Rhodococcus fascians

bacterium

Corynebacterium fascians, Bacterium fascians, Phytomonas fascians, Pseudobacterium fascians, Rhodococcus rubropertinctus

Europe, North America, Central America, Australia, New Zealand, Iran, Russia, Egypt, Colombia

Widespread

Brazil, Thailand

2023-08-21

Though found in many US states, the pathogen is usually restricted and localized. Probably Worldwide, though not reported. Disease outbreaks are sporadic and usually related to poor sanitation. Bulbs, floral and greenhouse crops most susceptible to disease outbreaks. No reports of seed as a pathway in vegetables and agronomic crops.

Primarily a pest of ornamentals, woody ornamentals and floowers. Vegetables and agronomic crops reported susceptible to the bacterium are listed below. Transmits primarily through propagation.

No

CORBFA-3, CORBFA-1

Listed as a host, but uncommon. No evidence that seed is a pathway.

CORBFA-3, CORBFA-1

Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid

viroid

Tomato chlorotic dwarf pospiviroid

Asia: India, China, Europe: Czechia, France, Slovenia, UK; North America: Mexico. Australia notes presence (TCDVd-16)

AZ, CO, HI, ID

Korea, Thailand

2025-06-21

TCDVd is closely related to the Potato spindle tuber viroid and shows uncertain seed transmission in tomatoes. Some studies detect the viroid on seeds, but grow-out tests find no clear spread. The viroid primarily spreads through plant-to-plant contact, grafting, and contaminated tools. While no insect vectors are confirmed, mechanical transmission via chewing insects or bumblebees may occur. Risk assessments conclude that seed transmission and field establishment are unlikely.

Main: petunia, tomato, eggplant; Other: verbena x hybrida

uncertain

TCDVd-3, TCDVd-5, TCDVd-6, TCDVd-14, TCDVd-15

One reference reports seed transmission of Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid (TCDVd) in artificially inoculated petunia plants. Two other studies detected the viroid in petunia plant material, but did not test seed. No references were found showing natural seed infection or seed transmission of TCDVd in petunia.

TCDVd-3, TCDVd-5, TCDVd-6, TCDVd-14, TCDVd-15

TCDVd-15, TCDVd-17

RT-PCR has been used for petunia seed

Impatiens necrotic spot virus

virus

Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus, Impatiens strain

Africa: Egypt, Uganda; Asia: China, Iran, Japan, South Korea; Europe: Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Czechia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Gurnsey, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Poland, Portugal, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, UK; North America: Canada, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama, USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand; South America: Chile, Colombia.

Widespread

Korea

2024-09-07

The virus is closely related to Tomato spotted wilt virus and a member of the Tospovirus group of viruses which are thrip transmitted. Seed transmission is unlikely and not reported for any host.

Wide host range. Main: Impatiens. Other: many ornamentals and vegetables.

No

INSV00-2, CABICPC

Seed is not known to be a pathway.

INSV00-2, CABICPC

Difficult to control. Field control must consider the virus and the vector for success.

Colombian datura virus

virus

Datura Colombian potyvirus, Datura Colombian virus,

Asia: India, Japan, South Korea; Europe: Germany, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Poland; North America: Canada, USA; Oceania: Australia; South America: Colombia.

FL, OR, SC.

Korea

2024-09-18

Colombia datura virus is transmitted by the aphid Myzus persicae. Seed is not known to be a pathway.

tomato, petunia

No

CDV000-2, CDV000-3

Seed is not known to be a pathway.

CDV000-2, CDV000-3

Xiphinema index

nematode

Diversiphinema index

Africa: Algeria, South Africa, Tunisia; Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan; Europe: Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czechia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Malta, Moldova, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine; North America: USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand; South America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Peru.

CA

Korea

2024-09-09

Seed is not a pathway for this nematode. Also known as a dagger nematode.

Xiphinema index is a pest of cultivated and wild grapevines and a number of other crops and ornamentals.

No

XIPHIN-3, CABICPC

Seed is not known to be a pathway. Petunia is not known to be an important host.

XIPHIN-3, CABICPC

Candidatus phytoplasma asteris

phytoplasma

Aconitum proliferation, Aconitum virescence, Alberta aster yellows, alfalfa stunt, Alstroemeria decline, American aster yellows, Anemone virescence, apple sessile leaf, apricot chlorotic leaf roll, azalea little leaf, banana elephantiasis, basil little leaf, Bermuda grass white leaf, black currant reversion, black pepper yellows, blueberry stunt, broccoli phyllody, Bunias phyllody, cactus virescence, cactus witches'-broom, Calendula virescence, canola yellows, Cardaria phyllody, carrot proliferation, carrot yellows, cassava phyllody phytoplasma, cassava witches' broom, Catharanthus little leaf, Catharanthus virescence, chayote witches'-broom, cherry bunch leaf, cherry little leaf, chlorantie, Chrysanthemum witches'-broom, Chrysanthemum yellows, Cirsium stunt, Cirsium yellows, clover phyllody, columbine virescence, coorg black pepper yellows, cosmos phyllody, Cyclamen virescence, dandelion yellows, Delphinium virescence, dill yellows, Diplotaxis virescence, dogfennel yellows, dogwood stunt, dwarf western aster yellows, eastern aster yellows, Echinacea phyllody, eggplant dwarf, eggplant little leaf, Epilobium phyllody, Erigeron yellows, European aster yellows, false ragweed, Festuca yellows, Gaillardia yellows, Gladiolus virescence, grapevine yellows, grey dogwood stunt, hyacinth yellows, Hydrangea phyllody and virescence, Ipomoea obscura witches' broom, Italian cabbage yellows, Italian lettuce yellows, kale phyllody, larkspur virescence, lazy daisy yellows, lettuce yellows, lilac little leaf, Limonium proliferation, Limonium yellows, Lotus yellows, maize bushy stunt, mallow yellows, marguerite yellows, marigold phyllody, marigold virescence, Maryland aster yellows, Mitsuba witches' broom, monarda yellows, mulberry dwarf, multiplier disease, New England aster yellows, New Jersey aster yellows, oat proliferation, Oenothera virescence, olive witches'-broom, onion phyllody, onion virescence, onion yellows, Papaver virescence, parsley yellows, Paulownia witches' broom, peach red leaf disease, pear proliferation and decline, periwinkle little leaf, periwinkle witches' broom and virescence, periwinkle yellows, Phytoplasma asteris, plantain virescence, Poa stunt, poplar witches' broom, poplar yellows, Portulaca yellows, potato purple top, prickly lettuce yellows, Primula yellows, pumpkin yellows, purple coneflower yellows, Quercus proliferation, ragweed yellows, Ranunculus phyllody, rape phyllody, rape virescence, rose witches'-broom, ryegrass yellows, safflower phyllody, Salix proliferation, sandal spike, Saponaria proliferation, Schizanthus proliferation, severe western aster yellows, soybean purple stem, Spirea stunt, Stellaria yellows, strawberry green petal, strawberry phylloid fruit, strawberry stunting, Symphytum proliferation, Tacaco witches'-broom, Tagetes witches' broom, Thalictrum proliferation, tomato big bud, tomato yellows, turnip virescence, Veronica phyllody, watercress witches'-broom, western aster yellows, wild radish yellows

Worldwide

Widespread

-

2024-11-09

Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris is naturally transmitted by a wide range of leafhopper, Macrosteles fascifrons is reported to be the principal vector. Seed is not a pathway.

Wide host range, primarily herbaceous dicots, though strains infect monocots and woody ornamentals

No

CABICPC

Seed is not a known pathway.

CABICPC

Chrysanthemum stunt viroid

viroid

Chrysanthemum stunt pospiviroid, Chrysanthemum stunt virus

Africa: Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, Uganda; Asia: China, India, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey; Europe: Belgium, Czechia, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden, UK; North America: Canada, USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand, South America: Brazil, Colombia.

KS, MI, MN, NY, PA

Mexico

2025-06-18

Chrysanthemum stunt viroid spreads most efficiently through vegetative propagation, where infected mother plants pass the viroid to cuttings. It is easily transmitted through grafting, sap contact, and the use of contaminated tools or hands. Seed and pollen transmission is possible but variable, with evidence of transmission in both chrysanthemum (under certain conditions) and tomato.

Main: Chrysanthemum morifolium; Other: Ageratum spp., Argyranthemum frutescens, Petunia hybrida

No

CSVd00-6

No evidence that petunia seed is a pathway.

CSVd00-6

Dickeya chrysanthemi

bacterium

Dickeya chrysanthemi bv. chrysanthemi Dickeya chrysanthemi bv. parthenii Dickeya chrysanthemi pv. chrysanthemi Dickeya chrysanthemi pv. parthenii Erwinia carotovora f.sp. parthenii Erwinia carotovora var. chrysanthemi Erwinia chrysanthemi Erwinia chrysanthemi pv. chrysanthemi Erwinia chrysanthemi pv. parthenii ( Pectobacterium carotovorum f.sp. chrysanthemi Pectobacterium carotovorum var. chrysanthemi Pectobacterium chrysanthemi Pectobacterium chrysanthemi pv. chrysanthemi Pectobacterium chrysanthemi pv. parthenii Pectobacterium parthenii Pectobacterium parthenii var. chrysanthemi Pectobacterium parthenii-dianthicola

Worldwide

AR, CA, CO, CT, FL, GA, IL, MA, MN, NE, NY, NC, ND, OH, PA, SD, TX, VA, WI

Mexico, China

2025-09-12

Dickeya chrysanthemi strains have been isolated from a number of different hosts in different countries. The list of all susceptible plants after inoculation by Dickeya chrysanthemi would be far longer than the natural host range, and difficult to establish. There is little if any information on seed as a pathway for this pathogen and therefore should not be regulated. Eriwina chrysanthemi has been reclassified into Pectobacterium spp. and Dickeya spp.

Primarily ornamentals and flowers. Main: Araceae, Asteraceae familes

No

CABI CPC, ERIWCH-14

No references found indicating that petunia seed is a pathway.

CABI CPC, ERIWCH-14

Tobacco mosaic virus

virus

TMV U1, type, Vulgare or Common strain tobacco mosaic tobamovirus, VMT (Virus mosaique de tabac)

Worldwide

Widespread

Mexico

2023-08-21

Broad host range. Cultivated species listed below.

No

TMV000-12

Though petunia is a host, it is not common. TMV has been detected in parts of petunia seed, however seed transmission does not occur.

TMV000-12

No seed test described for Tobacco mosaic virus in petunia, ELISA and Bioassay commonly applied to other crops. Tests not validated or standardized for petunia.

No seed treatments described for petunia. Seed disinfectants, such as Trisodium orthophosphate followed by sodium hypochlorite treatment and HCl soaks have been applied.

Tomato infectious chlorosis virus

virus

Tomato infectious chlorosis closterovirus, Tomato infectious chlorosis crinivirus, Tomato infectious chlorosis virus

Africa: Tunisia; Asia: Indonesia, Japan, Jordan, Taiwan; Europe: Bulgaria, France, Greece, Italy; North America: Mexico, USA; South America: Brazil.

CA, NC

Korea

2025-10-30

Tomato infectious chlorosis virus is a whitefly-transmitted, phloem-limited Crinivirus that infects solanaceous plants. The virus is not known to be seed-transmitted and is primarily spread by the greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum). TICV should not be confused with Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV), a closely related Crinivirus that shares similar symptoms and transmission biology but differs genetically and by vector.

Main: lettuce, tomato, potato, petunia; Other: zinnia

No

CABI CPC, TICV00-3, TICV00-4, TICV00-5

No references found indicating that petunia seed is a pathway. Seed transmission is not known to occur in Criniviruses or other members of the Closteroviridae family.

CABI CPC, TICV00-3, TICV00-4, TICV00-5

Tobacco ringspot virus

virus

Anemone necrosis virus, Annulus tabaci, Blueberry necrotic ringspot virus, Nicotiana virus 12, Soybean bud blight virus, Tobacco Brazilian streak virus, Tobacco ringspot nepovirus, Tobacco ringspot virus No. 1

Worldwide

Widespread

Korea, China

2025-09-15

Tobacco ringspot virus is a Nepovirus with a broad host range that causes ring spots, mottling, stunting, and yield loss. It is transmitted primarily by dagger nematodes (Xiphinema spp.) in soil, but can also spread through infected seed in certain crops (mainly soybeans), mechanical contact with sap or contaminated tools, and, in some cases, via infected pollen.

Extensive host range includes many weed, fruit and ornamental plant species. Main: peppers, watermelon, melon, cucumber, soybean, tomato.

uncertain

CABI CPC, DPV WEB, TRSV00-10, TRSV00-21

Tobacco ringspot virus is primarily vectored by dagger nematodes. Seed transmission in petunia is uncertain; it is often speculated based on a single dated laboratory study with one isolate, and no evidence exists for natural seed transmission. Mechanical spread and nematode vectors remain the main confirmed routes of infection.

CABI CPC, DPV WEB, TRSV00-10, TRSV00-21

Tobacco streak virus

virus

Annulus orae, Asparagus stunt virus, Black raspberry latent ilarvirus, Datura quercina virus, New logan virus, Micotiana virus 8, Nicotiana virus vulaerans, Tobacoo streak ilarvirus, Tracttus orea

Africa: South Africa; Asia: China, India, Iran, Japan; Europe: Denmark, France, Italy, Netherlands, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia, UK; North America: USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand; South America: Venezuela

CA, CO, FL, GA, ID, IA, IL, KS, KY, MA, MI, MN, NC, NJ, NY, OH, OK, OR, PA, WA, WI

Korea, Thailand

2025-08-19

Tobacco streak virus is transmitted mainly through infected pollen carried by thrips and by mechanical means. Seed transmission has been reported but occurs inconsistently, making it a minor but possible pathway depending on the host.

Extensive host range includes many weeds, fruit and ornamental plant species. Over 70 species reported as hosts. The vegetables and agronomic crops listed below are important hosts of Tobacco streak virus

No

CABI CPC, DPV WEB, TSV000-10

No evidence that seed is a pathway. No references found. Often transmitted through propagation.

CABI CPC, DPV WEB, TSV000-10

Tomato spotted wilt virus

virus

Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus, Tomato spotted wilt virus group

Worldwide

Widespread

2023-08-21

Seed is not a pathway for Tospoviruses, including Tomato spotted wilt virus

Wide host range. Over 800 plant species are known hosts. Primarily ornamentals,flowers. No evidence that small grains or corn are hosts.

No

TSWV00-1, TSWV00-3

Seed is not a pathway for Tospoviruses, including Tomato spotted wilt virus.

TSWV00-1, TSWV00-3

Asparagus virus 2

virus

asparagus 2 ilarvirus, Asparagus ilarvirus 2, Asparagus latent virus, Asparagus virus C, asparagus virus II

Canada, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Japan, Mexico, United Kingdom

DE, MI

Brazi

2023-05-05

Natural infection has been reported only from asparagus (Asparagus officinalis). Plants infected from seed show no obvious symptoms but vigour and productivity are reduced. Also transmitted through seed of N. tabacum cv. Samsun, Zinnia elegans, and Petunia hybrida.

asparagus, tobacco, zinnia, petunia

No

AV2000-1

Pathway not proven. Reference above indicates seed may be a pathway but data appears to be from artificial inoculation in the laboratory. No evidence that seed is a pathway in nature.

AV2000-1

Potato spindle tuber viroid

viroid

potato gothic virus, potato spindle viroid, spindle tuber viroid, tomato bunchy top viroid

Americas: Mexico, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Peru, Venezuela. Africa: Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Uganda. Asia: wide spread. Europe: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Croatia, Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Italy, Malta, Montenegro, Netherlands, Russia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, UK, Ukraine. Australia.

pest eradicated (EPPO)

Brazil, China, Mexico, Thailand, The Republic of Korea

2024-07-29

Successful eradication of the viroid has been reported for the USA and Canada. PSTVd-7 data shows little evidence of asymptomatic plants and testing of asymptomatic plants did not increase detection of Potato spindle tuber viroid significantly, if at all. Concluded that inspection for Potato spindle tuber viroid symptoms was a "good aid" in determining if a tomato crop was infected with the viroid.

Mainly solanaceous crops, capsicum, and ornamentals

No

PSTVd-10

Seed transmission in artificially inoculated plants in the laboratory. Though seed may be implicated, no references found indicating that seed is a pathway in nature.

PSTVd-10