Carrot red leaf virus

virus

carrot red leaf luteovirus

Africa: Mauritius; Asia: India, Israel, Japan; Europe: Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, UK; North America: Canada, USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand; South America: Brazil.

CA, OR, PA, WA

Korea

2024-11-25

Aphid transmitted only.

Main: carrot; Other: dill, parsley, coriander.

No

CTRLV0-2, CTRLV0-3, CABICPC, CTRLV0-5

Seed is not a known pathway.

CTRLV0-2, CTRLV0-3, CABICPC, CTRLV0-5

Carrot mottle virus

virus

carrot motley dwarf virus, carrot mottle umbravirus

Africa: Mauritius, Morocco; Asia: Japan; Europe: Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Netherlands, UK; North America: Canada, USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand; South America: Brazil.

CA, PA, WA, WI

Korea

2024-11-25

Part of a complex with CaRLV. Not known to produce symptoms without this associated virus (CMOV00-3)

Main: carrot, parsley

No

CMOV00-2, CMOV00-3, CABICPC, CMOV00-5

Seed is not known to be a pathway. No evidence of seed transmission.

CMOV00-2, CMOV00-3, CABICPC, CMOV00-5

Carrot yellow leaf virus

virus

closterovirus flavicarotae

Japan, Netherland, United Kingdom

Not known to be in the US

Korea

2024-11-26

Transmitted by the willow-parsnip aphid (Cavariella theobaldi), willow-carrot aphid (Cavariella aegopodii) and peach-potato aphid (Myzus persicae)

carrot

No

CYLV00-1, CYLV00-2, CYLV00-3, CYLV00-4

Seed is not known to be a pathway for this virus.

CYLV00-1, CYLV00-2, CYLV00-3, CYLV00-4

Tomato black ring virus

virus

Lettuce Ringspot Virus, Bean Ringspot Virus, Beet Ringspot Virus, Celery Yellow Vein Virus, Lettuce Ringspot Virus,Potato Bouquet Virus, Potato Pseudo-Aucuba Virus,Tomato Black Ring Nepovirus

India, Japan, Turkey, throughout Europe

Not known to occur

China, Korea, Mexico, Thailand

2022-11-03

Wide host range reported. Requires the Dagger nematode to transmit this virus

Wide host range, however many are experimental only. Important crops listed below.

No

ISFRPLD, TBRV00-1, RICHISTA

There is no evidence that carrot is a host for this virus.

ISFRPLD, TBRV00-1, RICHISTA

Ditylenchus dipsaci

nematode

Anguillula devastatrix, Anguillula dipsaci, Anguillula secalis, Anguillulina dipsaci,Anguillulina dipsaci var. communis, Ditylenchus allocotus, Ditylenchus amsinckiae, Ditylenchus dipsaci var. tobaensis, Ditylenchus fragariae,Ditylenchus sonchophila, Ditylenchus trifolii, Tylenchus allii Tylenchus devastator, Tylenchus devastatrix Tylenchus dipsaci, Tylenchus havensteini, Tylenchus hyacinthi, Tylenchus putrefaciens

Worldwide in temperate climates.

Widespread

Brazil

2023-05-05

Ditylenchus dipsaci is known to attack over 450 different plant species, including many weeds. There are approximately 20 biological races known that tend to prefer certain hosts.

No

DITYDI-3, CABICPC, ISFRPLD

Pathway not proven. Though seed pathway was speculated (DITYDI-3), seed used for research was not cleaned and conditioned. Debris associated with the seed may have carried D. dipsaci.

DITYDI-3, CABICPC, ISFRPLD

Sieve method

DITYDI-3

Used for research. This method has not been standardized or validated.

Seed fumigation

DITYDI-3

Crop rotation with non-hosts and fumigation most effective

Candidatus liberibacter solanacearum

bacterium

Liberibacter psyllaurous, Liberibacter solancearum, Candidatus Liberibacter psyllaurous

Africa: Morocco, Tunisia; Asia: Israel, Lebanon, Turkey; Europe: Austria, Belgiu, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Serbia, Spain, Sweden, UK; North America: Canada, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, USA; Oceania:l New Zealand, Norfolk Island; South America: Ecuador,.

AZ, CA, CO, ID, KS, MT, NE, NV, NM, ND, OR, TX, UT, WA, WY.

China, Thailand, Korea

2024-11-09

The Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (Lso) bacterium primarily spreads through psyllid insect vectors. It’s generally not transmitted through seeds in Solanaceae species, though it has been reported to spread through carrot seeds. In Europe, Lso infects crops like carrots and celery, where it’s transmitted by psyllid species.

Main: pepper, tomato, potato; Other: carrot, eggplant

uncertain

LIBEPS-3, CABICPC, ISFRPLD

This bacterium requires the Bactericera trigonica or Trioza apicalis psyllid for transmission. There is one report of possible seed as a pathway, (LIBESP-3) that has yet to be substantiated.

LIBEPS-3, CABICPC, ISFRPLD

Dickeya chrysanthemi

bacterium

Eriwina chrysanthemi (and pathovars,varieites), Pectobacterium chrysanthemi (and pathovars,varieties), Erwinia carotovora pvs. chrysanthemi/parthenii, Pectobacterium carotovorum pvs. chrysanthemi/parthenni

Worldwide

Widespread

Mexico, China

2022-11-11

Dickeya chrysanthemi strains have been isolated from a number of different hosts in different countries. The list of all susceptible plants after inoculation by Dickeya chrysanthemi would be far longer than the natural host range, and difficult to establish. There is little if any information on seed as a pathway for this pathogen and therefore should not be regulated. Eriwina chrysanthemi has been reclassified into Pectobacterium spp. and Dickeya spp.

Primarily ornamentals and flowers. Only hosts of Dickeye chrysanthemi or Dickeya zeae are listed below. (Ma, et.al. 2007)

No

ERIWCH-4, ERIWCH-9, ERIWCH-1

References established carrot as a host. No evidence that seed is a pathway for this pathogen.

ERIWCH-4, ERIWCH-9, ERIWCH-1

Burkholderia gladioli pv. allicola

bacterium

Phytomonas allicola, Pseudomonas allicola, Pseudomonas gladioli pv allicola

Asia: Israel; Europe: Slovenia; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand; South America: Brazil.

Not known to occur

China, Korea

2024-11-09

Primarily isolated from soil or wet onion residues.

The only natural host is onion. Artifical inoculation includes iris, tulip, narcissus and carrot

No

PSDMGA-2

Carrot is only a host by artificial inoculation.

PSDMGA-2

Candidatus phytoplasma asteris

phytoplasma

Aconitum proliferation, Aconitum virescence, Alberta aster yellows, alfalfa stunt, Alstroemeria decline, American aster yellows, Anemone virescence, apple sessile leaf, apricot chlorotic leaf roll, azalea little leaf, banana elephantiasis, basil little leaf, Bermuda grass white leaf, black currant reversion, black pepper yellows, blueberry stunt, broccoli phyllody, Bunias phyllody, cactus virescence, cactus witches'-broom, Calendula virescence, canola yellows, Cardaria phyllody, carrot proliferation, carrot yellows, cassava phyllody phytoplasma, cassava witches' broom, Catharanthus little leaf, Catharanthus virescence, chayote witches'-broom, cherry bunch leaf, cherry little leaf, chlorantie, Chrysanthemum witches'-broom, Chrysanthemum yellows, Cirsium stunt, Cirsium yellows, clover phyllody, columbine virescence, coorg black pepper yellows, cosmos phyllody, Cyclamen virescence, dandelion yellows, Delphinium virescence, dill yellows, Diplotaxis virescence, dogfennel yellows, dogwood stunt, dwarf western aster yellows, eastern aster yellows, Echinacea phyllody, eggplant dwarf, eggplant little leaf, Epilobium phyllody, Erigeron yellows, European aster yellows, false ragweed, Festuca yellows, Gaillardia yellows, Gladiolus virescence, grapevine yellows, grey dogwood stunt, hyacinth yellows, Hydrangea phyllody and virescence, Ipomoea obscura witches' broom, Italian cabbage yellows, Italian lettuce yellows, kale phyllody, larkspur virescence, lazy daisy yellows, lettuce yellows, lilac little leaf, Limonium proliferation, Limonium yellows, Lotus yellows, maize bushy stunt, mallow yellows, marguerite yellows, marigold phyllody, marigold virescence, Maryland aster yellows, Mitsuba witches' broom, monarda yellows, mulberry dwarf, multiplier disease, New England aster yellows, New Jersey aster yellows, oat proliferation, Oenothera virescence, olive witches'-broom, onion phyllody, onion virescence, onion yellows, Papaver virescence, parsley yellows, Paulownia witches' broom, peach red leaf disease, pear proliferation and decline, periwinkle little leaf, periwinkle witches' broom and virescence, periwinkle yellows, Phytoplasma asteris, plantain virescence, Poa stunt, poplar witches' broom, poplar yellows, Portulaca yellows, potato purple top, prickly lettuce yellows, Primula yellows, pumpkin yellows, purple coneflower yellows, Quercus proliferation, ragweed yellows, Ranunculus phyllody, rape phyllody, rape virescence, rose witches'-broom, ryegrass yellows, safflower phyllody, Salix proliferation, sandal spike, Saponaria proliferation, Schizanthus proliferation, severe western aster yellows, soybean purple stem, Spirea stunt, Stellaria yellows, strawberry green petal, strawberry phylloid fruit, strawberry stunting, Symphytum proliferation, Tacaco witches'-broom, Tagetes witches' broom, Thalictrum proliferation, tomato big bud, tomato yellows, turnip virescence, Veronica phyllody, watercress witches'-broom, western aster yellows, wild radish yellows

Worldwide

Widespread

-

2024-11-09

Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris is naturally transmitted by a wide range of leafhopper, Macrosteles fascifrons is reported to be the principal vector. Seed is not a pathway.

Wide host range, primarily herbaceous dicots, though strains infect monocots and woody ornamentals

No

CABICPC, ISFRPLD

Seed is not a known pathway.

CABICPC, ISFRPLD

Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola

bacterium

Bacterium maccullochianum, Bacterium maculicola, Bacterium maculicola var. japonicum, Phytomonas maculicola, Pseudomonas maculicola

Africa: Algeria, Mauritius, Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe; Asia: China, Georgia, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Taiwan, Turkey; Europe: Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Ukraine, UK; North America: Bermuda, Canada, Cuba, El Salvador, Puerto Rico, USA; Oceania: Australia, Fiji, New Zealand; South America: Argentina, Brazil.

CA

China

2024-12-21

There is no evidence that seed is a pathway for this pathogen.

Brassicaceae family

Not a host

No evidence that carrot is a host for this pathogen.

Alternaria radicina

fungus

Macrosporium daucinum, Pseudostemphylium radicinum, Stemphylium radicinum, Thyrospora radicina

Worldwide

Widespread

Mexico

2022-09-22

This pathogen is not quaranted anywhere in the world. Not reported in MX

Only carrot is known to be a host of this pathogen

Yes

ALTERA-1, ALTERA-2, ISFRPLD

Seed transmission of this pathogen in carrot is well documented and accepted

ISTA blotter method is the NSHS Standard Method (ALTERA-4)

ALTERA-1, ALTERA-2, ISFRPLD

Blotter assay, Agar plating, PCR

ALTERA-2, ALTERA-3, ALTERA-4, ALTERA-5

Hot water, Hot sodium hypochlorite, Thiram soaks

ALTERA-1, ALTERA-2

Alternaria dauci

fungus

Alternaria brassicae var. dauci, Alternaria porri f.sp. dauci, Alternaria carotae, Macrosporium dauci, Macrosporum carotae, Polydesmus exitiosus var. dauci, Sporidesmium exitiosum var. dauci

Worldwide

Widespread

Mexico

2021-08-26

This pathogen is not quaranted anywhere in the world (ALTEDA-1). This pathogen has been reported in MX.

The main host of Alternaria dauci. is carrot. Other umbielliferous crops are susceptible in nature, celery, parsley, parsnip. Other crops, cabbage, tomato, lettuce, radish and cucumber, were attacked in laboratory studies, but not considered natural hosts.

Yes

ALTEDA-1, ALTEDA-2, ALTEDA-4, ALTEDA-7

Seed transmission of this pathogen on carrot is well established and accepted.

Blotter incubation is the NSHS Standard Method.

ALTEDA-1, ALTEDA-2, ALTEDA-4, ALTEDA-7

Blotter incubation

ALTEDA-6, ALTEDA-7, ISTA

This test has been validated by the ISTA and the NSHS

Thiram soak, Thiram and Iprodione

ALTEDA-1, ALTEDA-2

Mycocentrospora acerina

fungus

Centrospora acerina, Cercospora acerina

China, Japan, Chile, Bulgaria, France , Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, United Kingdom

WA, AK, CA, GA, NC

Brazil, China

2022-04-13

celery, carrot, lettuce, caraway. Weeds are common hosts

No

MYCCAC-5

Seed is not known to be a pathway. No references found indicating seed is a pathway.

MYCCAC-5

Leptosphaeria libanotis

fungus

Plenodomus libanotidis, Phoma sanguinolenta, Phoma rostrupii

Europe: Spain, Ukraine.

Not known to occur

China, Korea

2024-12-15

carrot

No

CABICPC, ISFRPLD, RICHISTA, NSHSUSDA, LEPTLB-5

No evidence that seed is a pathway for this pathogen. There were no references found indicating that seed is a pathway for Leptosphaeria libanotis. Seed has been implicated as a pathway for its asexual stage, Phoma rostrupii, in Russia and surrounding areas (RICH ISTA). However, no original references have been found to support these claims. Until original references are found, these statements are considered unsupported and seed is not considered to be a pathway for this fungus in carrot.

CABICPC, ISFRPLD, RICHISTA, NSHSUSDA, LEPTLB-5

Broad bean wilt virus

virus

Broad bean wilt fabavirus, Catalpa chlorotic leaf spot virus, Nasturtium ringspot virus, Nasturtium white spot virus, Pea streak virus, Patchouli mild mosaic virus, Patchouli mild mottle virus, Petunia ringspot virus, Tropaeolum ringspot virus, Plantago II virus

Africa: Egypt, Ethiopia, Morocco, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Tunisia; Asia: Bangladesh, China, India, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Jordan, North Korea, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Syria, Taiwan, Turkey; Europe: Bulgaria, Czechia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, United Kingdom; North America, USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand; South America: Argentina.

FL, MN, NY, OH, SC, VT, WI

Mexico

2024-09-03

Broad bean wilt virus has only shown possible seed transmission in faba beans through artificial inoculation. It is not known to be common in nature. The virus is transmissible by sap inoculation and by several aphid species in the non-persistent.

Broad bean wilt virus has been reported in natural infections of 180 species of 41 plant families and thus has a very extensive natural host range. Main host families are: Apiaceae, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, and Solanaceae.

No

CABICPC, ISFRPLD, DPVWEB

Seed is not known to be a pathway. Very little data verifying carrot as a host.

CABICPC, ISFRPLD, DPVWEB

Tomato spotted wilt virus

virus

Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus, Tomato spotted wilt virus group

Worldwide

Widespread

2023-08-21

Seed is not a pathway for Tospoviruses, including Tomato spotted wilt virus

Wide host range. Over 800 plant species are known hosts. Primarily ornamentals,flowers. No evidence that small grains or corn are hosts.

No

TSWV00-1, TSWV00-2, TSWV00-3

Seed is not a pathway for Tospoviruses, including Tomato spotted wilt virus.

TSWV00-1, TSWV00-2, TSWV00-3

Xanthomonas hortorum pv. carotae

bacterium

Bacterium carotae, Phytomonas carotae, Pseudomonas carotae, Xanthomonas campestris pv. carotae, Xanthomonas carotae

Worldwide

Widespread

Mexico

2022-10-11

The period from infection of plant tissue to symptoms is usually short, under favorable conditions. This period may increase when conditions are not favorable, with genetic resistance, other disease or pest pressure, or physiological stress. Symptoms may also be inconspicuous, masked, or atypical under similar conditions or stress. When symptoms are present, confirm the causal agent with laboratory diagnoses. Prolonged periods of latency resulting in asymptotic plants has not been documented for this pathogen. Literature showing that random sampling of apparently healthy plants to detect latent populations of this pathogen has not been found.

carrot, coriander

Yes

XANTCR-3, XANTCR-2, XANTCR-8

Seed as a pathway well established and accepted. Populations of bacteria in seed samples must be high to cause disease losses.

The seed wash method is a standard method of the NSHS

XANTCR-3, XANTCR-2, XANTCR-8

Seed wash, PCR

XANTCR-3, XANTCR-5, XANTCR-7

The seed wash method is the standard method of the NSHS.

Hot water seed treatment

XANTCR-4, XANTCR-8

Streptomyces scabiei, Streptomyces ipomoceae, Streptomyces acidiscabies, Streptomyces stelliscabiei

bacterium

Streptomyces scabiei is worldwide, other Streptomycese spp. are more localized.

Streptomyces cabiei is widespread in the United States, other Streptomyces spp. are more localized.

Sudan

2022-09-13

There are many beneficial Streptomyces spp. that suppress pathogens or enhance nodulation in alfalfa. There are no known Streptomyces pathogens of alfalfa. No reports of any Streptomyces in Sudan

Streptomyces scabiei is primarily a pest of potato, but is found on other root crops such as carrot, parsnip, radish and beet. Streptomyces ipoomceae is a pathogen of sweet potato, only. Streptomyces acidiscabies and Streptomyces stelliscabiei are pests of potato only. There are no known Streptomyces pathogens of alfalfa. Only hosts of Streptomyces scabiei reported below.

No

CABICPC

Seed is not known to be a pathway. Carrot is a minor host of this pathogen.

CABICPC

Phytophthora medicaginis

fungus

Phytophthora megasperma, Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. medicaginis, Phytophthora sojae f.sp. medicaginis

Japan, Pakistan, Turkey, Argentina, S. Africa, Canada, Australia, Europe

Widespread

China

2022-06-27

This pathogen has not been reported in China

lucerne/alfalfa, chickpea

No

PHYTME-1

Not a host. A host by artificial inoculation only. No references found verifying that domestic carrot is a natural host.

PHYTME-1

Arabis mosaic virus

virus

Arabis mosaic nepovirus, Ash ring and line pattern virus, Forsythia yellow net virus, Hop nettlehead virus,Jasmine yellow blotch virus, Raspberry yellow dwarf virus, Rhabarber mosaik virus (rhubarb mosaic virus), Rhubarb mosaic virus

Worldwide

CT, FL, MI, MN, MO, NE, NY, OH, SC

Mexico, China, Korea, Brazil, Thailand

2022-10-08

This virus has been reported in Mexico, China (CABI, 2017), but natural spread may be limited to EU (Murant, 1974).

Wide host range including many vegetable, agronomic and fruit species

No

ARMV00-2, CABICPC, ISFRPLD

There is no evidence that seed is a pathway for this crop.

ARMV00-2, CABICPC, ISFRPLD

Tobacco rattle virus

virus

Aster ringspot virus, belladonna mosaic virus, paeony mosaic virus, paeony ringspot virus, peony mosaic virus, peony ringspot virus, potato corky ringspot virus, potato stem mottle virus, ratel virus, spinach yellow mottle virus, Tabakmauche Virus, Tabakstreifen und Kra, tobacco rattle tobravirus, tulip white streak virus

Worldwide

AK, CA, CO, FL, ID, IL, IN, MA, MI, MN, NE, NC, ND, OH, OR, PA, UT, WA, WI

Korea

2024-09-08

Tobacco Rattle Virus is soil-borne and transmitted between plants by the nematode species Trichodorus and Paratrichodorus. Seed is only known to be a pathway in some weed species.

TRV occurs on numerous crops in many countries and has been detected on over 100 mono- and dicotyledonous plant species.

No

CABICPC, RICHISTA

Carrot is a known host of Tobacco rattle virus. No references were found indicating seed is a pathway.

CABICPC, RICHISTA

Tobacco necrosis virus

virus

Bean stipple streak virus, Chenopodium necrosis necrovirus, Cucumber systemic necrosis virus, Euonymus mosaic virus, Strawberry necrotic rosette virus, Tobacco necrosis necrovirus, Tulip Augusta disease virus, Tulip necrosis virus

Africa: South Africa; Asia: China, India, Japan, Turkey; Europe: Belgium, Bosnia. & Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Spain, Sweden. Switzerland,UK; North America: Canada, USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand; South America: Brazil.

CA, IL, NE, NY, UT, WI

Korea

2024-09-24

Tobacco necrosis is primarily transferred through roots by zoospores. Seed is not known to be a pathway for this virus however potato seed tubers can carry the virus.

Main: carrot, common bean, cucumber, potato, tulip; Other: tomato, beet, lettuce, pea

No

CABICPC, ISFRPLD, DPVWEB

Seed is not known to be a pathway.

CABICPC, ISFRPLD, DPVWEB

Pseudomonas cichorii

bacterium

Bacterium cichorii, Bacterium endiviae, Bacterium formosanum, Chlorobacter cichorii, Phytomonas cichorii, Phytomonas endiviae,Pseudomonas endiviae Kotte, Pseudomonas formosanum, Pseudomonas papaveris, Pseudomonas papaveris

Worldwide

Widespread, localized outbreaks

Thailand

2022-12-01

Pseudomonas cichorii has been shown to survive on artificially inoculated lettuce seeds. Many references have reported P. cichorii as seed transmitted, but despite field observation of early infections in hosts, there is no experimental data on transmission by seed.

Primarily lettuce, endive and other Asteraceae species.

No

PSDMCI-2

Not proven to be a host. Several references indicated the pathogen was isolated in rotting roots, but pathogenicity was not proven.

PSDMCI-2

Gibberella avenacea

fungus

Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium avenaceum f.sp. fabae, Fusarium avenaceum subsp. aywerte, Fusarium roseum var. avenaceum

Worldwide, primarily in temperate regions.

Widespread

Thailand

2022-11-22

One of many Fusaria, Gibberella's that may contaminate kernels.

Primarily a grain and clover pathogen with a wide host range.

No

GIBBAV-2, GIBBAV-4

G. avenacea causes root rots in carrots but there is no evidence that seed is a pathway in carrot.

GIBBAV-2, GIBBAV-4

Pythium mamillatum

fungus

Globisporangium mamillatum

Asia: China; North America: Canada, USA.

OR, WA.

Korea

2024-09-24

Pythium mamillatum is a soil-borne fungs. Seed is not known to be a pathway.

carrot

No

CABICPC, PYTHMA-3

No references found indicating seed is a pathway.

CABICPC, PYTHMA-3

Radopholus similis

nematode

Anguillulina acutocaudatus, Anguillulina biformis, Anguillulina granulosa, Anguillulina similis, Radopholus acutocaudatus, Radopholus biformis, Radopholus citrophilus, Radopholus granulosus, Radopholus similis citrophilus, Rotylenchus similis, Tetylenchus granulosus, Tylenchorhynchus acutocaudatus, Tylenchus biformis, Tylenchus granulosus, Tylenchus similis

Africa: widespread; Asia: Brunei, China, India, Indonesia. Lebanon, Malaysia, Maldives, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Yemen; Europe: France, Italy; North America: Caribbean and Central America, USA; Oceania: American Samoa, Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, New Caledonia, Niue, Norfolk Island, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tonga; South America: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela.

FL, HI, LA, TX

Korea

2024-09-23

R. similis is a migratory endoparasitic species which completes its life cycle within the root cortex and tissues of corms and tubers. Primarily found in tropical climates of the world. Crops in temperate climates are not a risk.

Radopholus similis has ver 350 known hosts; notably Rustaceae (Citrus and related genera) but also other families; Arecaceae, Musaceae, Poaceae, Brassicaceae, Rubiaceae and Solanaceae. It is a serious pest on commercial citrus in Florida and on banana, plantain, black pepper, ginger, coffee, tea, coconut, arecanut and other such crops in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide.

No

CABICPC, ISFRPLD, RADOSI-3

Seed is not known to be a pathway for this nematode. Reported only on wild carrot.

CABICPC, ISFRPLD, RADOSI-3

Meloidogyne fallax

nematode

Meloidogyne chitwoodi

Africa: South Africa; Asia: Indonesia; Europe: Belgium, France, Germamy, Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, UK; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand; South America: Chile,.

Not known to occur.

Korea

2024-11-10

Dispersed through root material, soil debris and by poorly sanitized seed potatoes and bare root propagative material. Seed is not known to be a pathway for Meloidogyne spp. root knot nematodes.

Main: carrot, potato; Other: beetroot, lettuce, tomato, clover.

No

MELGFA-2, MELGFA-3, CABICPC, MELGFA-4

Seed is not known to be a pathway.

MELGFA-2, MELGFA-3, CABICPC, MELGFA-4

Nacobbus aberrans

nematode

Anguillulina aberrans, Nacobbus batatiformis, Nacobbus bolivianus, Nacobbus serendipiticus, Nacobbus serendipiticus bolivianus, Pratylenchus aberrans

Egypt, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Peru, Mexico

AR, CO, KS, MT, NE, SD, UT, WY

Korea

2023-08-21

Seed is not known to be a pathway for this nematode in any host.

potato, vegetables

No

NACOBA-1

Seed is not known to be a pathway for this nematode in any host.

NACOBA-1

Meloidogyne chitwoodi

nematode

-

Africa Mozambique, South Africa, Tunisia; Asia: Turkey; Europe: Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Lithuania, Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland; North America: Mexico, USA; South America: Argentina, Chile.

CA, CO, ID, NV, OR, WA, TX, UT, WA, WY

Korea

2024-10-23

Seed is not known to be a pathway for Meloidogyne spp. root knot nematodes (MELGCH-2)

Main: potato, carrot, alfalfa, tomato, spinach; Other: bean, pea, corn

No

MELGCH-2, CABICPC, MELGCH-4

Seed is not known to be a pathway

MELGCH-2, CABICPC, MELGCH-4

Xiphinema diversicaudatum

nematode

Dorylaimus diversicaudatus, Dorylaimus elongatus apud, Longidorus diversicaudatus, Xiphinema diversicaudatum, Xiphinema amarantum, Xiphinema basiri apud, Xiphinema israeliae apud, Xiphinema paraelongatum, Xiphinema sahelense apud, Xiphinema seredouense

Africa: Morocco, South Africa; Asia: India, Turkey; Europe: Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Czechia, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Urkaine, UK; North America: USA. Oceania: New Zealand.

CA

Korea

2024-09-09

Found primarily in pasture and woodland areas. May spread nepoviruses. Seed is not known to be a pathway for dagger nematodes.

Wide host range

No

XIPHDI-1, CABICPC

Seed is not known to be a pathway.

XIPHDI-1, CABICPC

Alternaria longipes

fungus

Alternaria brassicae var. tabaci, Alternaria tenuis f.sp. tabaci, Macrosporium longipes

Worldwide

Widespread

Korea

2022-09-22

Korea lists this pathogen as Alternaria spp. This pathogen has been reported in Korea (Farr and Rossman, 2020). Tobacco is the only economic host of this pathogen. Occasional reports on some vegetables. Seed is not known to be a pathway (CABI, 2020)

tobacco

No

ALTELO-2, ALTELO-3

Not a host. Vintel, et.al., 2002 identified this pathogen on carrot fields infected with A. dauci and did not prove pathogenicity.

ALTELO-2, ALTELO-3

Alternaria alternata

fungus

Alternaria tenuis, Alternaria tenuissima, many others

Worldwide

Widespread

Korea

2022-09-13

Korea listed this pathogen as Alternaria spp. A. alternata, A. tenuis and A. tenuissima have all been reported in Korea. A. alternata has often been found on seed in laboratory testing. There is little evidence of seed transmission. This fungus is ubiquitous and often of minor importance in its hosts.

Wide host range

No

ALTEAL-10, ALTEAL-11, ALTEAL-12

Pathway not proven. A. alternata is a weak pathogen of carrot and can be found on carrot seed. No references were found on seed transmission of the fungus. A. alternata can produce toxins that can have detrimental effects on germination in the laboratory, but no references were found indicating this happens in the field. A. dauci and A. radicini are more important seed borne pathogens of carrot.

ALTEAL-10, ALTEAL-11, ALTEAL-12

Blotter incubation

ALTEAL-30

Blotter incubation assays (NSHS, 2020) used for A. dauci and A. radicini should detect A. alternata on seed.

Seed treatments; Hot water treatments.

See A. dauci and A. radicini. Seed treatments and disinfectants used for these pathogens should also be effective for A. alternata.

Erysiphe betae

fungus

Erysiphe communis, Erysiphe communis f. betae, Erysiphe communis f.sp. polygonorum, Erysiphe polygoni, Erysiphe polygoni f.sp. betae, Microsphaera betae, Oidium erysiphoides

Worldwide

AZ, CA, CO, ID, KS, MI, MT, ND, NE, NM, OR, TX, UT, WA, WY.

Korea

2024-09-11

Seed is not known to be a pathway. Conidia is wind-borne.

Main: sugar beet, carrot; Other: swiss chard, table beet, spinach

No

CABICPC

Seed is not known to be a pathway.

CABICPC

Ditylenchus destructor

nematode

-

Africa: Nigeria, South Africa; Asia: Azerbaijan, China, Iran, Japan, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan; Europe: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Czechia, Estonia, France, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Jersey, Latvia, Luxemburg, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK; North America: Canada, USA; Oceania: New Zealand.

CA, HI, ID, OR, SC, WA, WI

-

2024-09-26

Ditylenchus destructor is spread through seed potatoes. It is also spread on containers, packaging, and soil. True seed is not know to be a pathway.

Extensive host range. Main: ornamental bulbs, sweet potato, onion, garlic, groundnut, beet, sugarbeet, pepper, cucumber, pumpkin, carrot, soybean, tomato, potato, clover, wheat, corn

No

CABICPC, ISFRPLD, EPPO, DITYDE-1

Seed is not know to be a pathway.

CABICPC, ISFRPLD, EPPO, DITYDE-1