Tomato black ring virus

virus

Lettuce Ringspot Virus, Bean Ringspot Virus, Beet Ringspot Virus, Celery Yellow Vein Virus, Lettuce Ringspot Virus,Potato Bouquet Virus, Potato Pseudo-Aucuba Virus,Tomato Black Ring Nepovirus

India, Japan, Turkey, throughout Europe

Not known to occur

China, Korea, Mexico, Thailand

2022-11-03

Wide host range reported. Requires the Dagger nematode to transmit this virus

Wide host range, however many are experimental only. Important crops listed below.

No

TBRV00-4, TBRV00-2, TBRV00-3

Pathway not proven. No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Older literature (TBRV00-2, TBRV00-3) lists seed as a possible pathway, but no evidence of seed transmission was presented for this host.

TBRV00-4, TBRV00-2, TBRV00-3

Ditylenchus dipsaci

nematode

Anguillula devastatrix, Anguillula dipsaci, Anguillula secalis, Anguillulina dipsaci,Anguillulina dipsaci var. communis, Ditylenchus allocotus, Ditylenchus amsinckiae, Ditylenchus dipsaci var. tobaensis, Ditylenchus fragariae,Ditylenchus sonchophila, Ditylenchus trifolii, Tylenchus allii Tylenchus devastator, Tylenchus devastatrix Tylenchus dipsaci, Tylenchus havensteini, Tylenchus hyacinthi, Tylenchus putrefaciens

Worldwide in temperate climates.

Widespread

Brazil

2023-05-05

Ditylenchus dipsaci is known to attack over 450 different plant species, including many weeds. There are approximately 20 biological races known that tend to prefer certain hosts.

No

DITYDI-1, DITYDI-3

Though seed has been listed as a pathway, references only list seed as a possible pathway without presenting data or seed was found infested in the laboratory. No evidence of a seed pathway under natural conditions was found.

DITYDI-1, DITYDI-3

Sieve method

DITYDI-3

Used for research. This method has not been standardized or validated.

Seed fumigation

DITYDI-3

Crop rotation with non-hosts and fumigation most effective

Rhodococcus fascians

bacterium

Corynebacterium fascians, Bacterium fascians, Phytomonas fascians, Pseudobacterium fascians, Rhodococcus rubropertinctus

Europe, North America, Central America, Australia, New Zealand, Iran, Russia, Egypt, Colombia

Widespread

Brazil, Thailand

2023-08-21

Though found in many US states, the pathogen is usually restricted and localized. Probably Worldwide, though not reported. Disease outbreaks are sporadic and usually related to poor sanitation. Bulbs, floral and greenhouse crops most susceptible to disease outbreaks. No reports of seed as a pathway in vegetables and agronomic crops.

Primarily a pest of ornamentals, woody ornamentals and floowers. Vegetables and agronomic crops reported susceptible to the bacterium are listed below. Transmits primarily through propagation.

No

CORBFA-3

Listed as a potential host, not common. No references found indicating seed is a pathway.

CORBFA-3

Candidatus phytoplasma asteris

phytoplasma

Aconitum proliferation, Aconitum virescence, Alberta aster yellows, alfalfa stunt, Alstroemeria decline, American aster yellows, Anemone virescence, apple sessile leaf, apricot chlorotic leaf roll, azalea little leaf, banana elephantiasis, basil little leaf, Bermuda grass white leaf, black currant reversion, black pepper yellows, blueberry stunt, broccoli phyllody, Bunias phyllody, cactus virescence, cactus witches'-broom, Calendula virescence, canola yellows, Cardaria phyllody, carrot proliferation, carrot yellows, cassava phyllody phytoplasma, cassava witches' broom, Catharanthus little leaf, Catharanthus virescence, chayote witches'-broom, cherry bunch leaf, cherry little leaf, chlorantie, Chrysanthemum witches'-broom, Chrysanthemum yellows, Cirsium stunt, Cirsium yellows, clover phyllody, columbine virescence, coorg black pepper yellows, cosmos phyllody, Cyclamen virescence, dandelion yellows, Delphinium virescence, dill yellows, Diplotaxis virescence, dogfennel yellows, dogwood stunt, dwarf western aster yellows, eastern aster yellows, Echinacea phyllody, eggplant dwarf, eggplant little leaf, Epilobium phyllody, Erigeron yellows, European aster yellows, false ragweed, Festuca yellows, Gaillardia yellows, Gladiolus virescence, grapevine yellows, grey dogwood stunt, hyacinth yellows, Hydrangea phyllody and virescence, Ipomoea obscura witches' broom, Italian cabbage yellows, Italian lettuce yellows, kale phyllody, larkspur virescence, lazy daisy yellows, lettuce yellows, lilac little leaf, Limonium proliferation, Limonium yellows, Lotus yellows, maize bushy stunt, mallow yellows, marguerite yellows, marigold phyllody, marigold virescence, Maryland aster yellows, Mitsuba witches' broom, monarda yellows, mulberry dwarf, multiplier disease, New England aster yellows, New Jersey aster yellows, oat proliferation, Oenothera virescence, olive witches'-broom, onion phyllody, onion virescence, onion yellows, Papaver virescence, parsley yellows, Paulownia witches' broom, peach red leaf disease, pear proliferation and decline, periwinkle little leaf, periwinkle witches' broom and virescence, periwinkle yellows, Phytoplasma asteris, plantain virescence, Poa stunt, poplar witches' broom, poplar yellows, Portulaca yellows, potato purple top, prickly lettuce yellows, Primula yellows, pumpkin yellows, purple coneflower yellows, Quercus proliferation, ragweed yellows, Ranunculus phyllody, rape phyllody, rape virescence, rose witches'-broom, ryegrass yellows, safflower phyllody, Salix proliferation, sandal spike, Saponaria proliferation, Schizanthus proliferation, severe western aster yellows, soybean purple stem, Spirea stunt, Stellaria yellows, strawberry green petal, strawberry phylloid fruit, strawberry stunting, Symphytum proliferation, Tacaco witches'-broom, Tagetes witches' broom, Thalictrum proliferation, tomato big bud, tomato yellows, turnip virescence, Veronica phyllody, watercress witches'-broom, western aster yellows, wild radish yellows

Worldwide

Widespread

-

2024-11-09

Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris is naturally transmitted by a wide range of leafhopper, Macrosteles fascifrons is reported to be the principal vector. Seed is not a pathway.

Wide host range, primarily herbaceous dicots, though strains infect monocots and woody ornamentals

No

CABICPC

Seed is not a known pathway.

CABICPC

Ralstonia solanacearum

bacterium

Too many to list, see CABI CPC for a complete list

Worldwide

Widespread

China

2022-08-30

Most important economic crop is potato. Host range is extremely wide.

No

RLSTSO-1

Table beet and swiss chard are not considered important hosts of the pathogen. Seed is not known to be a pathway.

RLSTSO-1

Verticillium nigrescens

fungus

China, Japan, Canada, Italy, Australia, New Zealand. (Most likely a worldwide saprophyte.)

GA, MS, MO

Brazil

2022-10-09

Not considered a highly virulent fungal pathogen. Often found as a saprophyte or weakly pathogenic at most. This fungus should not be regulated on seed.

Soybean and cotton are main hosts, but even on these hosts it is a weak pathogen. Has been isolated from other hosts, though primarily as a saprophyte or weakly pathogenic

No

VERTNI-5

No evidence that seed is a pathway for this fungus. Reported as saprophytic on this host.

VERTNI-5

Verticillium albo-atrum

fungus

Verticillium albo-atrum var. caespitosum, Verticillium albo-atrum var. tuberosum

Worldwide, primarily in cool temperate climates and in potato producing areas

Widespread, especially in northern states

China, Thailand

2022-11-11

Many reports of Verticillium albo-atrum in crops reported prior to 1970 may have actually been Verticillium dahlia. Only lucerne, potatoes, tomatoes and hops are considered important hosts. This pathogen has been reported in China

Wide host range. An important pathogen of potatoes.

No

VERTAA-2, VERTAA-9

On reference found indicating B. vulgaris is attacked by this fungus. No literature found indicating that seed is a pathway for this crop.

VERTAA-2, VERTAA-9

Ramularia beticola

fungus

Ramularia betae

Belgium, France, Czech Republic, Denmark

CA, WA,, OR

China

2021-04-21

Symtoms of this disease are often confused with those caused by Cercospora beticola.

Sugarbeet, though reported occasionally on other Beta vulgaris crops

No

RAMUBE-2, RAMUBE-4

Pathway not proven. These references list that seed may be a pathway, but seed pathway has only been researched on sugarbeet. No references found indicating seed is a pathway for table beet or swiss chard. This pathogen is not common in table beet.

RAMUBE-2, RAMUBE-4

Broad bean wilt virus

virus

Broad bean wilt fabavirus, Catalpa chlorotic leaf spot virus, Nasturtium ringspot virus, Nasturtium white spot virus, Pea streak virus, Patchouli mild mosaic virus, Patchouli mild mottle virus, Petunia ringspot virus, Tropaeolum ringspot virus, Plantago II virus

Africa: Egypt, Ethiopia, Morocco, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Tunisia; Asia: Bangladesh, China, India, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Jordan, North Korea, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Syria, Taiwan, Turkey; Europe: Bulgaria, Czechia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, United Kingdom; North America, USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand; South America: Argentina.

FL, MN, NY, OH, SC, VT, WI

Mexico

2024-09-03

Broad bean wilt virus has only shown possible seed transmission in faba beans through artificial inoculation. It is not known to be common in nature. The virus is transmissible by sap inoculation and by several aphid species in the non-persistent.

Broad bean wilt virus has been reported in natural infections of 180 species of 41 plant families and thus has a very extensive natural host range. Main host families are: Apiaceae, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, and Solanaceae.

No

CABICPC, DPVWEB

Seed is not known to be a pathway.

CABICPC, DPVWEB

Tobacco mosaic virus

virus

TMV U1, type, Vulgare or Common strain tobacco mosaic tobamovirus, VMT (Virus mosaique de tabac)

Worldwide

Widespread

Mexico

2023-08-21

Broad host range. Cultivated species listed below.

No

Occasionally listed as a host, no evidence that seed is a pathway.

Sowbane mosaic virus

virus

Apple latent virus 2, Chenopodium mosaic virus, Chenopodium seed-borne mosaic virus, Sowbane mosaic sobemovirus

Japan, Turkey, Canada, Australia, Morocco, Eastern Europe, France, Italy

CA, MD

China

2021-04-27

Only seed from some species of the genus Chenopodium have been shown to be a pathway. Of little economic importance in spinach or table beet crops.

Primarily chenopodium weeds, spinach, beet, quinoa

No

SOMV00-7, SOMV00-1

Causes mild mosaic or local lesions. No references found indicating seed is a pathway for this host. Only seed from some species of the genus Chenopodium have been shown to be a pathway

SOMV00-7, SOMV00-1

Peronospora farinosa f. sp. betae

fungus

Peronospora schachtii

Kenya, Morocco, South Africa, Israel, Russia, Australia, New Zealand, New Guinea, and neighboring islands, Europe, Canada, Korea, Argentina

Common in coastal CA, OR but found in all sugar beet producing areas.

China

2021-05-03

beet, sugar beet, swiss chard

No

PEROFB-4, PEROFB-5

Table beet and chard may be hosts for this pathogen, but there is no evidence that seed is a pathway for this pathogen in these hosts.

PEROFB-4, PEROFB-5

Streptomyces scabiei, Streptomyces ipomoceae, Streptomyces acidiscabies, Streptomyces stelliscabiei

bacterium

Streptomyces scabiei is worldwide, other Streptomycese spp. are more localized.

Streptomyces cabiei is widespread in the United States, other Streptomyces spp. are more localized.

Sudan

2022-09-13

There are many beneficial Streptomyces spp. that suppress pathogens or enhance nodulation in alfalfa. There are no known Streptomyces pathogens of alfalfa. No reports of any Streptomyces in Sudan

Streptomyces scabiei is primarily a pest of potato, but is found on other root crops such as carrot, parsnip, radish and beet. Streptomyces ipoomceae is a pathogen of sweet potato, only. Streptomyces acidiscabies and Streptomyces stelliscabiei are pests of potato only. There are no known Streptomyces pathogens of alfalfa. Only hosts of Streptomyces scabiei reported below.

No

CABICPC

Seed is not known to be a pathway. Beets are a minor host of this pathogen.

CABICPC

Pseudomonas syringae pv aptata

bacterium

Bacterium aptatum, Chlorobacter aptatus, Phytomonas aptata, Pseudomonas aptata

Asia: Georgia, India, Iran, Japan, North Korea, South Korea; Europe: Hungary, Italy, Russia, Serbia, UK; North America: USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand.

CA, GA, ME, OH, OR, PA, UT, VA, WA

China

2024-09-09

Pseudomonas syringae pv. aptata is spread through rain and irrigation. During cultivation it can be transmitted by workers and tools. It is not known to be seedborne.

Main: sugarbeet, pepper, cucumber, sunflower, lettuce, common bean, eggplant, nasturtium, faba bean, cowpea. Other: melon.

No

PSDMPT-5, CABICPC

Although, testing for this pathogen is common within the seed industry, no data confirming seed as a pathway has been found in the literature. Seed transmission speculated, but no data presented.

PSDMPT-5, CABICPC

Grow out in sweat boxes

Commercial testing available. This test has not been validated or standardized.

Pleospora herbarum

fungus

Too many to list, most commonly used names include Alternaria putrefaciens, Clasterosporium putrefaciens, Sporidesmium putrefaciens, Stemphyllium botryosum, Stemphylium herbarum.

Worldwide

Widespread

2023-08-21

Primarily a post harvest pathogen

Wide host range

No

No references found indicating that seed is a pathway

Arabis mosaic virus

virus

Arabis mosaic nepovirus, Ash ring and line pattern virus, Forsythia yellow net virus, Hop nettlehead virus,Jasmine yellow blotch virus, Raspberry yellow dwarf virus, Rhabarber mosaik virus (rhubarb mosaic virus), Rhubarb mosaic virus

Worldwide

CT, FL, MI, MN, MO, NE, NY, OH, SC

Mexico, China, Korea, Brazil, Thailand

2022-10-08

This virus has been reported in Mexico, China (CABI, 2017), but natural spread may be limited to EU (Murant, 1974).

Wide host range including many vegetable, agronomic and fruit species

No

ARMV00-3, ARMV00-4, ARMV00-5

There is no evidence that seed is a pathway in this crop. Mandahar (ARMV00-4)) concluded seed transmission of Arabis mosaic virus in field uncommon.

ARMV00-3, ARMV00-4, ARMV00-5

Physoderma leproides

fungus

Urophlyctis leproides

Africa: Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia. Asia: Israel. Europe: Cyprus, Italy, Portugal. South America: Argentina, Uruguay.

CA

Korea

2024-05-13

A Chytrid fungus with mobile zoospores. Primarily soil borne in wet soils. Transmission presumably by dissemination of resting sporangia which may germinate to rekase motile spores under natural conditions (PHYDLE-2).

beet, sugar beet

No

PHYDLE-1, PHYDLE-2

No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Chytrid fungi are not known to be seed transmitted. Minor disease of beet in wet soils.

PHYDLE-1, PHYDLE-2

Beet necrotic yellow vein virus

virus

Beet rhizomania virus

Worldwide

CA, CO, ID, MI, MN, MT, NE, NM, ND, OR, TX, WA, WY

Korea

2021-06-25

Primarily causing rhizomania in sugar beet. Transmitted by the fungal vector Polymyxa betae. Seed is not known to be a pathway. Widespread in sugar beet production areas.

sugar beet, table beet, swiss chard, spinach

No

CABICPC, DPVWEB

Beet and chard seed is not known to be a pathway for Bean necrotic yellow vein virus.

CABICPC, DPVWEB

Beet mild yellowing virus

virus

beet mild yellowing luteovirus, beet western yellows virus

Africa: Eritrea, Ethiopia, Sudan, Tunisia; Asia: China, Iran, Syria, Taiwan, Turkey, Yemen; Europe: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK; North America: USA; Oceania: Australia; South America: Chile.

CA

Korea

2024-08-21

Aphid transmitted virus. Not transmitted by seed or pollen.

Main: beet, chard, sugarbeet, spinach.

No

BMYV00-2, CABICPC, BMYV00-6, BMYV00-7

Seed is not known to be a pathway

BMYV00-2, CABICPC, BMYV00-6, BMYV00-7

Beet curly top virus

virus

Beet curly top geminivirus, beet curly top hybrigeminivirus, potato green dwarf virus, sugarbeet curly top virus, sugarbeet curly-leaf virus, sugarbeet virus 1, tomato yellow virus, tomato yellows virus, western yellow blight virus

Africa: Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt; Asia: India, Iran, Japan, Turkey; Europe: Cyprus, Italy; North America: Canada, Costa Rica, Mexico, USA; South America: Argentina, Bolivia, Uruguay.

Widespread

Korea

2024-06-19

BCTV is spread locally by insect vectors and internationally through infected host material or vectors. It is not known to be a seed transmitted virus in any host. It is More common in the western US where vectors are more common.

celery, table beet, sugarbeet, pepper, cucumber, cucurbits, common bean, tomato, cowpeas

No

BCTV00-5, CABICPC

Seed is not known to be a pathway in any host of Beet curly top virus

BCTV00-5, CABICPC

Erysiphe betae

fungus

Erysiphe communis, Erysiphe communis f. betae, Erysiphe communis f.sp. polygonorum, Erysiphe polygoni, Erysiphe polygoni f.sp. betae, Microsphaera betae, Oidium erysiphoides

Worldwide

AZ, CA, CO, ID, KS, MI, MT, ND, NE, NM, OR, TX, UT, WA, WY.

Korea

2024-09-11

Seed is not known to be a pathway. Conidia is wind-borne.

Main: sugar beet, carrot; Other: swiss chard, table beet, spinach

No

CABICPC

Seed is not known to be a pathway

CABICPC

Tobacco necrosis virus

virus

Bean stipple streak virus, Chenopodium necrosis necrovirus, Cucumber systemic necrosis virus, Euonymus mosaic virus, Strawberry necrotic rosette virus, Tobacco necrosis necrovirus, Tulip Augusta disease virus, Tulip necrosis virus

Africa: South Africa; Asia: China, India, Japan, Turkey; Europe: Belgium, Bosnia. & Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain, Sweden. Switzerland,UK; North America: Canada, USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand; South America: Brazil.

CA, IL, NE, NY, UT, WI

Korea

2024-09-24

Tobacco necrosis is primarily transferred through roots by zoospores. Seed is not known to be a pathway for this virus however potato seed tubers can carry the virus.

Main: carrot, common bean, cucumber, potato, tulip; Other: tomato, beet, lettuce, pea

No

CABICPC, DPVWEB

Seed is not known to be a pathway.

CABICPC, DPVWEB

Gibberella avenacea

fungus

Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium avenaceum f.sp. fabae, Fusarium avenaceum subsp. aywerte, Fusarium roseum var. avenaceum

Worldwide, primarily in temperate regions.

Widespread

Thailand

2022-11-22

One of many Fusaria, Gibberella's that may contaminate kernels.

Primarily a grain and clover pathogen with a wide host range.

No

GIBBAV-4

The above reference cited an unpublished reference to seed as a possible pathway, but no data presented. This is the only reference indicating beet is a host.

GIBBAV-4

Pratylenchus fallax

nematode

Turkey, Canada

WI, ND

Korea

2022-06-28

Seed is not known to be a pathway for Pratylenchus spp. Pratylenchus spp. primarily move passively through the soil water matrix.

watermelon, beet, wheat, barley, soybean, rapeseed

No

No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Seed is not known to be a pathway for Pratylenchus spp.

Xiphinema diversicaudatum

nematode

Dorylaimus diversicaudatus, Dorylaimus elongatus apud, Longidorus diversicaudatus, Xiphinema diversicaudatum, Xiphinema amarantum, Xiphinema basiri apud, Xiphinema israeliae apud, Xiphinema paraelongatum, Xiphinema sahelense apud, Xiphinema seredouense

Africa: Morocco, South Africa; Asia: India, Turkey; Europe: Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Czechia, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Urkaine, UK; North America: USA. Oceania: New Zealand.

CA

Korea

2024-09-09

Found primarily in pasture and woodland areas. May spread nepoviruses. Seed is not known to be a pathway for dagger nematodes.

Wide host range

No

XIPHDI-1, CABICPC

Seed is not known to be a pathway for dagger nematodes.

XIPHDI-1, CABICPC

Alternaria alternata

fungus

Alternaria tenuis, Alternaria tenuissima, many others

Worldwide

Widespread

Korea

2022-09-13

Korea listed this pathogen as Alternaria spp. A. alternata, A. tenuis and A. tenuissima have all been reported in Korea. A. alternata has often been found on seed in laboratory testing. There is little evidence of seed transmission. This fungus is ubiquitous and often of minor importance in its hosts.

Wide host range

No

ALTEAL-4

Pathway not proven. Reference lists seed as a possible pathway for this pest. However, the reference seems to only mention that A. alternata was identified on seed in laboratory tests. No other data was provided.

ALTEAL-4

Golovinomyces orontii

fungus

Erysiphe orontii, Erysiphe polyphaga, Erysiphe tabaci, Oidium begoniae, Oidium violae

Worldwide

AZ, CA, GA, ID, MA, MO, SC, TX, WA

Korea

2024-09-07

Korea lists this pathogen as Erysiphe orontii. Seed is not a pathway. Wind-borne conidia most common means of dispersal.

Main: sugarbeet, pepper, watermelon, melon, cucumber, pumpkin, pea, tomato, eggplant, potato.

No

CABICPC, RICHISTA

No references found indicating seed is a pathway.

CABICPC, RICHISTA

CABICPC

Seed treatment to control powdery mildew on seedlings from wind blown spores during the first 1.5 weeks of growth.

Ditylenchus destructor

nematode

-

Africa: Nigeria, South Africa; Asia: Azerbaijan, China, Iran, Japan, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan; Europe: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Czechia, Estonia, France, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Jersey, Latvia, Luxemburg, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK; North America: Canada, USA; Oceania: New Zealand.

CA, HI, ID, OR, SC, WA, WI

-

2024-09-26

Ditylenchus destructor is spread through seed potatoes. It is also spread on containers, packaging, and soil. True seed is not know to be a pathway.

Extensive host range. Main: ornamental bulbs, sweet potato, onion, garlic, groundnut, beet, sugarbeet, pepper, cucumber, pumpkin, carrot, soybean, tomato, potato, clover, wheat, corn

No

CABICPC, DITYDE-1

Seed is not a known pathway.

CABICPC, DITYDE-1