaf curl virus
virus
tobacco cabbaging virus, tobacco curly leaf virus, tobacco frenching virus, tobacco leaf curl begomovirus, tobacco leaf curl bigeminivirus, tobacco leaf curl geminivirus, tobacco leaf curl virus 1, tomato yellow dwarf virus
Africa: Burkino Faso, CAmeroon, Comoros, Congo, Egypt, Ghana, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe; Asia: Cambodia, China, Georgia, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Philippines, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Yemen; Europe: Denmark, Romania, Spain, Switzrland; North America: Cuba, Jamaica, Panama, Puerto Rico, USA; Oceania: Papua New Guinea; South America: Colombia, Venezuela.
KY
Korea
2024-10-22
TLCV occurs widely in tropical and sub-tropical regions, but is also reported in temperate regions. The main vector for transmission is the whitefly(Bemisia tabaci). Seed is not known to be a pathway for this virus.
tobacco, pepper, tomato, spinach
No
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, DPVWEB
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, DPVWEB
Tobacco necrosis virus
virus
Bean stipple streak virus, Chenopodium necrosis necrovirus, Cucumber systemic necrosis virus, Euonymus mosaic virus, Strawberry necrotic rosette virus, Tobacco necrosis necrovirus, Tulip Augusta disease virus, Tulip necrosis virus
Africa: South Africa; Asia: China, India, Japan, Turkey; Europe: Belgium, Bosnia. & Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain, Sweden. Switzerland,UK; North America: Canada, USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand; South America: Brazil.
CA, IL, NE, NY, UT, WI
Korea
2024-09-24
Tobacco necrosis is primarily transferred through roots by zoospores. Seed is not known to be a pathway for this virus however potato seed tubers can carry the virus.
Main: carrot, common bean, cucumber, potato, tulip; Other: tomato, beet, lettuce, pea
No
CABICPC, DPVWEB
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
CABICPC, DPVWEB
Tomato torrado virus
virus
-
Africa: Morocco, South Africa; Europe: Hungary, Italy, Poland, Spain; North America: Panama; Oceania: Australia; South America: Colombia, Ecuador.
Not known to occur
Korea, Thailand
2024-11-24
Whitefly transmitted virus
Main: pepper, tomato, eggplant.
Uncertain
TOTV00-1
Only one report found showing low levels of seed transmission in greenhouse experiments using artificially inoculated plants. No reports found of seed being a pathway in nature.
TOTV00-1
Grow out with RT-PCR confirmation
TOTV00-1, CABICPC, ISFRPLD
This method used in research and has not been validated or standardized.
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus
virus
Tomato yellow leaf curl begomovirus, Tomato leaf curl bigeminivirus, Tomato leaf curl geminivirus, Tomato leaf curl Oman virus, Tomato yellow leaf curl Gezira virus, TYLCV
Worldwide
Southern states
Korea
2022-12-01
Several strains of Tomato yellow curl virus are known. Strains tend to be isolated to certain regions of the world. Whitefly transmitted geminivirus. Geminiviruses are usually not seed transmitted.
tomato, pepper
No
TYLCV0-2, TYLCV0-3, TYLCV0-4, TYLCV0-5, ISFRPLD
Pathway not proven. Only one reference found indicating that seed may be a pathway using artificial inoculation in the laboratory with an experimental clone of the virus. However, all other references conclude that there is no seed transmission for this virus.
TYLCV0-2, TYLCV0-3, TYLCV0-4, TYLCV0-5, ISFRPLD
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Czosnek H., 1999. Tobacco leaf curl virus. Datasheet 368. Description of Plant Viruses; www.dvpweb.net.
Pérez-Padilla, V., Fortes, I., Romero-Rodríguez, B., Arroyo-Mateos, M., Castillo, A., Moyano, C., De León, L., & Moriones, E. 2020. Revisiting Seed Transmission of the Type Strain of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus in Tomato Plants.. Phytopathology, 110:121-129.
Kil, E., Kim, S., Lee, Y., Byun, H., Park, J., Seo, H., Kim, C., Shim, J., Lee, J., Kim, J., Lee, K., Choi, H., & Lee, S. 2016. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV-IL): a seed-transmissible geminivirus in tomatoes. Scientific Reports, 6:1-10.
Pelargonium zonate spot virus
virus
Israel, Italy, France, Spain, Australia, Argentina
CA
Korea, Thailand
2022-12-01
Tomato, sunflower, pepper, pelargonium in nature. Others by artificial inoculation.
No
PZSV00-1, PZSV00-4
Pathway not proven. Seed transmission demonstrated with artificially inoculate plants, only. No other references indicating seed transmission were found. Significant outbreaks of this virus in tomato are uncommon.
PZSV00-1, PZSV00-4
ELISA, PCR
PZSV00-4
Commercial tests using ELSIA or PCR are available. Test methods have not been validated or standardized.
Lapidot M., Guenoune-Gelbart D., Leibman D., Holdengreber V., Davidovitz M., Machbash Z., Klieman-Shoval S., Cohen S., and Gal-On, A.. 2010. Pelargonium zonate spot virus Is Transmitted Vertically via Seed and Pollen in Tomato. Phytopathology 100:798-804
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org
Pepino mosaic virus
virus
Pepino mosaic potexvirus, PepMV
Worldwide
AL, AZ, CA, CO, FL, MD, MN, OK, TX
Korea, Thailand
2021-05-03
Probably in all tomato production areas
tomato, eggplant, potato, melon pear, pepino melon
Yes
PEPMV0-4, PEPMV0-5, PEPMV0-6, PEPMV0-7, PEPMV0-8
Seed as a pathway for Pepino mosaic virus is well documented and accepted.
ELISA with Indicator Plants is the temporary standard of the NSHS
PEPMV0-4, PEPMV0-5, PEPMV0-6, PEPMV0-7, PEPMV0-8
ELISA, Indicator plants
PEPMV0-3, PEPMV0-8
Seed disinfectants
PEPMV0-6, PEPMV0-7, PEPMV0-8
Salomone A; Roggero P, 2002. Host range, seed transmission and detection by ELISA and lateral flow of an Italian isolate of pepino mosaic virus. Journal of Plant Pathology, 84:65-68
Hanssen IM; Mumford R; Blystad DR; Cortez I; Hasiów-Jaroszewska B; Hristova D; Pagán I; Pereira AM; Peters J; Pospieszny H; Ravnikar M; Stijger I; Tomassoli L; Varveri C; Vlugt Rvan der; Nielsen SL, 2010. Seed transmission of Pepino mosaic virus in tomato. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 126:145-152.
Ling KS, 2008. Pepino mosaic virus on tomato seed: virus location and mechanical transmission. Plant Disease, 92:1701-1705.
Córdoba-Sellés Mdel C; García-Rández A; Alfaro-Fernández A; Jordá-Gutiérrez C, 2007. Seed transmission of Pepino mosaic virus and efficacy of tomato seed disinfection treatments. Plant Disease 91:1250-1254
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org
Pepino mosaic virus Seed Health Method So. 4.01 2013. The National Seed Health System, www.seedhealth.org
Pseudomonas corrugata
bacterium
None
Worldwide
CA, FL, MA, LA, NC, OH, WA
Thailand
2021-04-26
tomato, pepper
Yes
PSDMCR-2, PSDMCR-3, PSDMCR-4
Seed has been shown to be a pathway in laboratory research and routine assays, However, It is a ubiquitous organism and is usually considered an opportunistic pathogen of tomato.
PSDMCR-2, PSDMCR-3, PSDMCR-4
Seed wash
PSDMCR-2, PSDMCR-3, PSDMCR-4
Seed wash methods have not been validated or standardized. Tests are commercially available.
PSDMCR-2, PSDMCR-3, PSDMCR-4
A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections and commercial harvesting (avoiding infected plants) should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed. Commercial cleaning and sanitization of tomato seed would reduce the potential for this organism being associated with the seed.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon, Switzerland
Kritzman, G. (1991). A method for detection of seedborne bacterial diseases in tomato seeds. Phytoparasitica 19 :133-141.
Abdalla ME, 2000. Detection and identification of seed-borne pathogenic bacteria of imported tomato seeds in Egypt. Bulletin OEPP, 30(2):327-331
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici race 3
fungus
Fusarium bulbigenum var.lycopersici, Fusarium lycopersici, Fusarium bulbigenum
Brazil, Mexico
FL, GA, CA
Thailand
2021-04-14
tomato
Yes
FUSALY-1, FUSALY-2, FUSALY-3
Though specific data about seed as a pathway for race 3 in nature has not been found, other races of the pathogen are known to be seed-borne. Seed as a pathway for race 3 seems to be accepted by the industry.
FUSALY-1, FUSALY-2, FUSALY-3
Blotter Incubation
FUSALY-1
Commercial testing is available but methods have not been validated and standardized. The blotter method can not distinguish between races and requires pathogenicity tests on tomato varieties with resistance to races 1 and 2.
Fungicides
FUSALY-1
References specific to race 3 were not found, however, a seed treatment (such as Thiram slurry), used as a prophylactic measure, may be effective against the fungus.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org. Nyon, switzerland
Reis, A. and Boiteux, L.S. 2007. Outbreak of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.lycopersici race 3 in commercial fresh-market tomato fields in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Hortic. Bras. 25: 451-454
Doan, H., Miyao, G., Gordon, T. and Davis, M. 2016. Seed transmission and seed treatment of Fusarium wilt race 3, Fusarium oxysporum f sp lycopersici. South Sacramento Valley Processing Tomato Production Meeting Presentation. (http://ccvegcrops.ucanr.edu/files/237131.pdf)
Tomato brown rugose fruit virus
virus
China, Israel, Turkey, Jordan, Europe, Mexico
CA
Thailand, China, Mexico, Chile, Brazil
2023-03-15
The virus has been eradicated from CA. Localized detections have been recorded in the US, but states have not been identified. It is fairly localized and has been eradicated in many countries in Europe, also.
tomato, pepper
Yes
TOBRFV-1, TOBRFV-10, TOBRFV-11
Recent research and routine testing has confirmed that seed is a pathway for this tobamovirus and like most tobamoviruses is limited to seed coat and occasional endosperm contaminating.
NSHS RT-PCR (NSHS)
TOBRFV-1, TOBRFV-10, TOBRFV-11
ELISA and bioassay, PCR
TOBRFV-3, TOBRFV-4, TOBRFV-5
The ISTA method is described to detect infectious tobamovirus (including Tomato brown rugose fruit virus) in tomato seed using a bioassay. NSHS has recently adopted a RT-PCR method.
Chemical (seed disinfection)
TOBRFV-6, TOBRFV-7, TOBRFV-10
Seed disinfection with hydrochloric acids and sodium hypochlorites are effective in controlling this virus on seed. These methods are similar to methods used for all tobamovirus control on seed.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org
Davino, S., et.al., 2020. Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus: Seed Transmission Rate and Efficacy of Different Seed Disinfection Treatments. Plants 9: 1615; https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/9/11/1615/htm.
OEPP/EPPO Bulletin., 2020. Tomato brown rugose fruit virus. Vol. 50. pp. 529-534
Tobamovirus Seed Health Method S. 5.1 2020. The National Seed Health System, www.seedhealth.org
International Rules for Seed Testing. Annexe to Chapter 7: Seed Health Testing Methods. 2020.
7-028: ver 1.2 Detection of infectious tobamoviruses on Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) by the local
lesion assay (indexing) on Nicotiana tabacum plants.
Naktuinbouw 2019. Laboratory analysis on Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV). (https://www.naktuinbouw.com)
Alexander, L.J. 1960. Inactivation of tobacco mosaic virus from tomato seed. Phytopathology 50: 627.
Gooding, G.V. 1975. Inactivation of Tobacco mosaic virus on tomato seed with trisodium orthophosphate and sodium hypochlorite. Plant Dis. Rptr. 59: 770-772.
Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus
virus
Tomato leaf curl New Delhi begomovirus, ToLCNDV
Africa: Algeria, Morocco, Seychelles, Tunisia; Asia: Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Iran, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey; Europe: France, Greece, Italy, Portugal,Slovakia, Spain,.
Not known to occur
Korea
2024-11-09
Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus is transmitted by the whitefly. Seed transmission of ToLCNDV has not been reported.
ToLCNDV affects a wide spectrum of plant species. Main are the Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae families.
No
CABICPC
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
CABICPC
Pepper yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus
virus
Indonesia (Tsia, et.al. 2019)
Not known to occur
Korea
2022-12-01
White fly transmitted virus
tomato, pepper
No
No referenced found indicating seed is a pathway.
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci
bacterium
Bacterium angulatum, Bacterium tabaci, Bacterium tabacum, Chlorobacter angulatum, Chlorobacter tabaci, Phytomonas angulata, Phytomonas tabaci, Pseudomonas angulata, Pseudomonas tabaci, Xanthomonas tabaci
Worldwide
Eastern and southeastern states.
Thailand
2022-12-01
soybean, common bean, pea, pepper, cucumber, tomato, eggplant
No
PSDMTA-3
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
PSDMTA-3
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Puccinia pittieriana
fungus
Micropuccinia pittieriana
Costa Rica, Panama, Mexico, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela
Not known to occur
Korea
2021-04-19
potato, tomato and several other Solanum sp.
No
Seed is not known to be a pathway. P. pittieriana is the causal agent of potato and tomato rust. The disease is not commonly found on tomato.
Radopholus similis
nematode
Anguillulina acutocaudatus, Anguillulina biformis, Anguillulina granulosa, Anguillulina similis, Radopholus acutocaudatus, Radopholus biformis, Radopholus citrophilus, Radopholus granulosus, Radopholus similis citrophilus, Rotylenchus similis, Tetylenchus granulosus, Tylenchorhynchus acutocaudatus, Tylenchus biformis, Tylenchus granulosus, Tylenchus similis
Africa: widespread; Asia: Brunei, China, India, Indonesia. Lebanon, Malaysia, Maldives, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Yemen; Europe: France, Italy; North America: Caribbean and Central America, USA; Oceania: American Samoa, Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, New Caledonia, Niue, Norfolk Island, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga; South America: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela.
FL, HI, LA, TX
Korea
2024-09-23
R. similis is a migratory endoparasitic species which completes its life cycle within the root cortex and tissues of corms and tubers. Primarily found in tropical climates of the world. Crops in temperate climates are not a risk.
Radopholus similis has ver 350 known hosts; notably Rustaceae (Citrus and related genera) but also other families; Arecaceae, Musaceae, Poaceae, Brassicaceae, Rubiaceae and Solanaceae. It is a serious pest on commercial citrus in Florida and on banana, plantain, black pepper, ginger, coffee, tea, coconut, arecanut and other such crops in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide.
No
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, RADOSI-3
Seed is not known to be a pathway for this nematode.
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, RADOSI-3
Globodera pallida
nematode
Heterodera pallida
Africa: Algeria, Kenya, Libya, Morcco, Tunisia; Asia: India, Iran, Japan, Pakistan, Turkey; Europe: Widespread, North America: Canda, Costa Rica, Mexico, Panama, USA; Oceania: New Zealand; South America: Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Falkland Islands, Peru, Venezuela.
ID
Korea
2024-09-23
G. pallida has limited potential for natural movement. The main routes of spread are infested seed potatoes and movement of contaminated soil on non-host plants such as plants for planting, nursery stock and flower bulbs, farm machinery, ware potatoes or any other plant parts intended for consumption or processing. True seed is not known to be a pathway for cyst nematodes.
potato, tomato, eggplant
No
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, HETDPA-3
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, HETDPA-3
Cultural
Field management and testing of seed pieces are commonly used to prevent potato cyst nematode.
Globodera rostochiensis
nematode
Heterodera rostochiensis, Heterodera schachtii rostochiensis, Heterodera schachtii solani
Worldwide
DE, NY
Korea
2024-09-13
Primarily a pest of potato and is spread by potato seed pieces and other propagative material. True seed is not known to be a pathway for cyst nematodes.
The major hosts of G. rostochiensis are restricted to the Solanaceae family. Main: potato, tomato, eggplant.
No
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, EPPO, HETDRO-3
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, EPPO, HETDRO-3
Chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus
virus
Chrysanthemum stem necrosis orthotospovirus, Chrysanthemum stem necrosis tospovirus, CSNV
Iran, Japan, South Korea, Brazil
Not known to occur
Korea
2022-01-19
Transmitted in nature by only Thrips.
tomato, chrysanthemum
No
CSNV00-1, CSNV00-2, CSNV00-3
Transmitted only by thrips and seed is not known to be a pathway. Propagative material or plant cuttings mostly responsible for long distance spread.
CSNV00-1, CSNV00-2, CSNV00-3
Chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
EPPO,2020. Chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus. EPPO Global Database. https://gd.eppo.int
Verhoeven JTJ, Roenhorst JW, Cortes and Peters D. 1996. Detection of a novel tospovirus in chrysanthemum. Acta Horticulturae, No. 432:44-51
Colombian datura virus
virus
Datura Colombian potyvirus, Datura Colombian virus,
Asia: India, Japan, South Korea; Europe: Germany, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Poland; North America: Canada, USA; Oceania: Australia; South America: Colombia.
FL, OR, SC.
Korea
2024-09-18
Colombia datura virus is transmitted by the aphid Myzus persicae. Seed is not known to be a pathway.
tomato, petunia
No
CDV000-2, CDV000-3
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
CDV000-2, CDV000-3
Brunt, AA, Crabtree, K., Dallwitz, MJ, Gibbs, AJ, Watson, L. and Zurcher, EJ. (eds.). Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database, Version: 16th 1997. http://bio-mirror.im.ac.cn/mirrors/pvo/vide/refs.htm
Salamon, Pál & Palkovics, László. (2005). Occurrence of Colombian datura virus in Brugmansia hybrids, Physalis peruviana L. and Solanum muricatum Ait. in Hungary. Acta virologica. 49. 117-22.
Meloidogyne mayaguensis
nematode
-
Africa: Burkino Faso, Congo, Cote d'Ivorie, Malawi, Senegal, South Africa, Togo; Asia: China, Vietnam; Europe: Switzerland; North America: Cuba, Guadeloue, Guatemala, Martinique, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, USA; South America: Brazil, Venezuela.
FL, NC
Korea
2024-11-10
Seed is not known to be a pathway for Meloidogyne spp. root knot nematodes.
Main: eggplant, pepper, tomato; Other: cucumber; soybean, lettuce.
No
MELGMY-2, MELGMY-3, CABICPC, MELGMY-4
Seed is not known to be a pathway
MELGMY-2, MELGMY-3, CABICPC, MELGMY-4
Lammers, W., Karssen, G., Jellema, P., Baker, R., Hockland, S., Fleming, C. and Turner, S. (2006). Meloidogyne minor Pest Risk Assessment. 08-14648 PPM Point 7.3. Plant Protection Services (NL) and Central Science Laboratory (UK). 52pp. (https://www.eppo.int...)
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Nemaplex.UCDavis.edu; Revision Date: 07/02/2024; Accessed 11/10/2024
Meloidogyne minor
nematode
-
Europe: Belgium, Ireland, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, UK; North America: USA; Oceania: New Zealand; South America: Chile.
WA
Korea
2024-11-10
Seed is not known to be a pathway for Meloidogyne spp. root knot nematodes. Sometimes found in turf grasses with M. naasi.
Main: tomato, potato
No
MELGMI-1, CABICPC, ISFRPLD, MELGMI-4
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
MELGMI-1, CABICPC, ISFRPLD, MELGMI-4
Lammers, W., Karssen, G., Jellema, P., Baker, R., Hockland, S., Fleming, C. and Turner, S. (2006). Meloidogyne minor Pest Risk Assessment. 08-14648 PPM Point 7.3. Plant Protection Services (NL) and Central Science Laboratory (UK). 52pp. (https://www.eppo.int...)
Nemaplex.UCDavis.edu; Revision Date: 07/22/2024; Accessed 11/10/2024
Meloidogyne chitwoodi
nematode
-
Africa Mozambique, South Africa, Tunisia; Asia: Turkey; Europe: Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Lithuania, Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland; North America: Mexico, USA; South America: Argentina, Chile.
CA, CO, ID, NV, OR, WA, TX, UT, WA, WY
Korea
2024-10-23
Seed is not known to be a pathway for Meloidogyne spp. root knot nematodes (MELGCH-2)
Main: potato, carrot, alfalfa, tomato, spinach; Other: bean, pea, corn
No
MELGCH-2, CABICPC, MELGCH-4
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
MELGCH-2, CABICPC, MELGCH-4
Lammers, W., Karssen, G., Jellema, P., Baker, R., Hockland, S., Fleming, C. and Turner, S. (2006). Meloidogyne minor Pest Risk Assessment. 08-14648 PPM Point 7.3. Plant Protection Services (NL) and Central Science Laboratory (UK). 52pp. (https://www.eppo.int...)
Nemaplex.UCDavis.edu; Revision Date: 07/02/2024; Accessed 10/23/2024
Nacobbus aberrans
nematode
Anguillulina aberrans, Nacobbus batatiformis, Nacobbus bolivianus, Nacobbus serendipiticus, Nacobbus serendipiticus bolivianus, Pratylenchus aberrans
Egypt, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Peru, Mexico
AR, CO, KS, MT, NE, SD, UT, WY
Korea
2023-08-21
Seed is not known to be a pathway for this nematode in any host.
potato, vegetables
No
NACOBA-1, NACOBA-2
Seed is not known to be a pathway for this nematode in any host.
NACOBA-1, NACOBA-2
Xiphinema diversicaudatum
nematode
Dorylaimus diversicaudatus, Dorylaimus elongatus apud, Longidorus diversicaudatus, Xiphinema diversicaudatum, Xiphinema amarantum, Xiphinema basiri apud, Xiphinema israeliae apud, Xiphinema paraelongatum, Xiphinema sahelense apud, Xiphinema seredouense
Africa: Morocco, South Africa; Asia: India, Turkey; Europe: Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Czechia, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Urkaine, UK; North America: USA. Oceania: New Zealand.
CA
Korea
2024-09-09
Found primarily in pasture and woodland areas. May spread nepoviruses. Seed is not known to be a pathway for dagger nematodes.
Wide host range
No
XIPHDI-1, CABICPC, ISFRPLD
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
XIPHDI-1, CABICPC, ISFRPLD
Pratylenchus brachyurus
nematode
Anguillulina brachyura, Pratylenchus leiocephalus, Pratylenchus pratensis, Pratylenchus steineri, Tylenchus brachyurus
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-06-28
Seed is not known to be a pathway. Common in tropics (PRATBR-1)
Wide host range
No
PRATBR-2, PRATBR-3
Seed is not known to be a pathway for this nematode in any host.
PRATBR-2, PRATBR-3
Golovinomyces orontii
fungus
Erysiphe orontii, Erysiphe polyphaga, Erysiphe tabaci, Oidium begoniae, Oidium violae
Worldwide
AZ, CA, GA, ID, MA, MO, SC, TX, WA
Korea
2024-09-07
Korea lists this pathogen as Erysiphe orontii. Seed is not a pathway. Wind-borne conidia most common means of dispersal.
Main: sugarbeet, pepper, watermelon, melon, cucumber, pumpkin, pea, tomato, eggplant, potato.
No
CABICPC, ISFRPLD
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
CABICPC, ISFRPLD
CABICPC
Seed treatment to control powdery mildew on seedlings from wind blown spores during the first 1.5 weeks of growth.
Boeremia exigua var. exigua
fungus
Ascochyta asteris, Ascochyta cyphomandrae, Ascochyta hydrangeae, Ascochyta nicotianae, Ascochyta phaseolorum, Ascochyta sonchi, Phoma exigua f.sp. exigua, Phoma exigua var. exigua, Phoma herbarum, Phoma herbarum f. brassicae, Phoma herbarum f. hyoscyami, Phoma herbarum f. schoberiae, Phoma herbarum var. dulcamaricola, Phoma linicola, Phoma solanicola, Phoma solanophila, Phoma tuberosa, Phyllosticta decidua, Phyllosticta hortorum, Phyllosticta mulgedii, Phyllosticta sambuci, Phyllosticta vincae-majoris, Phyllosticta vincae-minoris
Worldwide. CABI: B. exigua var. exigua is almost certainly ubiquitous worldwide, but many records fail to specify the variety that it is not possible to provide particular country/state information. There are undoubtedly many records under the many synonyms and these require re-examination.
Widespread
Korea
2024-09-04
This pathogen has been reported in Korea under other synonyms. This is a weak pathogen capable of persisting in soil and also transmitted by rainsplash-dispersed conidia. Common bean and possible sugarcane are the only hosts shown where seed may be a pathway.
B. exigua var. exigua is a ubiquitous weak or secondary pathogen on more than 200 different plant genera. Main hosts are in the Fabaaceae and Solanaceae familes.
No
CABICPC, RICHISTA
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. A weak pathogen but widespread in soils throughout the world.
CABICPC, RICHISTA
Grovesinia pyramidalis
fungus
Cristulariella pyramidalis
Asia: India, Japan, Taiwan. North America: USA; South America: Brazil.
FL, GA, IA, LA, MN, NY, SC.
Korea
2024-09-14
Walnuts, grapes, other trees and woody ornamentals.
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
Cladosporium cladosporioides
fungus
Cladosporium graminum, Cladosporium herbarumMycosphaerella schoenoprasi, Mycosphaerella tulasnei, Mycosphaerella tassiana, Penicillium cladosporioides,Hormodendrum cladosporioides, Monilia humicola
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-11-11
This pathogen is considered primarily a post harvest pathogen that does not cause disease in most of it's hosts (CLADCL-1). The fungus has been isolated from seed in some hosts, but does not transmit or cause disease in most cases.
Wide host range
No
CLADCL-1
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. This fungus is primarily a post harvest fungus and field debris may provide survival habitat for the fungus, but tomato is not attacked by the fungus.
CLADCL-1
Cladosporium cladosporioides. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Xiphinema index
nematode
Diversiphinema index
Africa: Algeria, South Africa, Tunisia; Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan; Europe: Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Malta, Moldova, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine; North America: USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand; South America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru.
CA
Korea
2024-09-09
Seed is not a pathway for this nematode. Also known as a dagger nematode.
Xiphinema index is a pest of cultivated and wild grapevines and a number of other crops and ornamentals.
No
XIPHIN-3, CABICPC, ISFRPLD
Seed is not known to be a pathway. Tomato is not known to be an important host.
XIPHIN-3, CABICPC, ISFRPLD
Alternaria japonica
fungus
Alternaria raphani, Alternaria brassicae var. macrospora, Alternaria matthiolae
Africa: Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, Tunisia, Zimbabwe; Asia: Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Myanmar, Pakistan, Saudia Arabia, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand; Europe: Austria, Czechia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Russia, United Kingdom; North America: Canada, Cuba, United States; Oceania: Australia, French Polynesia, New Caldonia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea; South America: Brazil.
AZ, CA, FL, MA, MI, MN, MS, NJ, OH, PA, SC.
Korea
2024-08-20
Alternaria japonica causes black spot disease in cruciferous plants and is well established worldwide. It has a broad host range within the Brassicaceae family and can be difficult to eradicate as it can survive in the soil for years.
Main: brassicas, radish. Other: tomato
No
ALTERP-4, ISFRPLD
Not a host. Though CABI (2020) lists tomato as a possible host and cites Khulbe and Sati (1987) as a reference, but no data was presented and the source of the seed was not given. No other references were found indicating tomato is a natural host for this pathogen.
ALTERP-4, ISFRPLD
Alternaria longipes
fungus
Alternaria brassicae var. tabaci, Alternaria tenuis f.sp. tabaci, Macrosporium longipes
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-09-22
Korea lists this pathogen as Alternaria spp. This pathogen has been reported in Korea (Farr and Rossman, 2020). Tobacco is the only economic host of this pathogen. Occasional reports on some vegetables. Seed is not known to be a pathway (CABI, 2020)
tobacco
No
ALTELO-1
Not a host. Tomato has only been inoculated in the laboratory. No reports of natural infections of the pathogen.
ALTELO-1
Alternaria longipes. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Alternaria alternata
fungus
Alternaria tenuis, Alternaria tenuissima, many others
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-09-13
Korea listed this pathogen as Alternaria spp. A. alternata, A. tenuis and A. tenuissima have all been reported in Korea. A. alternata has often been found on seed in laboratory testing. There is little evidence of seed transmission. This fungus is ubiquitous and often of minor importance in its hosts.
Wide host range
No
ALTEAL-36, ALTEAL-37, ALTEAL-38, ALTEAL-4
Pathway not proven. A. alternata f.sp. lycopercisi is a pathogen that produces toxins that causes stem canker. It is an important pathogen of tomato in wet climates or under sprinkler irrigation. It is a ubiquitous organism and commonly soil borne or in crop debris. Seed contamination has been reported but only on laboratory testing or with artificially inoculated seed. No literature indicating seed transmission of the fungus in nature was found, though in laboratory tests, germination was reduced,
ALTEAL-36, ALTEAL-37, ALTEAL-38, ALTEAL-4
Blotter incubation
ALTEAL-36
This method has not been standardized or validated and was used in laboratory research only.
ALTEAL-1
Seed treatments affective against A. alternata have been described for other hosts.
Sandulescu,EB, et. al. 2020. Influence of hydrolyzed collagen and thyme oil on tomato seed germination and their use in controlling Alternaria alternata f.sp. lycopersici. Rom Biotechnol Lett.; 25: 1223-1235.
Franceschini, A. et.al. 1980. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) wilt caused by Alternaria alternata f.sp. lycopersici Grogan, Kimble & Misaghi. Studi Sassaresi, III 28: 257-269
Koike ST, et. al. Alternaria Stem Canker. 2014. Compendium of Tomato Diseases and Pests, Second Edition. Eds. Jeffrey B. Jones, Thomas A. Zitter, Timur M. Momol and Sally A. Miller. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, USA
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Alternaria alternata. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus
virus
Oman
Not known to occur
Korea
2022-12-01
Whitefly transmitted virus.Not to be confused with Mungbean yellow mosaic virus affecting mungbean in Asia.
Only reported in cucumber, kidney bean. Tomato and soybean are uncommon hosts.
No
MYMIV-1
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Not considered a common host of the virus.
MYMIV-1
Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Peanut stunt virus
virus
black locust true mosaic virus, clover blotch virus, groundnut stunt virus, peanut common mosaic virus, peanut stunt cucumovirus, robinia mosaic virus
Morocco, Sudan, Asia, Bulgaria, France, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Spain
Southeast, Midwest states, WA
Brazil
2023-04-05
Common virus in peanuts. Can be seedborne in peanuts at low levels.
Primarily a virus of Fabaceae family, tomato, celery,
No
ISFRPLD, CABICPC
Tomato is not commonly known as a host of PSV. No references found of indicating seed is a pathway.
ISFRPLD, CABICPC
Erwinia rhapontici
bacteria
Aplanobacter rhapontici, Bacillus rhapontici, Bacterium rhapontici, Erwinia carotovora var. rhapontici, Pectobacterium rhapontici, Phytomonas rhapontici, Pseudobacterium rhapontici,Xanthomonas rhapontici
Asia, Europe, Canada, Mexico, New Zealand
Western and Midwest states
Brazil
2023-04-20
Brazil lists this as Pectobacterium rhapontici.
Primarily rhubarb and wheat. Reported on a few vegetables.
No
ISFRPLD
E. rhapontici is a wound pathogen and tomato has been reported as a minor host, however, it is not commonly found on tomato. No references found indicating seed as a pathway
ISFRPLD
Potato spindle tuber viroid
viroid
potato gothic virus, potato spindle viroid, spindle tuber viroid, tomato bunchy top viroid
Americas: Mexico, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Peru, Venezuela. Africa: Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Uganda. Asia: wide spread. Europe: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Croatia, Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Italy, Malta, Montenegro, Netherlands, Russia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, UK, Ukraine. Australia.
pest eradicated (EPPO)
Brazil, China, Mexico, Thailand, The Republic of Korea
2024-07-29
Successful eradication of the viroid has been reported for the USA and Canada. PSTVd-7 data shows little evidence of asymptomatic plants and testing of asymptomatic plants did not increase detection of Potato spindle tuber viroid significantly, if at all. Concluded that inspection for Potato spindle tuber viroid symptoms was a "good aid" in determining if a tomato crop was infected with the viroid.
Mainly solanaceous crops, capsicum, and ornamentals
Yes
PSTVd-7, PSTVd-9, NSHSUSDA, PSTVd-11
The ISF RPLD concludes that seed as a pathway is uncertain, however, significant references exist indicating that under certain situations, Potato tuber spindle viroid may be seed transmitted. Field detection is difficult.
RT-PCR is the standard method of the NSHS.
PSTVd-7, PSTVd-9, NSHSUSDA, PSTVd-11
RT-PCR
PSTVd-8, PSTVd-9, NSHSUSDA
Biological, Cultural, Mechanical
PSTVd-7, CABICPC
References suggest using PSTVd certified free seed, field monitoring and infected plant removal, though field detection may be difficult. Seed treatments are ineffectual.
van Brunschot, SL Verhoeven, JThJ, Persley, DM, Geering, ADW, Drenth, A, and Thomas JH 2014, An outbreak of Potato spindle tuber viroid in tomato is linked to imported seed. European Journal of Plant Pathology 139: 1-7
Hoshino S, Okuta T, Isaka M, Tutumi N, Miyai N, Ikeshiro T, Saito N, Ohara T, Takahashi T, 2006. Detection of Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) in tomato and potato seeds. Research Bulletin of the Plant Protection Service, Japan, No.42:69-73
Matsushita, Y., Yanagisawa, H., & Sano, T. (2018). Vertical and horizontal transmission of pospiviroids. Viruses, 10(12), 706. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10120706
EUPHRESCO, 2011. Detection and epidemiology of pospiviroids (DEP) final report. Pilot project report of the virtual common pot. Detection and epidemiology of pospiviroids (DEP) final report. Pilot project report of the virtual common pot. EUPHRESCO (EUPHRESCO Phytosanitary ERA-NET), 70 pp.
Xanthomonas vesicatoria
bacterium
Bacterium exitiosum, Bacterium vesicatorium, Phytomonas exitiosa Phytomonas vesicatoria, Pseudomonas exitiosa, Pseudomonas gardneri, Pseudomonas gardneri var. capsica, Pseudomonas vesicatoria, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Vesicatoria, Xanthomonas campestris pv. Vesicatoria
Worldwide
AZ, CA, FL, GA, HI, IN, IA, MI, NM, NC, OH, OK
-
2024-07-12
Xanthomonas vesicatoria causes bacterial spot in tomatoes and peppers. It produces symptoms such as leaf spots, fruit spots, and defoliation, particularly in warm and humid conditions. The pathogen is seedborne and is considered a high-risk quarantine pest.
Tomato and pepper
Yes
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, XANTVE-1, XANTVE-2, XANTVE-3, XANTVE-4, XANTVE-5, XANTVE-6, XANTVE-9
Seed is a known pathway for Xanthomonas vesicatoria and has been considered a major source of inoculum.
-
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, XANTVE-1, XANTVE-2, XANTVE-3, XANTVE-4, XANTVE-5, XANTVE-6, XANTVE-9
dilution plating, identification PCR, pathogenicity assay
NSHSUSDA, ISHI-ISF
These are the recommended methods by ISHI as of July 2017.
biological, Chemical, Cultural
CABICPC, XANTVE-1, XANTVE-4
Biological: the use of resistant varieties may help. Chemical: hot water and chemical treatments have shown some effectiveness but could reduce germination. Cultural: Using disease-free seeds is critical. Sterilization of tools used is important in reducing spread. Crop rotation is also recommended to prevent carryover in volunteers and crop residues.
Potnis, N., Timilsina, S., Strayer, A., Shantharaj, D., Barak, J. D., Paret, M. L., ... & Jones, J. B. (2015). Bacterial spot of tomato and pepper: Diverse X anthomonas species with a wide variety of virulence factors posing a worldwide challenge. Molecular plant pathology, 16(9), 907-920.
Agrawal, K., Sharma, D. K., & Jain, V. K. (2012). Seed-borne bacterial diseases of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and their control measures: A Review. International Journal of Food, Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, 2(2), 173-182p.
Goode, M. J., & Sasser, M. (1980). Prevention-the key to controlling bacterial spot and bacterial speck of tomato.
Leite Jr, R. P., Jones, J. B., Somodi, G. C., Minsavage, G. V., & Stall, R. E. (1995). Detection of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria associated with pepper and tomato seed by DNA amplification. seed, 11, 24.
Felipe, V., Romero, A. M., Montecchia, M. S., Vojnov, A. A., Bianco, M. I., & Yaryura, P. M. (2018). Xanthomonas vesicatoria virulence factors involved in early stages of bacterial spot development in tomato. Plant Pathology, 67(9), 1936-1943.
Lue, Y. S., Deng, W. L., Wu, Y. F., Cheng, A. S., Hsu, S. T., & Tzeng, K. C. (2010). Characterization of Xanthomonas associated with bacterial spot of tomato and pepper in Taiwan. Plant Pathology Bulletin, 19(3), 181-190.
Abdalla, M. E. (2000). Detection and identification of seed‐borne pathogenic bacteria of imported tomato seeds in Egypt. EPPO Bulletin, 30(2), 327-331.
ISHI Seed Health Test Methods - https://worldseed.org/resources/ishi-methods/
Cucumber mosaic virus
virus
banana infectious chlorosis virus, banana mosaic virus, coleus mosaic virus, common mosaic virus, cowpea banding mosaic virus, cowpea ringspot virus, cucumber mosaic cucumovirus, cucumber yellow mosaic virus, cucumis virus 1, lily ringspot virus, pea top necrosis virus, peanut yellow mosaic virus, southern celery mosaic virus, soybean stunt virus, spinach blight virus, tomato fern leaf virus
worldwide
widespread
Brazil
2024-08-13
CMV has a very wide host range and can be extremely damaging to crops. Seed can be a pathway in certain hosts. Transmission occurs mechanically or by more than 80 aphid species.
Wide host range. Primarily Cucurbitaceae, Solanaceae, and Araceae families. Capsicum annuum, Cucumis sativus, Dioscorea, and Solanum lycopersicum are also primary hosts.
uncertain
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, DPVWEB, CMV000-1, CMV000-2, CMV000-3, CMV000-4, CMV000-5, CMV000-6, CMV000-10
Seed as a pathway is uncertain because research on CMV in tomato seed is limited and conflicting. A report by Park and Cha noted the detection of CMV in naturally infected commercial seeds. Longe detected CMV in tomato seeds, but natural infection is ambiguous because the the seeds were not tested before planting, nor does it mention control of aphids. Jalendar et al. reports CMV is not transmitted in tomato seeds.
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, DPVWEB, CMV000-1, CMV000-2, CMV000-3, CMV000-4, CMV000-5, CMV000-6, CMV000-10
ELISA, RT-PCR
CMV000-7, CMV000-9
Both serological and molecular techniques have been adopted and applied successfully to diagnosis of CMV.
Biological, Cultural, Mechanical
CABICPC, CMV000-3, CMV000-8
Risk mitigation strategies include using resistant varieties, planting healthy seeds, controlling aphids, removing weed hosts, and conducting regular inspections.
Longe, E.O., Adediji, A.O., Arogundade, O. and Atiri, G.I., 2022. Occurrence of cucumber mosaic virus within tomato seed lots. Ife Journal of Science, 24(2), pp.227-235.
Jalender, P., Bhat, B.N., Anitha, K. and Prasanthi, Y., 2015. Studies on transmission of cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) through seed in tomato. International Journal of Tropical Agriculture, 33(2), pp.217-219.
Scholthof, K.B.G., Adkins, S., Czosnek, H., Palukaitis, P., Jacquot, E., Hohn, T., Hohn, B., Saunders, K., Candresse, T., Ahlquist, P. and Hemenway, C., 2011. Top 10 plant viruses in molecular plant pathology. Molecular plant pathology, 12(9), pp.938-954.
Park, K.H. and Cha, B., 2002. Detection of TMV, ToMV and CMV from tomato seeds and plants. Research Plant Disease, The Korean Society of Plant Pathology, 8(2), pp.101-106.
Kayode, A.B., Odu, B.O., Ako-Nai, K.A. and Alabi, O.J., 2014. Occurrence of cucumber mosaic virus subgroups IA and IB isolates in tomatoes in Nigeria. Plant Disease, 98(12), pp.1750-1750.
Gildow, F.E., Shah, D.A., Sackett, W.M., Butzler, T., Nault, B. and Fleischer, S.J., 2008. Transmission efficiency of Cucumber mosaic virus by aphids associated with virus epidemics in snap bean. Phytopathology, 98(11), pp.1233-1241.
Zehnder, G. W., Yao, C., Murphy, J. F., Sikora, E. R., & Kloepper, J. W. (2000). Induction of resistance in tomato against cucumber mosaic cucumovirus by plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. Biocontrol, 45, 127-137.
Chen, S., Gu, H., Wang, X., Chen, J. and Zhu, W., 2011. Multiplex RT-PCR detection of Cucumber mosaic virus subgroups and Tobamoviruses infecting Tomato using 18S rRNA as an internal control. Acta Biochimica Biophysica Sinica, 43(6), pp.465-471
Gallitelli, D. (2000). The ecology of Cucumber mosaic virus and sustainable agriculture. Virus research, 71(1-2), 9-21.
Hobbs, H. A., Eastburn, D. M., D'Arcy, C. J., Kindhart, J. D., Masiunas, J. B., Voegtlin, D. J., ... & McCoppin, N. K. (2000). Solanaceous weeds as possible sources of Cucumber mosaic virus in southern Illinois for aphid transmission to pepper. Plant disease, 84(11), 1221-1224.
Cauliflower Mosaic Virus
virus
brassica virus 3, broccoli mosaic virus, cabbage mosaic virus, cabbage virus B, cauliflower mosaic caulimovirus
Worldwide
GA, Hi
Nepal
2024-08-27
Cauliflower Mosaic Virus is transmitted between host plants by more than 27 aphid species in a non-persistent manner. Multiple sources noted CAMV00 is not seed transmitted.
Brassicaceae family
Not a host
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, DPVWEB, CAMV00-1, CAMV00-2
Seed is not a pathway. Tomato is not a host. The only record Solanaceae host of CAMV00 is the genus Datura and Nicotania.
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, DPVWEB, CAMV00-1, CAMV00-2
Haas, M., Bureau, M., Geldreich, A., Yot, P., & Keller, M. (2002). Cauliflower mosaic virus: still in the news. Molecular Plant Pathology, 3(6), 419-429.
Bak, A., & Emerson, J. B. (2020). Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) biology, management, and relevance to GM plant detection for sustainable organic agriculture. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 4, 21.
Ditylenchus destructor
nematode
-
Africa: Nigeria, South Africa; Asia: Azerbaijan, China, Iran, Japan, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan; Europe: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Czechia, Estonia, France, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Jersey, Latvia, Luxemburg, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK; North America: Canada, USA; Oceania: New Zealand.
CA, HI, ID, OR, SC, WA, WI
-
2024-09-26
Ditylenchus destructor is spread through seed potatoes. It is also spread on containers, packaging, and soil. True seed is not know to be a pathway.
Extensive host range. Main: ornamental bulbs, sweet potato, onion, garlic, groundnut, beet, sugarbeet, pepper, cucumber, pumpkin, carrot, soybean, tomato, potato, clover, wheat, corn
No
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, DITYDE-1
Seed is not a known pathway.
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, DITYDE-1
Pythium aphanidermatum
fungus
-
Worldwide
AZ, CA, FL, HI, IN, KS, MD, MI, NC, OR, PA
-
2024-10-08
Pythium aphanidermatum is a soilborne pathogen. Seed is not known to be a pathway.
Very broad host range
No
CABICPC, PYTHAP-2
Seed is not a known pathway.
CABICPC, PYTHAP-2
Didymella pinodes
fungus
Ascochyta pinodes, Didymellina pinodes, Mycosphaerella pinodes, Sphaerella pinodes, Sphaeria pinodes
Worldwide
Widespread
-
2024-10-28
Didymella pinodes (M. pinodes in most literature) has a small host range but primarily affects peas where it is of high economic importance.
Main: pea
Not a host
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, EPPO
No references indicate tomato is a host.
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, EPPO
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum
fungus
Fusarium cucumerinum, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cucurbitacearum, Septomyxa persicina
Africa: Egypt, Kenya, Libya, South Africa; Asia: Armenia, China, Iraq, Israel, Japan, South Korea, Thailand, Turkey; Europe: Austria, France, Germany, Greece, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, UK; North America: Canada, Panama, USA; South America: Colombia.
CA, FL, KY, MI, MN, NC, OK, TX, WI
Nepal
2024-10-29
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cucumerinum is a soilborne fungus which causes Fusarium wilt.
cucumber
Not a host
CABICPC, ISFRPLD
No references indicate tomato is a host.
CABICPC, ISFRPLD
Pepper veinal mottle virus
virus
pepper veinal mottle potyvirus
Africa: Benin, Burkino Faso, Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, South Africa, Togo, Tunisia; Asia: Afghanistan, China, India, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Yemen; North America.
Unknown
Nepal
2024-11-13
PVMV is transmitted in the non-persistent manner by the aphids.
Main: pepper, chilli, tomato, eggplant
No
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, DPVWEB
Seed is not a known pathway.
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, DPVWEB
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