Beta vulgaris
beet
28 Related Pests
Tomato black ring virus
virus
Lettuce Ringspot Virus, Bean Ringspot Virus, Beet Ringspot Virus, Celery Yellow Vein Virus, Lettuce Ringspot Virus,Potato Bouquet Virus, Potato Pseudo-Aucuba Virus,Tomato Black Ring Nepovirus
India, Japan, Turkey, throughout Europe
Not known to occur
China, Korea, Mexico, Thailand
2022-11-03
Wide host range reported. Requires the Dagger nematode to transmit this virus
Wide host range, however many are experimental only. Important crops listed below.
No
TBRV00-4,TBRV00-2,TBRV00-3,
Pathway not proven. No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Older literature (TBRV00-2, TBRV00-3) lists seed as a possible pathway, but no evidence of seed transmission was presented for this host.
TBRV00-4,TBRV00-2,TBRV00-3,
Murant AF, 1983. Seed and pollen transmission of nematode-borne viruses. Seed Science and Technology, 11:973-987.
Lister RM, Murant AF, 1967. Seed-transmission of nematode-borne viruses. Annals of Applied Biology, 59:49-62.
Murant AF, Lister RM, 1967. Seed-transmission in the ecology of nematode-borne viruses. Annals of Applied Biology, 59:63-76.
Ditylenchus dipsaci
nematode
Anguillula devastatrix, Anguillula dipsaci, Anguillula secalis, Anguillulina dipsaci,Anguillulina dipsaci var. communis, Ditylenchus allocotus, Ditylenchus amsinckiae, Ditylenchus dipsaci var. tobaensis, Ditylenchus fragariae,Ditylenchus sonchophila, Ditylenchus trifolii, Tylenchus allii Tylenchus devastator, Tylenchus devastatrix
Tylenchus dipsaci, Tylenchus havensteini, Tylenchus hyacinthi, Tylenchus putrefaciens
Worldwide in temperate climates.
Widespread
Brazil
2023-05-05
Ditylenchus dipsaci is known to attack over 450 different plant species, including many weeds. There are approximately 20 biological races known that tend to prefer certain hosts.
No
DITYDI-1,DITYDI-3
Though seed has been listed as a pathway, references only list seed as a possible pathway without presenting data or seed was found infested in the laboratory. No evidence of a seed pathway under natural conditions was found.
DITYDI-1,DITYDI-3
Sieve method
DITYDI-3
Used for research. This method has not been standardized or validated.
Seed fumigation
DITYDI-3
Crop rotation with non-hosts and fumigation most effective
Rhodococcus fascians
bacterium
Corynebacterium fascians, Bacterium fascians, Phytomonas fascians, Pseudobacterium fascians, Rhodococcus rubropertinctus
Europe, North America, Central America, Australia, New Zealand, Iran, Russia, Egypt, Colombia
Widespread
Brazil, Thailand
2023-08-21
Though found in many US states, the pathogen is usually restricted and localized. Probably Worldwide, though not reported. Disease outbreaks are sporadic and usually related to poor sanitation. Bulbs, floral and greenhouse crops most susceptible to disease outbreaks. No reports of seed as a pathway in vegetables and agronomic crops.
Primarily a pest of ornamentals, woody ornamentals and floowers. Vegetables and agronomic crops reported susceptible to the bacterium are listed below. Transmits primarily through propagation.
No
CORBFA-3,
Listed as a potential host, not common. No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
CORBFA-3,
Putnam,M.L. and Miller, M.L. 2007. Rhodococcus facians in Herbaceous Perennials. Plant Disease 91: 1064-1076
Candidatus phytoplasma asteris
phytoplasma
Worldwide
Widespread
2021-11-15
AY phytoplasmas are not seed transmissable and seed is not a pathway in any host.
Wide host range, primarily herbaceous dicots, though strains infect monocots and woody ornamentals
No
PHY01-1,PHY01-2
Seed is not a pathway for AY phytoplasmas
PHY01-1,PHY01-2
Ralstonia solanacearum
bacterium
Too many to list, see CABI CPC for a complete list
Worldwide
Widespread
China
2022-08-30
Most important economic crop is potato. Host range is extremely wide.
No
RLSTSO-1
Table beet and swiss chard are not considered important hosts of the pathogen. Seed is not known to be a pathway.
RLSTSO-1
Ralstonia solanacearum In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Verticillium nigrescens
fungus
China, Japan, Canada, Italy, Australia, New Zealand. (Most likely a worldwide saprophyte.)
GA, MS, MO
Brazil
2022-10-09
Not considered a highly virulent fungal pathogen. Often found as a saprophyte or weakly pathogenic at most. This fungus should not be regulated on seed.
Soybean and cotton are main hosts, but even on these hosts it is a weak pathogen. Has been isolated from other hosts, though primarily as a saprophyte or weakly pathogenic
No
VERTNI-5,
No evidence that seed is a pathway for this fungus. Reported as saprophytic on this host.
VERTNI-5,
Richardson, M.J. 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Diseases. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Verticillium albo-atrum
fungus
Verticillium albo-atrum var. caespitosum, Verticillium albo-atrum var. tuberosum
Worldwide, primarily in cool temperate climates and in potato producing areas
Widespread, especially in northern states
China, Thailand
2022-11-11
Many reports of Verticillium albo-atrum in crops reported prior to 1970 may have actually been Verticillium dahlia. Only lucerne, potatoes, tomatoes and hops are considered important hosts. This pathogen has been reported in China
Wide host range. An important pathogen of potatoes.
No
VERTAA-2,VERTAA-9,
On reference found indicating B. vulgaris is attacked by this fungus. No literature found indicating that seed is a pathway for this crop.
VERTAA-2,VERTAA-9,
Ramularia beticola
fungus
Ramularia betae
Belgium, France, Czech Republic, Denmark
CA, WA,, OR
China
2021-04-21
Symtoms of this disease are often confused with those caused by Cercospora beticola.
Sugarbeet, though reported occasionally on other Beta vulgaris crops
No
RAMUBE-2,RAMUBE-4,
Pathway not proven. These references list that seed may be a pathway, but seed pathway has only been researched on sugarbeet. No references found indicating seed is a pathway for table beet or swiss chard. This pathogen is not common in table beet.
RAMUBE-2,RAMUBE-4,
Broad bean wilt virus
virus
Broad bean wilt fabavirus, Catalpa chlorotic leaf spot virus, Nasturtium ringspot virus, Nasturtium white spot virus, Pea streak virus, Patchouli mild mosaic virus, Patchouli mild mottle virus, Petunia ringspot virus, Tropaeolum ringspot virus, Plantago II virus
Africa: Egypt, Ethiopia, Morocco, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Tunisia; Asia: Bangladesh, China, India, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Jordan, North Korea, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Syria, Taiwan, Turkey; Europe: Bulgaria, Czechia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, United Kingdom; North America, USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand; South America: Argentina.
FL, MN, NY, OH, SC, VT, WI
Mexico
2024-09-03
Broad bean wilt virus has only shown possible seed transmission in faba beans through artificial inoculation. It is not known to be common in nature. The virus is transmissible by sap inoculation and by several aphid species in the non-persistent.
Broad bean wilt virus has been reported in natural infections of 180 species of 41 plant families and thus has a very extensive natural host range. Main host families are: Apiaceae, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, and Solanaceae.
No
CABI CPC,DPV WEB
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
CABI CPC,DPV WEB
Tobacco mosaic virus
virus
TMV U1, type, Vulgare or Common strain
tobacco mosaic tobamovirus,
VMT (Virus mosaique de tabac)
Worldwide
Widespread
Mexico
2023-08-21
Broad host range. Cultivated species listed below.
No
Occasionally listed as a host, no evidence that seed is a pathway.
Sowbane mosaic virus
virus
Apple latent virus 2, Chenopodium mosaic virus, Chenopodium seed-borne mosaic virus, Sowbane mosaic sobemovirus
Japan, Turkey, Canada, Australia, Morocco, Eastern Europe, France, Italy
CA, MD
China
2021-04-27
Only seed from some species of the genus Chenopodium have been shown to be a pathway. Of little economic importance in spinach or table beet crops.
Primarily chenopodium weeds, spinach, beet, quinoa
No
SOMV00-7,SOMV00-1,
Causes mild mosaic or local lesions. No references found indicating seed is a pathway for this host. Only seed from some species of the genus Chenopodium have been shown to be a pathway
SOMV00-7,SOMV00-1,
Peronospora farinosa f. sp. betae
fungus
Peronospora schachtii
Kenya, Morocco, South Africa, Israel, Russia, Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea, and neighboring islands, Europe, Canada, Korea, Argentina
Common in coastal CA, OR but found in all sugar beet producing areas.
China
2021-05-03
beet, sugar beet, swiss chard
No
PEROFB-4,PEROFB-5,
Table beet and chard may be hosts for this pathogen, but there is no evidence that seed is a pathway for this pathogen in these hosts.
PEROFB-4,PEROFB-5,
JKim, YChoi and H.D. Shin, 2009. Downy mildew caused by Peronospora farinosa f. sp. betae newly reported on Swiss chard in Korea. British Society for Plant Pathology *(BSPP) ,New Disease Reports 19: 40.
Byford W.J. 1981 Downy Mildew of beet and spinach. In: The Downy Mildews (ED. D. M. Spooner ) pp. 531-543, Academic Press London
Streptomyces scabiei, Streptomyces ipomoceae, Streptomyces acidiscabies, Streptomyces stelliscabiei
bacterium
Streptomyces scabiei is worldwide, other Streptomycese spp. are more localized.
Streptomyces cabiei is widespread in the United States, other Streptomyces spp. are more localized.
Sudan
2022-09-13
There are many beneficial Streptomyces spp. that suppress pathogens or enhance nodulation in alfalfa. There are no known Streptomyces pathogens of alfalfa. No reports of any Streptomyces in Sudan
Streptomyces scabiei is primarily a pest of potato, but is found on other root crops such as carrot, parsnip, radish and beet. Streptomyces ipoomceae is a pathogen of sweet potato, only. Streptomyces acidiscabies and Streptomyces stelliscabiei are pests of potato only. There are no known Streptomyces pathogens of alfalfa. Only hosts of Streptomyces scabiei reported below.
No
CABI CPC,
Seed is not known to be a pathway. Beets are a minor host of this pathogen.
CABI CPC,
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Pseudomonas syringae pv aptata
bacterium
Bacterium aptatum, Chlorobacter aptatus, Phytomonas aptata, Pseudomonas aptata
Asia: Georgia, India, Iran, Japan, North Korea, South Korea; Europe: Hungary, Italy, Russia, Serbia, UK; North America: USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand.
CA, GA, ME, OH, OR, PA, UT, VA, WA
China
2024-09-09
Pseudomonas syringae pv. aptata is spread through rain and irrigation. During cultivation it can be transmitted by workers and tools. It is not known to be seedborne.
Main: sugarbeet, pepper, cucumber, sunflower, lettuce, common bean, eggplant, nasturtium, faba bean, cowpea. Other: melon.
No
PSDMPT-5,CABI CPC,
Although, testing for this pathogen is common within the seed industry, no data confirming seed as a pathway has been found in the literature. Seed transmission speculated, but no data presented.
PSDMPT-5,CABI CPC,
Grow out in sweat boxes
Commercial testing available. This test has not been validated or standardized.
Pleospora herbarum
fungus
Too many to list, most commonly used names include Alternaria putrefaciens, Clasterosporium putrefaciens, Sporidesmium putrefaciens, Stemphyllium botryosum, Stemphylium herbarum.
Worldwide
Widespread
2023-08-21
Primarily a post harvest pathogen
Wide host range
No
No references found indicating that seed is a pathway
Arabis mosaic virus
virus
Arabis mosaic nepovirus, Ash ring and line pattern virus, Forsythia yellow net virus, Hop nettlehead virus,Jasmine yellow blotch virus, Raspberry yellow dwarf virus, Rhabarber mosaik virus (rhubarb mosaic virus), Rhubarb mosaic virus
Worldwide
CT, FL, MI, MN, MO, NE, NY, OH, SC
Mexico, China, Korea, Brazil, Thailand
2022-10-08
This virus has been reported in Mexico, China (CABI, 2017), but natural spread may be limited to EU (Murant, 1974).
Wide host range including many vegetable, agronomic and fruit species
No
ARMV00-3,ARMV00-4,ARMV00-5,
There is no evidence that seed is a pathway in this crop. Mandahar (ARMV00-4)) concluded seed transmission of Arabis mosaic virus in field uncommon.
ARMV00-3,ARMV00-4,ARMV00-5,
Murant. 1983. Seed and Pollen Transmission of Nematode-borne viruses. Seed Sci and Technol. 11:973-987
Mandahar, CL. 1981. Virus Transmission through seed and pollen. In, Plant Diseases and Vectors, Maramorosch, K and Harris, KF, ed. Acedemic Press.
Lister and Murant. 1967. Seed-transmission of nematode-borne viruses. Annals of Applied Biology, 59:49-62.
Physoderma leproides
fungus
Urophlyctis leproides
Africa: Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia. Asia: Israel. Europe: Cyprus, Italy, Portugal. South America: Argentina, Uruguay.
CA
Korea
2024-05-13
A Chytrid fungus with mobile zoospores. Primarily soil borne in wet soils. Transmission presumably by dissemination of resting sporangia which may germinate to rekase motile spores under natural conditions (PHYDLE-2).
beet, sugar beet
No
PHYDLE-1,PHYDLE-2
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Chytrid fungi are not known to be seed transmitted. Minor disease of beet in wet soils.
PHYDLE-1,PHYDLE-2
Beet necrotic yellow vein virus
virus
Beet rhizomania virus
Worldwide
CA, CO, ID, MI, MN, MT, NE, NM, ND, OR, TX, WA, WY
Korea
2021-06-25
Primarily causing rhizomania in sugar beet. Transmitted by the fungal vector Polymyxa betae. Seed is not known to be a pathway. Widespread in sugar beet production areas.
sugar beet, table beet, swiss chard, spinach
No
CABI CPC,DPV WEB
Beet and chard seed is not known to be a pathway for Bean necrotic yellow vein virus.
CABI CPC,DPV WEB
Beet mild yellowing virus
virus
beet mild yellowing luteovirus, beet western yellows virus
Africa: Eritrea, Ethiopia, Sudan, Tunisia; Asia: China, Iran, Syria, Taiwan, Turkey, Yemen; Europe: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK; North America: USA; Oceania: Australia; South America: Chile.
CA
Korea
2024-08-21
Aphid transmitted virus. Not transmitted by seed or pollen.
Main: beet, chard, sugarbeet, spinach.
No
BMYV00-2,CABI CPC,BMYV00-6,BMYV00-7
Seed is not known to be a pathway
BMYV00-2,CABI CPC,BMYV00-6,BMYV00-7
Duffus JE; Russell GE, 1970. Serological and host range evidence for the occurrence of beet western yellows virus in Europe. Phytopathology, 60:1119-1202.
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Hossain, R., Menzel, W., Lachmann, C., & Varrelmann, M. (2021). New insights into virus yellows distribution in Europe and effects of beet yellows virus, beet mild yellowing virus, and beet chlorosis virus on sugar beet yield following field inoculation. Plant Pathology, 70(3), 584-593.
Investigations on the vector transmission of the Beet mild yellowing virus (BMYV) and the Turnip yellows virus (TuYV)
Beet curly top virus
virus
Beet curly top geminivirus, beet curly top hybrigeminivirus, potato green dwarf virus, sugarbeet curly top virus, sugarbeet curly-leaf virus, sugarbeet virus 1, tomato yellow virus, tomato yellows virus, western yellow blight virus
Africa: Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt; Asia: India, Iran, Japan, Turkey; Europe: Cyprus, Italy; North America: Canada, Costa Rica, Mexico, USA; South America: Argentina, Bolivia, Uruguay.
Widespread
Korea
2024-06-19
BCTV is spread locally by insect vectors and internationally through infected host material or vectors. It is not known to be a seed transmitted virus in any host. It is More common in the western US where vectors are more common.
celery, table beet, sugarbeet, pepper, cucumber, cucurbits, common bean, tomato, cowpeas
No
BCTV00-5,CABI CPC
Seed is not known to be a pathway in any host of Beet curly top virus
BCTV00-5,CABI CPC
Erysiphe betae
fungus
Erysiphe communis, Erysiphe communis f. betae, Erysiphe communis f.sp. polygonorum, Erysiphe polygoni, Erysiphe polygoni f.sp. betae, Microsphaera betae, Oidium erysiphoides
Worldwide
AZ, CA, CO, ID, KS, MI, MT, ND, NE, NM, OR, TX, UT, WA, WY.
Korea
2024-09-11
Seed is not known to be a pathway. Conidia is wind-borne.
Main: sugar beet, carrot; Other: swiss chard, table beet, spinach
No
CABI CPC
Seed is not known to be a pathway
CABI CPC
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Tobacco necrosis virus
virus
Bean stipple streak virus, Chenopodium necrosis necrovirus, Cucumber systemic necrosis virus, Euonymus mosaic virus, Strawberry necrotic rosette virus, Tobacco necrosis necrovirus, Tulip Augusta disease virus, Tulip necrosis virus
Africa: South Africa; Asia: China, India, Japan, Turkey; Europe: Belgium, Bosnia. & Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain, Sweden. Switzerland,UK; North America: Canada, USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand; South America: Brazil.
CA, IL, NE, NY, UT, WI
Korea
2024-09-24
Tobacco necrosis is primarily transferred through roots by zoospores. Seed is not known to be a pathway for this virus however potato seed tubers can carry the virus.
Main: carrot, common bean, cucumber, potato, tulip; Other: tomato, beet, lettuce, pea
No
CABI CPC,DPV WEB
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
CABI CPC,DPV WEB
Gibberella avenacea
fungus
Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium avenaceum f.sp. fabae, Fusarium avenaceum subsp. aywerte, Fusarium roseum var. avenaceum
Worldwide, primarily in temperate regions.
Widespread
Thailand
2022-11-22
One of many Fusaria, Gibberella's that may contaminate kernels.
Primarily a grain and clover pathogen with a wide host range.
No
GIBBAV-4,
The above reference cited an unpublished reference to seed as a possible pathway, but no data presented. This is the only reference indicating beet is a host.
GIBBAV-4,
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Pratylenchus fallax
nematode
Turkey, Canada
WI, ND
Korea
2022-06-28
Seed is not known to be a pathway for Pratylenchus spp. Pratylenchus spp. primarily move passively through the soil water matrix.
watermelon, beet, wheat, barley, soybean, rapeseed
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Seed is not known to be a pathway for Pratylenchus spp.
Xiphinema diversicaudatum
nematode
Dorylaimus diversicaudatus, Dorylaimus elongatus apud, Longidorus diversicaudatus, Xiphinema diversicaudatum, Xiphinema amarantum, Xiphinema basiri apud, Xiphinema israeliae apud, Xiphinema paraelongatum, Xiphinema sahelense apud, Xiphinema seredouense
Africa: Morocco, South Africa; Asia: India, Turkey; Europe: Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Czechia, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Urkaine, UK; North America: USA. Oceania: New Zealand.
CA
Korea
2024-09-09
Found primarily in pasture and woodland areas. May spread nepoviruses. Seed is not known to be a pathway for dagger nematodes.
Wide host range
No
XIPHDI-1,CABI CPC
Seed is not known to be a pathway for dagger nematodes.
XIPHDI-1,CABI CPC
Alternaria alternata
fungus
Alternaria tenuis, Alternaria tenuissima, many others
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-09-13
Korea listed this pathogen as Alternaria spp. A. alternata, A. tenuis and A. tenuissima have all been reported in Korea. A. alternata has often been found on seed in laboratory testing. There is little evidence of seed transmission. This fungus is ubiquitous and often of minor importance in its hosts.
Wide host range
No
ALTEAL-4,
Pathway not proven. Reference lists seed as a possible pathway for this pest. However, the reference seems to only mention that A. alternata was identified on seed in laboratory tests. No other data was provided.
ALTEAL-4,
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Golovinomyces orontii
fungus
Erysiphe orontii, Erysiphe polyphaga, Erysiphe tabaci, Oidium begoniae, Oidium violae
Worldwide
AZ, CA, GA, ID, MA, MO, SC, TX, WA
Korea
2024-09-07
Korea lists this pathogen as Erysiphe orontii. Seed is not a pathway. Wind-borne conidia most common means of dispersal.
Main: sugarbeet, pepper, watermelon, melon, cucumber, pumpkin, pea, tomato, eggplant, potato.
No
CABI CPC,RICH ISTA
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
CABI CPC,RICH ISTA
CABI CPC
Seed treatment to control powdery mildew on seedlings from wind blown spores during the first 1.5 weeks of growth.
Ditylenchus destructor
nematode
-
Africa: Nigeria, South Africa; Asia: Azerbaijan, China, Iran, Japan, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan; Europe: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Czechia, Estonia, France, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Jersey, Latvia, Luxemburg, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK; North America: Canada, USA; Oceania: New Zealand.
CA, HI, ID, OR, SC, WA, WI
-
2024-09-26
Ditylenchus destructor is spread through seed potatoes. It is also spread on containers, packaging, and soil. True seed is not know to be a pathway.
Extensive host range. Main: ornamental bulbs, sweet potato, onion, garlic, groundnut, beet, sugarbeet, pepper, cucumber, pumpkin, carrot, soybean, tomato, potato, clover, wheat, corn
No
CABI CPC,DITYDE-1
Seed is not a known pathway.
CABI CPC,DITYDE-1
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