Tobacco streak virus

virus

Annulus orae, Asparagus stunt virus, Black raspberry latent ilarvirus, Datura quercina virus, New logan virus, Micotiana virus 8, Nicotiana virus vulaerans, Tobacoo streak ilarvirus, Tracttus orea

Africa: South Africa; Asia: China, India, Iran, Japan; Europe: Denmark, France, Italy, Netherlands, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia, UK; North America: USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand; South America: Venezuela

CA, CO, FL, GA, ID, IA, IL, KS, KY, MA, MI, MN, NC, NJ, NY, OH, OK, OR, PA, WA, WI

Korea, Thailand

2025-08-19

Tobacco streak virus is transmitted mainly through infected pollen carried by thrips and by mechanical means. Seed transmission has been reported but occurs inconsistently, making it a minor but possible pathway depending on the host.

Extensive host range includes many weeds, fruit and ornamental plant species. Over 70 species reported as hosts. The vegetables and agronomic crops listed below are important hosts of Tobacco streak virus

No

TSV000-4, CABI CPC, DPV WEB

Seed transmission has been reported in a wild radish Raphanus raphanistram, but is not known to occur in Raphanus sativus.

TSV000-4, CABI CPC, DPV WEB

Candidatus phytoplasma asteris

phytoplasma

Aconitum proliferation, Aconitum virescence, Alberta aster yellows, alfalfa stunt, Alstroemeria decline, American aster yellows, Anemone virescence, apple sessile leaf, apricot chlorotic leaf roll, azalea little leaf, banana elephantiasis, basil little leaf, Bermuda grass white leaf, black currant reversion, black pepper yellows, blueberry stunt, broccoli phyllody, Bunias phyllody, cactus virescence, cactus witches'-broom, Calendula virescence, canola yellows, Cardaria phyllody, carrot proliferation, carrot yellows, cassava phyllody phytoplasma, cassava witches' broom, Catharanthus little leaf, Catharanthus virescence, chayote witches'-broom, cherry bunch leaf, cherry little leaf, chlorantie, Chrysanthemum witches'-broom, Chrysanthemum yellows, Cirsium stunt, Cirsium yellows, clover phyllody, columbine virescence, coorg black pepper yellows, cosmos phyllody, Cyclamen virescence, dandelion yellows, Delphinium virescence, dill yellows, Diplotaxis virescence, dogfennel yellows, dogwood stunt, dwarf western aster yellows, eastern aster yellows, Echinacea phyllody, eggplant dwarf, eggplant little leaf, Epilobium phyllody, Erigeron yellows, European aster yellows, false ragweed, Festuca yellows, Gaillardia yellows, Gladiolus virescence, grapevine yellows, grey dogwood stunt, hyacinth yellows, Hydrangea phyllody and virescence, Ipomoea obscura witches' broom, Italian cabbage yellows, Italian lettuce yellows, kale phyllody, larkspur virescence, lazy daisy yellows, lettuce yellows, lilac little leaf, Limonium proliferation, Limonium yellows, Lotus yellows, maize bushy stunt, mallow yellows, marguerite yellows, marigold phyllody, marigold virescence, Maryland aster yellows, Mitsuba witches' broom, monarda yellows, mulberry dwarf, multiplier disease, New England aster yellows, New Jersey aster yellows, oat proliferation, Oenothera virescence, olive witches'-broom, onion phyllody, onion virescence, onion yellows, Papaver virescence, parsley yellows, Paulownia witches' broom, peach red leaf disease, pear proliferation and decline, periwinkle little leaf, periwinkle witches' broom and virescence, periwinkle yellows, Phytoplasma asteris, plantain virescence, Poa stunt, poplar witches' broom, poplar yellows, Portulaca yellows, potato purple top, prickly lettuce yellows, Primula yellows, pumpkin yellows, purple coneflower yellows, Quercus proliferation, ragweed yellows, Ranunculus phyllody, rape phyllody, rape virescence, rose witches'-broom, ryegrass yellows, safflower phyllody, Salix proliferation, sandal spike, Saponaria proliferation, Schizanthus proliferation, severe western aster yellows, soybean purple stem, Spirea stunt, Stellaria yellows, strawberry green petal, strawberry phylloid fruit, strawberry stunting, Symphytum proliferation, Tacaco witches'-broom, Tagetes witches' broom, Thalictrum proliferation, tomato big bud, tomato yellows, turnip virescence, Veronica phyllody, watercress witches'-broom, western aster yellows, wild radish yellows

Worldwide

Widespread

-

2024-11-09

Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris is naturally transmitted by a wide range of leafhopper, Macrosteles fascifrons is reported to be the principal vector. Seed is not a pathway.

Wide host range, primarily herbaceous dicots, though strains infect monocots and woody ornamentals

No

CABICPC

Seed is not a known pathway.

CABICPC

Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola

bacterium

Bacterium maccullochianum, Bacterium maculicola, Bacterium maculicola var. japonicum, Phytomonas maculicola, Pseudomonas maculicola

Africa: Algeria, Mauritius, Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe; Asia: China, Georgia, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Taiwan, Turkey; Europe: Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Ukraine, UK; North America: Bermuda, Canada, Cuba, El Salvador, Puerto Rico, USA; Oceania: Australia, Fiji, New Zealand; South America: Argentina, Brazil.

CA

China

2024-12-21

There is no evidence that seed is a pathway for this pathogen.

Brassicaceae family

No

PSDMMC-2, CABI CPC

Seed is not known to be a pathway.

PSDMMC-2, CABI CPC

Colletotrichum higginsianum

fungus

-

Africa: Tunisia; Asia: China, Singapore; North America: Guadaloupe, Jamaica, Martinique, Puerto Rico; Oceania: American Samoa; South America: Argentina.

FL

Brazil

2024-08-15

Colletotrichum higginsianum is a fungal pathogen that infects Brassicaceae plants like mustard, cabbage, and Arabidopsis, causing anthracnose disease with dark, sunken lesions on leaves, stems, and fruits.

Brassicaceae family

Uncertain

COLLHG-3, RICHISTA, COLLHG-6, COLLHG-7, COLLHG-8

Seed as a pathway for C. higginsianum in Raphanus sativus is uncertain. There are a few publications referencing it as seed transmitted; however primary literature is unavailable, is questioned by other reports, or does not show detailed information on the species and methods used. Only one report (Scheffer 1950) shows 16% seed to seedling transmission.

COLLHG-3, RICHISTA, COLLHG-6, COLLHG-7, COLLHG-8

Blotter or Freezing blotter

COLLHG-5

Reference lists above methods for seed health testing. No efficacy data presented. Tests have not been validated or standardized.

Leptosphaeria maculans

fungus

Phoma brassicae, Phoma lingam, Phoma oleracea, Phoma napobrassicae, Phyllosticta brassicae, Phyllosticta napi Sacc., Plenodomus lingam, Pleospora maculans, Sphaeria lingam, Sphaeria maculans

Worldwide

CA, GA, HI, ID, IL, KY, NY, ND, OK, OR, WA, WI

China, Korea

2025-10-14

Leptosphaeria maculans is a fungus that causes black leg disease in canola and other cruciferous crops. It spreads mainly through windborne ascospores from infected plant residues, which can travel several kilometers to infect young plants. Rain and humidity trigger spore release and infection. The fungus is also seedborne and can cause early infections in seedlings, especially under humid or crowded conditions.

Restricted to Brassicaceae

Yes

LEPTMA-8, LEPTMA-9, CABI CPC, LEPTMA-2, LEPTMA-3, LEPTMA-4, LEPTMA-5

Seed transmission of this pathogen is well established and accepted by the seed industry

Blotter paper is the standard method of the NSHS

LEPTMA-8, LEPTMA-9, CABI CPC, LEPTMA-2, LEPTMA-3, LEPTMA-4, LEPTMA-5

Blotter paper

NSHS USDA, ISTA

This test has been validated by the ISTA and NSHS

chemical, cultural

CABI CPC, McGEE

Control relies on crop rotation, resistant cultivars, disease-free seed, and fungicide treatments to limit infection from residues and seed.

Verticillium dahliae

fungus

Verticillium albo-atrum f. angustum. Verticillium albo-atrum var. chlamydosporale Verticillium albo-atrum var. dahliae Verticillium albo-atrum var. medium. Verticillium dahliae f. angustum Verticillium dahliae f. cerebriforme Verticillium dahliae f. chlamydosporale Verticillium dahliae f. medium Verticillium dahliae f. zonatum Verticillium ovatum Verticillium trachiephilum

Worldwide

Widespread

China

2022-11-11

Prevalent in China

Verticillium dahliae has a broad host range, infecting both woody and herbaceous plants, including ornamentals, native species, and weeds. Economically important hosts include artichoke, eggplant, bell pepper, cotton, hop, lettuce, mints, oilseed rape, olive, potato, strawberry, and tomato.

No

VERTDA-16, CABI CPC

Verticillium dahliae has been reported on radish, but is not an important host. No references found indicating seed is a pathway.

VERTDA-16, CABI CPC

Streptomyces scabiei, Streptomyces ipomoceae, Streptomyces acidiscabies, Streptomyces stelliscabiei

bacterium

Streptomyces scabiei is worldwide, other Streptomycese spp. are more localized.

Streptomyces cabiei is widespread in the United States, other Streptomyces spp. are more localized.

Sudan

2022-09-13

There are many beneficial Streptomyces spp. that suppress pathogens or enhance nodulation in alfalfa. There are no known Streptomyces pathogens of alfalfa. No reports of any Streptomyces in Sudan

Streptomyces scabiei is primarily a pest of potato, but is found on other root crops such as carrot, parsnip, radish and beet. Streptomyces ipoomceae is a pathogen of sweet potato, only. Streptomyces acidiscabies and Streptomyces stelliscabiei are pests of potato only. There are no known Streptomyces pathogens of alfalfa. Only hosts of Streptomyces scabiei reported below.

No

CABICPC

Seed is not known to be a pathway. Radish is a minor host of this pathogen.

CABICPC

Pleospora herbarum

fungus

Too many to list, most commonly used names include Alternaria putrefaciens, Clasterosporium putrefaciens, Sporidesmium putrefaciens, Stemphyllium botryosum, Stemphylium herbarum.

Worldwide

Widespread

2023-08-21

Primarily a post harvest pathogen

Wide host range

No

No references found indicating seed is a pathway

Stemphylium vesicarium

fungus

Pleospora alli, Helminthosporium vesicarium, Macrosporium alliorum, Mystrosporium alliorum, Macrosporium parasiticum, Stemphylium parasiticum

Worldwide

AZ, CA, FL, MI, MN, NM, NY, TX, WA

-

2024-10-22

Ascospores (P. allii) and conidia (S. vesicarium) are mainly wind-blown or water-dispersed.

Main: onion, garlic, asparagus, soybean, alfalfa, tomato; Other: leek, sunflower, lettuce, radish.

No

PLEOAL-3

Isolated from radish sprouts. No references found indicating seed for planting is a pathway.

PLEOAL-3

Blotter incubation

PLEOAL-3

This test has not been standardized or validated for planting seed.

Beet western yellows virus

virus

Brassica virus 5, Malva yellows virus, Radish yellows virus, Turnip mild yellows virus, Turnip yellows virus luteovirus

Africa: Eritrea, Ethiopia, Tunisia; Asia: China, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Lebanon, Pakistan, South Korea, Syria, Thailand, Turkey, Yemen; Europe: Czechia, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Spain, UK; North America: USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand.

CA, IL, OR, WA

Korea

2024-08-21

Transmission is by aphid vectors, particularly the green peach aphid.

Main: Brassica spp., radish, spinach. Other: sugarbeet, chickpea, pepper.

No

BWYV00-3, CABICPC, ISFRPLD, DPVWEB

Seed is not known to be a pathway.

BWYV00-3, CABICPC, ISFRPLD, DPVWEB

Alternaria japonica

fungus

Alternaria raphani, Alternaria brassicae var. macrospora, Alternaria matthiolae

Africa: Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, Tunisia, Zimbabwe; Asia: Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Myanmar, Pakistan, Saudia Arabia, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand; Europe: Austria, Czechia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Russia, United Kingdom; North America: Canada, Cuba, United States; Oceania: Australia, French Polynesia, New Caldonia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea; South America: Brazil.

AZ, CA, FL, MA, MI, MN, MS, NJ, OH, PA, SC.

Korea

2024-08-20

Alternaria japonica causes black spot disease in cruciferous plants and is well established worldwide. It has a broad host range within the Brassicaceae family and can be difficult to eradicate as it can survive in the soil for years.

Main: brassicas, radish. Other: tomato

Yes

ALTERP-2, ALTERP-5, ALTERP-7, CABICPC, ALTERP-9

Seed as a pathway is established and accepted.

ALTERP-2, ALTERP-5, ALTERP-7, CABICPC, ALTERP-9

Blotter incubation, culture plating

CABICPC, ISFRPLD

CABI describes the blotter and incubation methods for this pathogen. Commercial testing is available, although these methods have not been standardized or validated. One reference indicates a DNA-based test; however, this method has also not been validated.

chemical, Cultural

ALTERP-5, CABICPC

Plant disease-free seed. Crop rotation can help where the fungus is persistent in soils. Eradicate volunteer hosts. Chemical, Physical, and biological seed treatments have been reported to be effective in controlling seed inoculum.

Cauliflower Mosaic Virus

virus

brassica virus 3, broccoli mosaic virus, cabbage mosaic virus, cabbage virus B, cauliflower mosaic caulimovirus

Worldwide

GA, Hi

Nepal

2024-08-27

Cauliflower Mosaic Virus is transmitted between host plants by more than 27 aphid species in a non-persistent manner. Multiple sources noted CAMV00 is not seed transmitted.

Brassicaceae family

No

CABICPC, ISFRPLD, DPVWEB, CAMV00-1, CAMV00-2, CAMV00-3, CAMV00-4

Seed is not a pathway. Cauliflower mosaic virus is aphid transmitted.

CABICPC, ISFRPLD, DPVWEB, CAMV00-1, CAMV00-2, CAMV00-3, CAMV00-4