capsicum annuum
pepper
64 Related Pests
Tobacco streak virus
virus
Annulus orae, Asparagus stunt virus, Black raspberry latent ilarvirus, Datura quercina virus, New logan virus, Micotiana virus 8, Nicotiana virus vulaerans, Tobacoo streak ilarvirus, Tracttus orea
Worldwide
CA, CO, FL ID IA, KT, MA, MI, MN, NC, OH, OK, OR, PA, WA, WI
Korea, Thailand
2022-11-04
Requires thrips to transmit from plant to plant.
Extensive host range includes many weeds, fruit and ornamental plant species. Over 70 species reported as hosts. The vegetables and agronomic crops listed below are important hosts of Tobacco streak virus
No
TSV000-1,TSV000-8,
Seed as a pathway is not known to occur.
TSV000-1,TSV000-8,
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis
bacterium
Aplanobacter michiganensis, Bacterium michiganense Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. Michiganensis, Corynebacterium michiganense, Corynebacterium michiganense pv. Michiganense, Corynebacterium michiganense subsp. Michiganense, Erwinia michiganensis Mycobacterium michiganense, Phytomonas michiganensis, Pseudomonas michiganense, Pseudomonas michiganensis
Worldwide
Widespread
Cambodia, China, Mexico, South Korea, Thailand, Vietnam
2024-07-23
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis is a significant seed-transmitted pathogen primarily affecting solanaceous crops like tomatoes.
Tomato, pepper, and wild species of Solanum have been reported as hosts.
uncertain
CORBMI-2,ISF RPLD
Pepper has potential to host the bacterium, but it is commonly observed in pepper seed production. Experiments done with artificially inoculated fruit, no data on naturally infected seeds.
CORBMI-2,ISF RPLD
Routine seed health for seed borne Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis commonly on tomato seed only. Seedwash, Liquid plating, Serology, PCR used for tomato have been adapted to pepper seed. Tests have not been verified on pepper seed.
Tomato black ring virus
virus
Lettuce Ringspot Virus, Bean Ringspot Virus, Beet Ringspot Virus, Celery Yellow Vein Virus, Lettuce Ringspot Virus,Potato Bouquet Virus, Potato Pseudo-Aucuba Virus,Tomato Black Ring Nepovirus
India, Japan, Turkey, throughout Europe
Not known to occur
China, Korea, Mexico, Thailand
2022-11-03
Wide host range reported. Requires the Dagger nematode to transmit this virus
Wide host range, however many are experimental only. Important crops listed below.
No
RICH ISTA,ISF RPLD,
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Older literature (TBRV00-2, TBRV00-3) lists seed as a possible pathway, but no evidence of seed transmission was presented for this host.
RICH ISTA,ISF RPLD,
Pepper mild mottle virus
virus
Bell pepper mottle virus, Capsicum mosaic virus, Pepper mild mosaic virus, Pepper mild tigre virus, Pepper mosaic virus, Samsun laten strain of tobacco mosaic virus tobamovirus
Worldwide
Widespread, primarily found in the Southeast US.
2022-05-24
Only pepper in nature.
Yes
PMMOV0-1,PMMOV0-4,DVP WEB,
Seed transmission of this virus in pepper seed is established and accepted. Seed health testing is routine in the seed industry.
Bioassay with a ELISA prescreen
PMMOV0-1,PMMOV0-4,DVP WEB,
Bioassay, ELISA
PMMOV0-4,NSHS USDA,
Bioassay and ELISA prescreen is the standard method (B) of the NSHS
Pepper mild mottle virus can be substantially eliminated from seed coats by soaking seeds in 4.2% sodium hypochlorite for 15 min or in 10% trisodium phosphate for 30 min, or by dry-heating seed for 72 h at 70°C
PMMOV0-1,PMMOV0-2,
Pepper Mild Mottle Virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org. Nyon Switzerkand
United Stated Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Protection Service National Seed Health System (USDA-APHIS NSHS) www.seedhealth.org
Demski, 1981.Tobacco Mosaic Virus Is Seedborne in Pimiento Peppers. Plant Disease. 65: 723-724
Alfalfa mosaic virus
virus
Alfalfa virus 1 and 2, Lucerne mosaic virus, Marmor medicaginis, Potato calico virus, Tomato necrotic tip curl, Alfalfa yellow spot
Worldwide
Widespread
Sudan, Mexico
2022-09-13
Wide host range
No
AMV000-4,AMV000-6,
Pathway not proven. Seed transmission only reported in C. frutesens, during "normal production". Data is very old and has not been verified. No reports of seed being a pathway in C. annuum.
AMV000-4,AMV000-6,
AMV000-4,
Healthy seed production important in control.
Candidatus liberibacter solanacearum
phytoplasma
Liberibacter psyllaurous, Liberibacter solancearum, Candidatus Liberibacter psyllaurous, psyllid yellows, zebra complex
Canada, Mexico, Central America, Northern Europe, New Zealand, Honduras, Mexico, Finland, Sweden, Norway, France, Spain, Canary Islands.
TX, NB, CO, KS, WY, NM, AZ, NV, CA, ID, OR, MT, ND, UT, WA
China, Thailand, Korea
2021-11-15
Primarily found in potatoes and tomatos in US, Not known to occur in carrots, peppers or celery in the US.
potato, tomato, pepper, tobacco, eggplant, other solanaceus weeds Reported on carrot, celery.
No
LIBEPS-1,LIBEPS-2,
This bacterium requires the Bactericera trigonica or Trioza apicalis psyllid for transmision. There is no evidence that seed is a pathway.
LIBEPS-1,LIBEPS-2,
Pseudomonas syringae pv aptata
bacterium
Bacterium aptatum, Chlorobacter aptatus, Phytomonas aptata, Pseudomonas aptata
Asia: Georgia, India, Iran, Japan, North Korea, South Korea; Europe: Hungary, Italy, Russia, Serbia, UK; North America: USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand.
CA, GA, ME, OH, OR, PA, UT, VA, WA
China
2024-09-09
Pseudomonas syringae pv. aptata is spread through rain and irrigation. During cultivation it can be transmitted by workers and tools. It is not known to be seedborne.
Main: sugarbeet, pepper, cucumber, sunflower, lettuce, common bean, eggplant, nasturtium, faba bean, cowpea. Other: melon.
No
PSDMPT-9,
Not a host. Pepper as a host has been established by artificial inoculation only. No evidence of natural infections.
PSDMPT-9,
Ark and Leach, 1946. Seed Transmission of Bacterial Leaf Blight of Sugar Beet. Phytopathology 36: 549-553
Rhodococcus fascians
bacterium
Corynebacterium fascians, Bacterium fascians, Phytomonas fascians, Pseudobacterium fascians, Rhodococcus rubropertinctus
Europe, North America, Central America, Australia, New Zealand, Iran, Russia, Egypt, Colombia
Widespread
Brazil, Thailand
2023-08-21
Though found in many US states, the pathogen is usually restricted and localized. Probably Worldwide, though not reported. Disease outbreaks are sporadic and usually related to poor sanitation. Bulbs, floral and greenhouse crops most susceptible to disease outbreaks. No reports of seed as a pathway in vegetables and agronomic crops.
Primarily a pest of ornamentals, woody ornamentals and floowers. Vegetables and agronomic crops reported susceptible to the bacterium are listed below. Transmits primarily through propagation.
No
CORBFA-2,CORBFA-3,
Though mentioned as a host, no original reference exists. and infection is uncommon. No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
CORBFA-2,CORBFA-3,
Candidatus phytoplasma asteris
phytoplasma
Worldwide
Widespread
2021-11-15
AY phytoplasmas are not seed transmissable and seed is not a pathway in any host.
Wide host range, primarily herbaceous dicots, though strains infect monocots and woody ornamentals
No
PHY01-1,PHY01-2
Seed is not a pathway for AY phytoplasmas
PHY01-1,PHY01-2
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato
bacterium
Bacterium tomato, Pseudomonas tomato
Worldwide
Wide spread
China, Korea, Thailand
2021-04-26
tomato
No
PSDMTM-4,PSDMTM-2,
Not a host. No evidence found indicating pepper is a host in nature. Only a host by artificial inoculation.
PSDMTM-4,PSDMTM-2,
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Bashan, Y., and I. Assouline. 1983. Complementary bacterial enrichment techniques for the detection ofPseudomonas syringae pv. tomato andXanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria in infested tomato and pepper seeds. Phytoparasitica 11: 187-193.
Ralstonia solanacearum
bacterium
Too many to list, see CABI CPC for a complete list
Worldwide
Widespread
China
2022-08-30
Most important economic crop is potato. Host range is extremely wide.
No
RLSTSO-1,RLSTSO-2,RLSTSO-6,
Pathway not proven. Pepper is not considered to be an important host of the pathogen. Only artificially inoculated seeds in research were shown to induce disease symptoms. There is no evidence that seed is a pathway in nature.
RLSTSO-1,RLSTSO-2,RLSTSO-6,
Ralstonia solanacearum In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Moffett ML, Wood BA, Hayward AC, 1981. Seed and soil: sources of inoculum for the colonisation of the foliage of solanaceous hosts by Pseudomonas solanacearum. Annals of Applied Biology, 98:403-411
Colletotrichum capsici
fungus
Vermicularia capsici
Worldwide, primarily in tropical production
Southeast US.
Chile, Mexico
2022-02-08
Farr and Rossman, 2015 considers this Colletotrichum species an anamporh of Colletotrichum truncatum.
pepper, tomato, eggplant, Chinese cabbage, bitter gourd
Yes
COLLCA-2,COLLCA-10,
Seed as a pathway has been established and accepted. Seed may be infected only when fruit is infected.
COLLCA-2,COLLCA-10,
Blotter incubation
COLLCA-1,COLLCA-10,COLLCA-9,
Test has not been verified or standardized
Seed treatments; captan and thiram, carboxin +thiram
COLLCA-1,COLLCA-10,COLLCA-3,COLLCA-5,
Avoiding infected fruit during harvest, cleaning and sanitization of pepper seed to reduce the potential for this pest being associated with the seed.
Singh K, Vishunavat K, Tewari G, 2009. Detection, transmission and management of seed-borne inoculum of anthracnose (Colletotrichum capsici) in chilli. Seed Research, 37:143-146.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org. Nyon Switzerland List
Colletotrichum capsici In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Vinaya Hemannavar, Rao MSL, Yashoda Hegde, Mohankumar HD, 2009. Status of seed borne incidence of anthracnose of chilli in northern Karnataka and evaluation of seed health testing methods for the detection of Colletotrichum capsici. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 22(4):807-809.
Mesta RK,Kulkarni VR, Rao MSL, 2007. Studies on seed borne nature of Colletotrichum capsici causing seedling blight and its control through chemicals. International Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 3:35-38.
Rahman DMM, Khan AA, Mian IH, 2005. Control of seed borne fungi of chilli by seed treatment with fungicides and botanicals. Bangladesh Journal of Plant Pathology, 21:63-66.
Colletotrichum acutatum
fungus
Glomerella acutata
Worldwide
Widespread
Chile, Mexico
2022-02-08
Colletotrichum acutatum has not been considered to be a quarantine pest by EPPO or any other regional plant protection organization. This pathogen has been reported in Mexico. Seed is not known to be a pathway.
Reported in many hosts including pepper, celery and common bean, but economically important in only strawberries
No
COLLAC-1,COLLAC-2,
Not an important host of this pathogen. Seed is not considered a pathway in any host.
COLLAC-1,COLLAC-2,
Colletotrichum truncatum
fungus
Colletotrichum dematium f. sp.truncatum, Vermicularia truncata
Worldwide
Widespread
Chile, Mexico
2022-11-11
A possible anamporh of Colletotrichum capsici (ARS GRIN)
soybean, pepper, tomato, bean, pea and a broad range of weed species
No
COLLDU-7,COLLDU-9,
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Only one reference found indicating pepper may be a host (COLLDU-9), but this paper indicated that C. capsici was used in the research, though it was referred to C. truncatum but it was not the C. truncatum that attacks soybean.
COLLDU-7,COLLDU-9,
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Ranathunge, N.P., Mongkolporn, O., Ford, R. and Taylor, P.W.J., 2012. Colletotrichum truncatum pathosystem on Capsicum spp: infection, colonization and defence mechanisms. Australasian Plant Pathology, 41: 463-473
Didymella lycopersici
fungus
Ascochyta lycopersici, Diplodina lycopersici, Phoma lycopersici, Sphaeronaema lycopersici,
Worldwide
AK, DE, FL, NJ, NC, OR, VA, WI
China, Korea, Thailand
2022-11-22
peppers, tomato, eggplant
No
DIDYLY-8,ISF RPLD,
Pathway not proven. Detected in seed coats and endosperm from one cultivar in only one research paper. Research was primarily done in the laboratory or greenhouse. No other references or research found to verify if this pathogen is seed borne in pepper.
DIDYLY-8,ISF RPLD,
Khulbe RD, Dhyani AP, Sati MC, 1991. Seed-borne Didymella lycopersici and Diaporthe phaseolorum: their location in seed, transmission and pathogenic importance in red pepper and bell pepper. Indian Phytopathology, 44:480-486
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Verticillium albo-atrum
fungus
Verticillium albo-atrum var. caespitosum, Verticillium albo-atrum var. tuberosum
Worldwide, primarily in cool temperate climates and in potato producing areas
Widespread, especially in northern states
China, Thailand
2022-11-11
Many reports of Verticillium albo-atrum in crops reported prior to 1970 may have actually been Verticillium dahlia. Only lucerne, potatoes, tomatoes and hops are considered important hosts. This pathogen has been reported in China
Wide host range. An important pathogen of potatoes.
No
VERTAA-2,VERTAA-9,
Only one reference found indicating pepper is attacked by this fungus. No evidence that seed is a pathway for this crop. Verticillium dahlia is the primary pathogen for verticillium wilt in pepper.
VERTAA-2,VERTAA-9,
Verticillium dahliae
fungus
Verticillium ovatum, Verticillium trachiephilum
Worldwide
Widespread
China
2022-11-11
Prevalent in China
Wide host range (ornamentals, vegetables, agronomic). Isolated from some small grains but not pathogenic on small grains
No
VERTDA-16,VERTDA-26,
No references found indicating seed as a pathway for Verticillium dahliae in pepper.
VERTDA-16,VERTDA-26,
Peronospora hyoscyami f.sp. tabacina
fungus
Peronospora effusa var. hyoscyami, Peronospora hyoscyami, Peronospora nicotianae, Peronospora tabacina
Worldwide
Widespread
China
2024-10-13
Peronospora hyoscyami f.sp. tabacina is spread via airborne spores. Seed is not a known pathway.
Main: tobacco; Other: pepper, eggplant
No
CABI CPC,ISF RPLD,RICH ISTA,PEROTA-1,PEROTA-2
Seed is not a know pathway.
CABI CPC,ISF RPLD,RICH ISTA,PEROTA-1,PEROTA-2
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Richardson, MJ. 1990. An Annotated List of Seedborne Diseases. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich Switzerland.
BORRÁS‐HIDALGO, O. R. L. A. N. D. O., Thomma, B. P., Silva, Y., Chacon, O., & Pujol, M. (2010). Tobacco blue mould disease caused by Peronospora hyoscyami f. sp. tabacina. Molecular plant pathology, 11(1), 13-18.
Aylor, D. E. (2003). Spread of plant disease on a continental scale: role of aerial dispersal of pathogens. Ecology, 84(8), 1989-1997.
Moniliophthora perniciosa
fungus
Crinipellis perniciosa
South and Central America, Caribbean
Not known to occur
China
2022-12-01
Cacoa only in nature. S-biotype has infected tomato and pepper in laboratory settings.
No
MONIPE-2,
A biotype of this pathogen (S-biotype) found in wild species of solanum in Brazil has caused disease in tomato and pepper when artificially inoculated in the greenhouse. This pathogen, however, is not known to infect tomato or pepper under natural cultivation.
MONIPE-2,
Marelli, J.P., Maximova, S.N., Gramacho, K.P., Kang, S. and Guiltinan, M.J., 2009. Infection biology of Moniliophthora perniciosa on Theobroma cacao and alternate solanaceous hosts. Tropical Plant Biology, 2:149-160.
Tobacco ringspot virus
virus
Anemone necrosis virus, Annulus tabaci, Blueberry necrotic ringspot virus, Nicotiana virus 12, Soybean bud blight virus, Tobacco Brazilian streak virus, Tobacco ringspot nepovirus, Tobacco ringspot virus No. 1
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea, China
2022-09-22
Nepovirus. Requires the Xiphinema americanum nematode for transmission. This pest has been reported to be in Korea.
Extensive host range includes many weed, fruit and ornamental plant species. The vegetables and agronomic crops listed below are important
No
TORSXX-5,TORSXX-2,
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
TORSXX-5,TORSXX-2,
Eggplant mottled dwarf virus
virus
Tomato vein yellowing virus, Eggplant mottled dwarf nucleorhabdovirus, Hibiscus vein yellowing virus, Pelargonium vein clearing virus, Pittosporum vein clearing virus, Pittosporum vein yellowing virus, Tomato vein clearing virus
North Africa, Afghanistan, Iran, Israel, Europe, Australia and Japan
Not known to occur
Mexico, Korea
2023-08-21
This virus is not known to be seed borne (CABI CPC)
Primarily eggplant. Other solanacious and cucurbit crops, and ornamentals that are propagated have been reported as minor hosts.
No
EMDV00-1,
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
EMDV00-1,
Eggplant mottled dwarf virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Broad bean wilt virus
virus
Broad bean wilt fabavirus, Catalpa chlorotic leaf spot virus, Nasturtium ringspot virus, Nasturtium white spot virus, Pea streak virus, Patchouli mild mosaic virus, Patchouli mild mottle virus, Petunia ringspot virus, Tropaeolum ringspot virus, Plantago II virus
Africa: Egypt, Ethiopia, Morocco, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Tunisia; Asia: Bangladesh, China, India, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Jordan, North Korea, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Syria, Taiwan, Turkey; Europe: Bulgaria, Czechia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, United Kingdom; North America, USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand; South America: Argentina.
FL, MN, NY, OH, SC, VT, WI
Mexico
2024-09-03
Broad bean wilt virus has only shown possible seed transmission in faba beans through artificial inoculation. It is not known to be common in nature. The virus is transmissible by sap inoculation and by several aphid species in the non-persistent.
Broad bean wilt virus has been reported in natural infections of 180 species of 41 plant families and thus has a very extensive natural host range. Main host families are: Apiaceae, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, and Solanaceae.
No
CABI CPC,ISF RPLD,DPV WEB
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
CABI CPC,ISF RPLD,DPV WEB
Tomato ringspot virus
virus
blackberry (Himalaya) mosaic virus, Euonymus chlorotic ringspot virus, Euonymus ringspot virus, grape yellow vein virus, grapevine yellow vein virus, Nicotiana 13 virus, peach stem pitting virus, prune brown line virus, Prunus stem pitting virus, red currant mosaic virus, tobacco ringspot virus 2, tomato ringspot nepovirus, ToRSV, winter peach mosaic virus
Africa: Egypt, Nigeria, Togo; Asia: China, India, Iran, Japan, Jodan, Lebanon, Oman, Pakistan, South Korea, Taiwan, Turkey; Europe: Belarus, Croatia, France, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, UK; North America: Canada, Puerto Rico, USA; Oceania: Fiji, New Zealand; South America: Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela.
Widespread
Korea, Mexico, Thailand
2022-11-07
Natural spread is confined to areas where there are moderate to high populations of nematode vectors belonging to the genus Xiphinema. Requires the nematode to spread. Seed transmission only shown in strawberry and raspberry in nature.
Wide host range, primarily ornamentals and fruit trees and berries. Vegetable crops infected are listed below. Not known to infect grains and grasses
No
TORSV0-4,TORSV0-5,
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
TORSV0-4,TORSV0-5,
Tobacco mosaic virus
virus
TMV U1, type, Vulgare or Common strain
tobacco mosaic tobamovirus,
VMT (Virus mosaique de tabac)
Worldwide
Widespread
Mexico
2023-08-21
Broad host range. Cultivated species listed below.
Yes
TMV000-5,TMV000-11,
Seed as a pathway well documented and accepted in this crop. Only known to occur in the seed coat.
Bioassay is the standard method of the NSHS. ELISA is commonly used as a pre-screen.
TMV000-5,TMV000-11,
Bioassay, ELISA
TMV000-4,TMV000-10,TMV000-13,
Bioassay is the standard of the NSHS
Seed disinfection,Trisodium orthophosphate followed by sodium hypochlorite treatment; HCl soaks
TMV000-5,TMV000-8,
Clean seed programs and the use certified Tobacco mosaic virus free seed
Demski, JW, 1981 Tobacco mosaic virus is seedborne in pimiento pepper. Plant Disease 65:723-724.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org
Cicek Y, Yorganci U, 1991. Studies on the incidence of tobacco mosaic virus on certified seed of tomato, pepper and eggplant in Aegean region. Journal of Turkish Phytopathology, 20:57-68
Tobamovirus Seed Health Method So 5.1. 2015. The National Seed Health System, www.seedhealth.org"
International Seed Federation, Seed Health Initiative for Vegetables. 2017. https://seedhealth.org/files/2020/10/Pepper_Tobamo_Jan_2007-ISF.pdf
Alekseev RV, Shcherbinin BM, Tokareva NN, 1975. Control of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in tomato seed crops. Sb. Nauch. Tr. VNII Oroshaem. Ovoshchevodstva i Bakhchevodstva, No.3/4:82-87
Tomato bushy stunt virus
virus
tomato bushy stunt tombusvirus
Africa: Morocco, Tunisia; Asia: Japan, Pakistan, Singapore, South Korea; Europe: Austria, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Czechia, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Spain, United Kingdom; North America; Canada, Mexico, USA; South America; Argentina, Peru, Suriname
CA, CO
Mexico, Thailand, Korea
2024-08-05
Tomato bushy stunt virus, a Tombusvirus, affects vegetables, fruit trees, and ornamentals. It can cause stunting, bushy growth patterns, chlorotic spots, leaf crinkling, necrosis, and deformation of fruits and leaves. TBSV has no known insect vectors. It can spread through infected tissue, mechanically through contaminated equipment, through soil, root wounds, and water.
Main: Capsicum annuum, Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum melongena.
No
TBSV00-3,TBSV00-4,TBSV00-5
Occasionally listed as transmitted by pepper seed (TBSV00-4), but no data or references to support seed transmission were found.
TBSV00-3,TBSV00-4,TBSV00-5
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. http://www.worldseed.org, Nyon, Switzerland
Edwardson, JR and Christie, RG. 1997. Viruses infecting Peppers and Other Solanaceous Crops. Vol II. Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Florida, Gainesville.FL
Richardson, MJ., 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Diseases. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich Switzerland
Potato virus Y
virus
brinjal mosaic virus, datura 437 virus, Marmor upsilon, potato acropetal necrosis virus, potato severe mosaic virus, potato virus 20, potato Y potyvirus, Solanum virus 2, Tabakrippenbraune Virus, tobacco vein banding, mosaic virus, tobacco veinal necrosis virus, tobacco vein-banding virus
Worldwide
Widespread
Mexico
2024-02-16
PVY is transmitted in a non-persistent manner by more than 50 aphid species. (CABI) PVY is not known to be seed borne in any host, including true potato seed. PVY is best controlled by the production, propagation and distribution of elite virus-free planting stocks, nucleus stocks of which are maintained under stringent conditions to prevent infection.
Primarily potato. Reported in tomato and pepper.
No
PVY000-3,PVY000-7,
No evidence that seed is a pathway
PVY000-3,PVY000-7,
Edwardson JR, Christie RG, 1997. Viruses infecting peppers and other solanaceous crops. Volume 1, 336 pp.; Agricultural Experiment Station University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
Anderson CW, 1959. A study of field sources of and spread of five viruses of peppers in central Florida. Phytopathology, 49: 97-101.
Tomato spotted wilt virus
virus
Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus, Tomato spotted wilt virus group
Worldwide
Widespread
2023-08-21
Seed is not a pathway for Tospoviruses, including Tomato spotted wilt virus
Wide host range. Over 800 plant species are known hosts. Primarily ornamentals,flowers. No evidence that small grains or corn are hosts.
No
TSWV00-1,TSWV00-2,TSWV00-3
Seed is not a pathway for Tospoviruses, including Tomato spotted wilt virus.
TSWV00-1,TSWV00-2,TSWV00-3
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org
Kormelink R. 2005. Tomato spotted wilt virus Datasheet 412. Description of Plant Viruses Online. 2016. www.dpvweb.net.
Tomato apical stunt viroid
viroid
TASVd, Tomato apical stunt pospiviroid
Austria, Croatia, France, Germany, Italy, Finland, Netherlands , Israel, Poland, Slovenia, Côte d'Ivoire, Senegal, Tunisia, Indonesia
Not known to occur
Korea, Thailand
2022-09-13
Symptoms are often not present in infected plants
Very limited. tomato, pepper and a few other solanaceous plants.
No
TASVd0-8,
Pathway not proven. Only one report of pepper being a host. RNA from viroid found on seed, no evidence of seed transmission.
TASVd0-8,
Verhoeven, J. Th. J., Koenraadt, H. M. S., Westenberg, M., Roenhorst, J. W., 2017. Characterization of tomato apical stunt viroid isolated from a 24-year old seed lot of Capsicum annuum., Virology162: 1741-1744.
Chilli leaf curl virus
virus
Chilli leaf curl, Sri Lanka virus
Sri Lanka
Not known to occur
Korea
2021-11-22
Whitefly transmitted virus, phloem limited, seed is not known to be a pathway.
bell pepper
No
CHILCU-2,
Begomoviruses are phloem limited and therefore not known to be seed transmitted. Whitefly transmitted begomovirus.
CHILCU-2,
Zehra, S.B., Ahmad, A., Sharma, A., Sofi, S., Lateef, A., Bashir, Z., Husain, M. and Rathore, J.P., 2017. Chilli Leaf Curl Virus an Emerging Threat to Chilli in India, Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5(5): 404-414
Chilli veinal mottle virus
virus
Chilli veinal mottle potyvirus, Chilli vein-banding mottle virus
Asia, Tanzania, New Guinea
Not known to occur
Korea
2022-01-19
Primarily mechanically transmitted
pepper, tobacco
No
CHIVMV-1,CHIVMV-2,CHIVMV-3,
Seed is not known to be a pathway. Primarily mechanically or aphid transmitted.
CHIVMV-1,CHIVMV-2,CHIVMV-3,
Chilli veinal mottle virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Ong CA, Varghese G, Ting WP, 1979. Aetiological investigations on a veinal mottle virus of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) newly recorded from Peninsular Malaysia. MARDI Research Bulletin, 7:78-88.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org
Tomato chlorosis virus
virus
Worldwide
CA, CO, CN, FL, GA, LA, NY, VA
Korea
2021-08-26
Whitefly transmitted. Phloem limited Crinivirus. Crinivirus' are not known to be seed transmitted. Not to be confused with Tomato infectious chlorosis virus, a closely related Crinivirus.
tomato, pepper
No
TOCV00-1,
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Criniviruses, like all Closteroviridae are not known to be seed borne or transmitted. Only one reference found indicting pepper is a host for this virus.
TOCV00-1,
Tomato chlorosis virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Tobacco etch virus
virus
Tobacco etch potyvirus,Tobacco severe etch potyvirus,Tomato etch potyvirus, Tomato etch virus
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-09-13
No evidence that Tobacco etch virus is seed borne
pepper, tomato, tobacco
No
TEV00-1,DVP WEB,
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
TEV00-1,DVP WEB,
Beet curly top virus
virus
Beet curly top geminivirus, beet curly top hybrigeminivirus, potato green dwarf virus, sugarbeet curly top virus, sugarbeet curly-leaf virus, sugarbeet virus 1, tomato yellow virus, tomato yellows virus, western yellow blight virus
Africa: Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt; Asia: India, Iran, Japan, Turkey; Europe: Cyprus, Italy; North America: Canada, Costa Rica, Mexico, USA; South America: Argentina, Bolivia, Uruguay.
Widespread
Korea
2024-06-19
BCTV is spread locally by insect vectors and internationally through infected host material or vectors. It is not known to be a seed transmitted virus in any host. It is More common in the western US where vectors are more common.
celery, table beet, sugarbeet, pepper, cucumber, cucurbits, common bean, tomato, cowpeas
No
BCTV00-5,CABI CPC
Seed is not known to be a pathway in any host of Beet curly top virus
BCTV00-5,CABI CPC
Phoma destructiva
fungus
Phoma destructiva var, destructiva, Diplodina destructiva, Phyllosticta lycopersic, Remotididymella destructiva
Worldwide, primarily in tropic environments
Widespread in southeast US
2022-05-26
Though worldwide, not commonly reported.
tomato, pepper
No
PHOMDE-5,RICH ISTA,ARS GRIN,
Pathway not proven. Though these references indicate that seed may be a pathway, no evidence was cited or data presented. No other references were found indicating seed is a pathway.
PHOMDE-5,RICH ISTA,ARS GRIN,
Boerema, G.H., De Gruyter, J., Noordeloos, M.E., and Hamers, M.E.C. 2004. Phoma identification manual: differentiation of specific and infra-specific taxa in culture. CABI Publishing,Wallingford, UK 470 pages.
Richardson, MJ. 1990. An Annotated List of Seedborne Diseases. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich Switzerland.
Farr, DF and Rossman AY 2015. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/
Impatiens necrotic spot virus
virus
Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus, Impatiens strain
Africa: Egypt, Uganda; Asia: China, Iran, Japan, South Korea; Europe: Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Czechia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Gurnsey, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Poland, Portugal, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, UK; North America: Canada, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama, USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand; South America: Chile, Colombia.
Widespread
Korea
2024-09-07
The virus is closely related to Tomato spotted wilt virus and a member of the Tospovirus group of viruses which are thrip transmitted. Seed transmission is unlikely and not reported for any host.
Wide host range. Main: Impatiens. Other: many ornamentals and vegetables.
No
INSV00-2,CABI CPC
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
INSV00-2,CABI CPC
Difficult to control. Field control must consider the virus and the vector for success.
Tobacco rattle virus
virus
Aster ringspot virus, belladonna mosaic virus, paeony mosaic virus, paeony ringspot virus, peony mosaic virus, peony ringspot virus, potato corky ringspot virus, potato stem mottle virus, ratel virus, spinach yellow mottle virus, Tabakmauche Virus, Tabakstreifen und Kra, tobacco rattle tobravirus, tulip white streak virus
Worldwide
AK, CA, CO, FL, ID, IL, IN, MA, MI, MN, NE, NC, ND, OH, OR, PA, UT, WA, WI
Korea
2024-09-08
Tobacco Rattle Virus is soil-borne and transmitted between plants by the nematode species Trichodorus and Paratrichodorus. Seed is only known to be a pathway in some weed species.
TRV occurs on numerous crops in many countries and has been detected on over 100 mono- and dicotyledonous plant species.
No
CABI CPC,ISF RPLD,RICH ISTA
Pepper is a known host of Tobacco rattle virus. No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
CABI CPC,ISF RPLD,RICH ISTA
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Richardson, MJ. 1990. An Annotated List of Seedborne Diseases. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich Switzerland.
Dickeya paradisiaca
bacterium
Brenneria paradisiaca, Erwinia carotovora var. paradisiaca, Erwinia chrysanthemi, Erwinia chrysanthemi pv. paradisiaca, Erwinia musae, Erwinia paradisiaca.
Asia: India; North America: Cuba, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Panama; Oceania: Papua New Guinea; South America: Colombia, Venezuela.
Not known to occur
Thailand
2024-09-11
Primarily a pathogen of banana.
Main: banana, pepper, corn, begonia, and several tropical plants
No
RICH ISTA,
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
RICH ISTA,
Richardson, MJ. 1990. An Annotated List of Seedborne Diseases. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich Switzerland.
Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae
bacterium
Many
Worldwide
Widespread
Thailand, China, Korea
2022-12-01
Seed is known to be a pathway on several crops. Thailand lists this pathogen as prohibited on corn. China lists this pathogen (Pseudomonas oryzicola) as prohibited on rice.
Wide host range. Important vegetable and agronomic crops listed below.
No
PSDMSY-2,PSDMSY-3,PSDMSY-16,
No evidence that pepper seed is a pathway for this bacterium. Seed pathway has been speculated (PSDMSY-16) but no data was presented.
PSDMSY-2,PSDMSY-3,PSDMSY-16,
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon, Switzerland
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Buonarurio, R. and Scortichini, M. (1994). Pseudomonas syringae pv syringae on pepper seedlings in Italy. Plant Pathology, 43:216–219.
Pseudocochliobolus pallescens
fungus
Cochliobolus pallescens, Curvularia leonensis, Curvularia pallescens
Africa, Southeast Asia, Caribbean, South America, Pakistan, Australia, Denmark, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Togo, Canada, Mexico
DC, IA
Korea
2023-08-21
pepper, corn, bean, fava bean, wheat , rice, sorghum, sugarcane, soybean, potato, buckwheat,
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway
Pythium vexans
fungus
Pythium complectens, Phytopythium vexans, Pythium allantocladon, Pythium ascophallon, Pythium piperinum, Ovatisporangium vexans, Pythium euthyphyphon, Pythium polycladon
Africa, Asia, Europe, Guatemala, Caribbean, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, Chile, South Korea, New Zealand, Canada
HI, OK, CA, NC, MD, VA, DE, PA, NJ, WA, TN, LA, WI, IA
Korea
2023-08-21
Primarily affecting seedlings and roots and is transmitted mainly through infested soil. Seed is not known to be a pathway for any host. Zoospores of this fungus can swim in open water for a short distance. This pathogen has been reported in S. Korea. Korea lists this pathogen as Phytopythium vexans
Wide host range
No
PYTHVE-1,PYTHVE-3,
Seed is not known to be a pathway for any host.
PYTHVE-1,PYTHVE-3,
Pepper chat fruit viroid
viroid
PCFVd
Thailand, Canada
Not known to occur
Korea
2022-12-01
pepper, tomato
No
PCFVd0-2,PCFVd0-5,
Pathway not proven. Seed transmission demonstrated with artificially inoculated plants only and only the viroid's nucleotide sequence was detected. No references found indicating seed may be a pathway in nature.
RT-PCR is the NSHS Standard Method (So 6.1)
PCFVd0-2,PCFVd0-5,
RT-PCR
PCFVd0-2,
Seed assays are commercially available. RT-PCR is the standard method of the NSHS.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org
Verhoeven JTJ; Jansen CCC; Roenhorst JW; Flores R; Peña Mde la, 2009. Pepper chat fruit viroid: biological and molecular properties of a proposed new species of the genus Pospiviroid. Virus Research, 144:209-214.
Tobacco leaf curl virus
virus
Tobacco cabbaging virus, Tobacco curly leaf virus, Tobacco frenching virus, Tobacco leaf curl begomovirus, Tobacco leaf curl bigeminivirus, Tobacco leaf curl geminivirus, Tobacco leaf curl virus 1, Tomato yellow dwarf virus
Africa, Asia, Denmark, Romania, Spain, Switzerland, Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Colombia, Venezuela
KY
Korea
2021-04-22
Seed is not known to be a pathway for this virus.
tobacco, pepper, tomato, spinach
No
TLCV-2,
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
TLCV-2,
Osaki, T and Inouye, T, 1981. Tobacco leaf curl virus. Datasheet 232. Description of Plant Viruses; www.dvpweb.net.
Tomato torrado virus
virus
Morocco, South Africa, Italy, Hungary, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Panama, Australia, Colombia
Not known to occur
Korea, Thailand
2021-05-18
Whitefly transmitted virus
pepper, tomato, eggplant
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway for this virus.
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus
virus
Tomato yellow leaf curl begomovirus, Tomato leaf curl bigeminivirus, Tomato leaf curl geminivirus, Tomato leaf curl Oman virus, Tomato yellow leaf curl Gezira virus, TYLCV
Worldwide
Southern states
Korea
2022-12-01
Several strains of Tomato yellow curl virus are known. Strains tend to be isolated to certain regions of the world. Whitefly transmitted geminivirus. Geminiviruses are usually not seed transmitted.
tomato, pepper
No
TYLCV0-2,TYLCV0-3,ISF RPLD,
Pathway not proven. There are no reports of seed transmission of this virus in nature. Only one reference found indicating that seed may be a pathway using artificial inoculation in the laboratory with an experimental clone of the virus.
TYLCV0-2,TYLCV0-3,ISF RPLD,
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Czosnek H., 1999. Tobacco leaf curl virus. Datasheet 368. Description of Plant Viruses; www.dvpweb.net.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Pelargonium zonate spot virus
virus
Israel, Italy, France, Spain, Australia, Argentina
CA
Korea, Thailand
2022-12-01
Tomato, sunflower, pepper, pelargonium in nature. Others by artificial inoculation.
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
Columnea latent viroid
viroid
CLVd, Columnea latent pospiviroid
Mali, Thailand, Germany, France, Italy, Netherlands, Costa Rica, Canada
MD
Korea, Thailand
2022-11-11
A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed CLVd00-2)
tomato
No
CLVd00-2,
Pepper was reported as a symptomless host only when inoculated under experimental conditions. No references found indicating pepper as a host of Columnea latent viroid under natural conditions. Tomato is a known host.
CLVd00-2,
NAKT NL,
Though not confirmed as a host, commercial testing is available using the NAKT NL protocol
Pseudomonas corrugata
bacterium
None
Worldwide
CA, FL, MA, LA, NC, OH, WA
Thailand
2021-04-26
tomato, pepper
No
PSDMCR-1,PSDMCR-2,
Pepper is a limited host and is usually infected when by infected tomatoes. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for Pseudomonas corrugata in pepper. Seed pathway may be inferred since seed is a pathway in tomato.
PSDMCR-1,PSDMCR-2,
Tomato brown rugose fruit virus
virus
China, Israel, Turkey, Jordan, Europe, Mexico
CA
Thailand, China, Mexico, Chile, Brazil
2023-03-15
The virus has been eradicated from CA. Localized detections have been recorded in the US, but states have not been identified. It is fairly localized and has been eradicated in many countries in Europe, also.
tomato, pepper
No
TOBRFV-1,TOBRFV-11,
Pathway not proven. Seed transmission of TOBRFV in pepper seed has not been proven. Though seed detection of this tobamovirus in pepper seed has occurred and seed is a known pathway in tomato, there are no reports of ToBRFV being seed transmitted in pepper nor was any research found.
NSHS RT-PCR (TOBRFV-3)
TOBRFV-1,TOBRFV-11,
ELISA and bioassay, RT-PCR
TOBRFV-3,TOBRFV-4,TOBRFV-5,
The ISTA method is described to detect infectious tobamovirus (including Tomato brown rugose fruit virus) in tomato seed using a bioassay. NSHS utilizes this method. NSHS has recently adopted a RT-PCR method.
Chemical (seed disinfection)
TOBRFV-8,
No references found indicating a seed treatment specifically effective against Tomato brown rugose fruit virus in pepper. Seed disinfection for other tobamoviruses has been described.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org
OEPP/EPPO Bulletin., 2020. Tomato brown rugose fruit virus. Vol. 50. pp. 529-534
Tobamovirus Seed Health Method S. 5.1 2020. The National Seed Health System, www.seedhealth.org
International Rules for Seed Testing. Annexe to Chapter 7: Seed Health Testing Methods. 2020.
7-028: ver 1.2 Detection of infectious tobamoviruses on Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) by the local
lesion assay (indexing) on Nicotiana tabacum plants.
Naktuinbouw 2019. Laboratory analysis on Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV). (https://www.naktuinbouw.com)
Demski, J.W. 1981. Tobacco mosaic virus is seedborne in Pimiento peppers. Plant Disease, 65:723-724
Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus
virus
Tomato leaf curl New Delhi begomovirus, ToLCNDV
Algeria, Morocco, Seychelles, Tunisia, Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Iran, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Estonia, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Spain
Not known to occur
Korea
2021-04-22
Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus is transmitted by the whitefly. Seed transmission of ToLCNDV has not been reported.
tomato, eggplant, soybean, potato, cucurbits
No
TLCV-1,
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
TLCV-1,
Tobacco leaf curl virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Pepper yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus
virus
Indonesia (Tsia, et.al. 2019)
Not known to occur
Korea
2022-12-01
White fly transmitted virus
tomato, pepper
No
PYLCIV-2,
Pathway not proven. PYLCIV DNA recovered from seeds using PCR. Seed was collected from local infections and there was no information on how seed was processed or cleaned. No evidence of seed transmission. No reports of seed being a pathway from commercial seed production.
PYLCIV-2,
PCR
PYLCIV-2,
PCR techniques in research. This test has not been validated or standardized. Seed pathway has not been proven.
Fadhila, C., Lal, A., Vo, T., Ho, P., Hidayat, S., Lee, J., Kil, E. and Lee, S. 2020. The threat of seed-transmissible pepper yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus in chili pepper. Microbial pathogenesis 143:104132.
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci
bacterium
Bacterium angulatum, Bacterium tabaci, Bacterium tabacum, Chlorobacter angulatum, Chlorobacter tabaci, Phytomonas angulata, Phytomonas tabaci, Pseudomonas angulata, Pseudomonas tabaci, Xanthomonas tabaci
Worldwide
Eastern and southeastern states.
Thailand
2022-12-01
soybean, common bean, pea, pepper, cucumber, tomato, eggplant
No
PSDMTA-3,
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
PSDMTA-3,
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Meloidogyne mayaguensis
nematode
Brazil, Venezuela, Cuba, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Martinique, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, Switzerland, China, Vietnam, Burkina Faso, South Africa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Malawi, Senegal, Togo
FL, NC
Korea
2021-04-26
Seed is not known to be a pathway for Meloidogyne spp. root knot nematodes (MELGMY-2).
eggplant, pepper, tomato
No
MELGMY-1,MELGMY-3,MELGMY-2,
Seed is not known to be a pathway
MELGMY-1,MELGMY-3,MELGMY-2,
Meloidogyne mayaguensis. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Lammers, W., Karssen, G., Jellema, P., Baker, R., Hockland, S., Fleming, C. and Turner, S. (2006). Meloidogyne minor Pest Risk Assessment. 08-14648 PPM Point 7.3. Plant Protection Services (NL) and Central Science Laboratory (UK). 52pp. (https://www.eppo.int...)
Nacobbus aberrans
nematode
Anguillulina aberrans, Nacobbus batatiformis, Nacobbus bolivianus, Nacobbus serendipiticus, Nacobbus serendipiticus bolivianus, Pratylenchus aberrans
Egypt, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Peru, Mexico
AR, CO, KS, MT, NE, SD, UT, WY
Korea
2023-08-21
Seed is not known to be a pathway for this nematode in any host.
potato, vegetables
No
NACOBA-1,NACOBA-2,
Seed is not known to be a pathway for this nematode in any host.
NACOBA-1,NACOBA-2,
Xiphinema diversicaudatum
nematode
Dorylaimus diversicaudatus, Dorylaimus elongatus apud, Longidorus diversicaudatus, Xiphinema diversicaudatum, Xiphinema amarantum, Xiphinema basiri apud, Xiphinema israeliae apud, Xiphinema paraelongatum, Xiphinema sahelense apud, Xiphinema seredouense
Africa: Morocco, South Africa; Asia: India, Turkey; Europe: Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Czechia, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Urkaine, UK; North America: USA. Oceania: New Zealand.
CA
Korea
2024-09-09
Found primarily in pasture and woodland areas. May spread nepoviruses. Seed is not known to be a pathway for dagger nematodes.
Wide host range
No
XIPHDI-1,CABI CPC,ISF RPLD
Seed is not known to be a pathway for dagger nematodes.
XIPHDI-1,CABI CPC,ISF RPLD
Nemaplex.UCDavis.edu; Xiphinema diversicaudatum. Revision Date: 06-16-2023. Access: 09-09-2024
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Golovinomyces orontii
fungus
Erysiphe orontii, Erysiphe polyphaga, Erysiphe tabaci, Oidium begoniae, Oidium violae
Worldwide
AZ, CA, GA, ID, MA, MO, SC, TX, WA
Korea
2024-09-07
Korea lists this pathogen as Erysiphe orontii. Seed is not a pathway. Wind-borne conidia most common means of dispersal.
Main: sugarbeet, pepper, watermelon, melon, cucumber, pumpkin, pea, tomato, eggplant, potato.
No
CABI CPC
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
CABI CPC
CABI CPC
Seed treatment to control powdery mildew on seedlings from wind blown spores during the first 1.5 weeks of growth.
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Boeremia exigua var. exigua
fungus
Ascochyta asteris, Ascochyta cyphomandrae, Ascochyta hydrangeae, Ascochyta nicotianae, Ascochyta phaseolorum, Ascochyta sonchi, Phoma exigua f.sp. exigua, Phoma exigua var. exigua, Phoma herbarum, Phoma herbarum f. brassicae, Phoma herbarum f. hyoscyami, Phoma herbarum f. schoberiae, Phoma herbarum var. dulcamaricola, Phoma linicola, Phoma solanicola, Phoma solanophila, Phoma tuberosa, Phyllosticta decidua, Phyllosticta hortorum, Phyllosticta mulgedii, Phyllosticta sambuci, Phyllosticta vincae-majoris, Phyllosticta vincae-minoris
Worldwide. CABI: B. exigua var. exigua is almost certainly ubiquitous worldwide, but many records fail to specify the variety that it is not possible to provide particular country/state information. There are undoubtedly many records under the many synonyms and these require re-examination.
Widespread
Korea
2024-09-04
This pathogen has been reported in Korea under other synonyms. This is a weak pathogen capable of persisting in soil and also transmitted by rainsplash-dispersed conidia. Common bean and possible sugarcane are the only hosts shown where seed may be a pathway.
B. exigua var. exigua is a ubiquitous weak or secondary pathogen on more than 200 different plant genera. Main hosts are in the Fabaaceae and Solanaceae familes.
No
CABI CPC,RICH ISTA
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. A weak pathogen but widespread in soils throughout the world.
CABI CPC,RICH ISTA
Fusarium semitectum var. majus
fungus
China, Africa, Australia, Colombia, Poland
Not known to occur
2022-11-22
Reported in the US only on crops that are propagated. No references found confirming this pathogen is found in the US.
Primarily citrus
No
FUSASM-2,FUSASM-1,
Although Farr and Rossman (FUSASM-1) list pepper as a host (report from Cote d'Ivoire), no references were found confirming this report. No other references found indicating pepper is a host. No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
FUSASM-2,FUSASM-1,
Cladosporium cladosporioides
fungus
Cladosporium graminum, Cladosporium herbarumMycosphaerella schoenoprasi, Mycosphaerella tulasnei, Mycosphaerella tassiana, Penicillium cladosporioides,Hormodendrum cladosporioides, Monilia humicola
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-11-11
This pathogen is considered primarily a post harvest pathogen that does not cause disease in most of it's hosts (CLADCL-1). The fungus has been isolated from seed in some hosts, but does not transmit or cause disease in most cases.
Wide host range
No
CLADCL-1,
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. This fungus is primarily a post harvest fungus and field debris may provide survival habitat for the fungus, but pepper is not attacked by the fungus.
CLADCL-1,
Cladosporium cladosporioides. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Alternaria longipes
fungus
Alternaria brassicae var. tabaci, Alternaria tenuis f.sp. tabaci, Macrosporium longipes
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-09-22
Korea lists this pathogen as Alternaria spp. This pathogen has been reported in Korea (Farr and Rossman, 2020). Tobacco is the only economic host of this pathogen. Occasional reports on some vegetables. Seed is not known to be a pathway (CABI, 2020)
tobacco
No
ALTELO-1,ALTELO-2,
Pepper has only been referenced as a host from Turkey in the 1930's (Farr and Rossman, 2020). There have been no other reports of pepper as a host.
ALTELO-1,ALTELO-2,
Alternaria alternata
fungus
Alternaria tenuis, Alternaria tenuissima, many others
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-09-13
Korea listed this pathogen as Alternaria spp. A. alternata, A. tenuis and A. tenuissima have all been reported in Korea. A. alternata has often been found on seed in laboratory testing. There is little evidence of seed transmission. This fungus is ubiquitous and often of minor importance in its hosts.
Wide host range
No
ALTEAL-3,ALTEAL-6,ALTEAL-5,
Pathway not proven. Seed contamination has been reported but only on laboratory testing and no data was reported on possible effects of the fungus on seed or seedlings. A. alternata is considered a weak pathogen of pepper.
ALTEAL-3,ALTEAL-6,ALTEAL-5,
ALTEAL-3,
Seed treatments may be used as a prophylactic measure against the fungus.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org. Nyon, switzerland
Kumari K, Jadeja GC. and Patel, ST. 2012. Seed borne mycoflora of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivars collected from different locations of Gujarat. Journal of Plant Disease Sciences 7: 55-59.
Wall MM and Biles CL. 1993. Alternaria Fruit Rot of Ripening Chili Peppers. Phytopathology 83:324-328
Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid
viroid
India, Japan, Canada, Mexico, Europe
CO, AZ
Korea, Thailand
2022-09-21
Closely related to Potato spindle tuber viroid. Few occurrences in the US. Though Capsicum annum is often tested for this viroid, there is no evidence that it is a host.
tomato, petunia
No
Not a host. Though Capsicum annum is often tested for this viroid, there is no evidence that it is a host.
RT-PCR (NSHS Method So 6.1)
RT-PCR
TCDVd-2,NSHS USDA,
RT-PCR is used to test seed for this viroid. Though Capsicum annum is often tested for this viroid, there is no evidence that it is a host.
Potato spindle tuber viroid
viroid
potato gothic virus, potato spindle viroid, spindle tuber viroid, tomato bunchy top viroid
Americas: Mexico, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Peru, Venezuela. Africa: Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Uganda. Asia: wide spread. Europe: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Croatia, Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Italy, Malta, Montenegro, Netherlands, Russia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, UK, Ukraine. Australia.
pest eradicated (EPPO)
Brazil, China, Mexico, Thailand, The Republic of Korea
2024-07-29
Successful eradication of the viroid has been reported for the USA and Canada. PSTVd-7 data shows little evidence of asymptomatic plants and testing of asymptomatic plants did not increase detection of Potato spindle tuber viroid significantly, if at all. Concluded that inspection for Potato spindle tuber viroid symptoms was a "good aid" in determining if a tomato crop was infected with the viroid.
Mainly solanaceous crops, capsicum, and ornamentals
Yes
CABI CPC,ISF RPLD
ISF RPLD concludes that seed as a pathway is uncertain, because seed transmission was shown in the laboratory. However, significant references exist indicating that under certain situations, Potato spindle tuber viroid may be seed transmitted.
RT-PCR is the standard method of the NSHS.
CABI CPC,ISF RPLD
RT-PCR
PSTVd-10,PSTVd-8,PSTVd-9,NSHS USDA,PSTVd-11
Biological, Cultural, Mechanical
PSTVd-7,CABI CPC
References suggest using PSTVd certified free seed, field monitoring and infected plant removal, though field detection may be difficult. Seed treatments are ineffectual.
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Matsushita, Y. and Tsuda, S. 2016. Seed transmission of potato spindle tuber viroid, tomatochlorotic dwarf viroid, tomato apical stunt viroid, and Columnealatent viroid in horticultural plants. Eur J Plant Pathol.145:1007-1011
EUPHRESCO, 2011. Detection and epidemiology of pospiviroids (DEP) final report. Pilot project report of the virtual common pot. Detection and epidemiology of pospiviroids (DEP) final report. Pilot project report of the virtual common pot. EUPHRESCO (EUPHRESCO Phytosanitary ERA-NET), 70 pp.
Hoshino S, Okuta T, Isaka M, Tutumi N, Miyai N, Ikeshiro T, Saito N, Ohara T, Takahashi T, 2006. Detection of Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) in tomato and potato seeds. Research Bulletin of the Plant Protection Service, Japan, No.42:69-73
United Stated Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Protection Service National Seed Health System (USDA-APHIS NSHS) www.seedhealth.org
Matsushita, Y., Yanagisawa, H., & Sano, T. (2018). Vertical and horizontal transmission of pospiviroids. Viruses, 10(12), 706. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10120706
van Brunschot, SL Verhoeven, JThJ, Persley, DM, Geering, ADW, Drenth, A, and Thomas JH 2014, An outbreak of Potato spindle tuber viroid in tomato is linked to imported seed. European Journal of Plant Pathology 139: 1-7
Xanthomonas vesicatoria
bacterium
Bacterium exitiosum, Bacterium vesicatorium, Phytomonas exitiosa Phytomonas vesicatoria, Pseudomonas exitiosa, Pseudomonas gardneri, Pseudomonas gardneri var. capsica, Pseudomonas vesicatoria, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Vesicatoria, Xanthomonas campestris pv. Vesicatoria
Worldwide
AZ, CA, FL, GA, HI, IN, IA, MI, NM, NC, OH, OK
-
2024-07-12
Xanthomonas vesicatoria causes bacterial spot in tomatoes and peppers. It produces symptoms such as leaf spots, fruit spots, and defoliation, particularly in warm and humid conditions. The pathogen is seedborne and is considered a high-risk quarantine pest.
Tomato and pepper
Yes
CABI CPC,ISF RPLD,XANTVE-1,XANTVE-3,XANTVE-4,XANTVE-6
Seed is a known pathway for Xanthomonas vesicatoria and has been considered a major source of inoculum.
-
CABI CPC,ISF RPLD,XANTVE-1,XANTVE-3,XANTVE-4,XANTVE-6
dilution plating, identification PCR, pathogenicity assay
NSHS USDA,ISHI-ISF
These are the recommended methods by ISHI as of July 2017.
biological, chemical, Cultural
CABI CPC,XANTVE-1,XANTVE-4
Biological: the use of resistant varieties may help. Chemical: hot water and chemical treatments have shown some effectiveness but could reduce germination. Cultural: Using disease-free seeds is critical. Sterilization of tools used is important in reducing spread. Crop rotation is also recommended to prevent carryover in volunteers and crop residues.
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Potnis, N., Timilsina, S., Strayer, A., Shantharaj, D., Barak, J. D., Paret, M. L., ... & Jones, J. B. (2015). Bacterial spot of tomato and pepper: Diverse X anthomonas species with a wide variety of virulence factors posing a worldwide challenge. Molecular plant pathology, 16(9), 907-920.
Goode, M. J., & Sasser, M. (1980). Prevention-the key to controlling bacterial spot and bacterial speck of tomato.
Leite Jr, R. P., Jones, J. B., Somodi, G. C., Minsavage, G. V., & Stall, R. E. (1995). Detection of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria associated with pepper and tomato seed by DNA amplification. seed, 11, 24.
Lue, Y. S., Deng, W. L., Wu, Y. F., Cheng, A. S., Hsu, S. T., & Tzeng, K. C. (2010). Characterization of Xanthomonas associated with bacterial spot of tomato and pepper in Taiwan. Plant Pathology Bulletin, 19(3), 181-190.
United Stated Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Protection Service National Seed Health System (USDA-APHIS NSHS) www.seedhealth.org
ISHI Seed Health Test Methods - https://worldseed.org/resources/ishi-methods/
Ditylenchus destructor
nematode
-
Africa: Nigeria, South Africa; Asia: Azerbaijan, China, Iran, Japan, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan; Europe: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Czechia, Estonia, France, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Jersey, Latvia, Luxemburg, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK; North America: Canada, USA; Oceania: New Zealand.
CA, HI, ID, OR, SC, WA, WI
-
2024-09-26
Ditylenchus destructor is spread through seed potatoes. It is also spread on containers, packaging, and soil. True seed is not know to be a pathway.
Extensive host range. Main: ornamental bulbs, sweet potato, onion, garlic, groundnut, beet, sugarbeet, pepper, cucumber, pumpkin, carrot, soybean, tomato, potato, clover, wheat, corn
No
CABI CPC,ISF RPLD,DITYDE-1
Seed is not know to be a pathway.
CABI CPC,ISF RPLD,DITYDE-1
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