Capsicum annuum
pepper
73 Related Pests
Tobacco streak virus
virus
Annulus orae, Asparagus stunt virus, Black raspberry latent ilarvirus, Datura quercina virus, New logan virus, Micotiana virus 8, Nicotiana virus vulaerans, Tobacoo streak ilarvirus, Tracttus orea
Africa: South Africa; Asia: China, India, Iran, Japan; Europe: Denmark, France, Italy, Netherlands, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia, UK; North America: USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand; South America: Venezuela
CA, CO, FL, GA, ID, IA, IL, KS, KY, MA, MI, MN, NC, NJ, NY, OH, OK, OR, PA, WA, WI
Korea, Thailand
2025-08-19
Tobacco streak virus is transmitted mainly through infected pollen carried by thrips and by mechanical means. Seed transmission has been reported but occurs inconsistently, making it a minor but possible pathway depending on the host.
Extensive host range includes many weeds, fruit and ornamental plant species. Over 70 species reported as hosts. The vegetables and agronomic crops listed below are important hosts of Tobacco streak virus
No
TSV000-2, TSV000-6, CABI CPC, DPV WEB, TSV000-13, TSV000-14, TSV000-15
Seed as a pathway is not known to occur.
TSV000-2, TSV000-6, CABI CPC, DPV WEB, TSV000-13, TSV000-14, TSV000-15
Sdoodee R, Teakle DS, 1988. Seed and pollen transmission of tobacco streak virus in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Grosse Lisse). Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 39:469-474
Edwardson JR, Christie RG, 1997. Viruses infecting peppers and other solanaceous crops. Volume 1, 336 pp.; Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Florida, Gainsville, FL
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Description of Plant Viruses ; http://dpvweb.net/dpv/
Gracia, O. and Feldman, J.M. (1974). Tobacco streak virus in pepper. Journal of Phytopathology, 80 (4), 313-323.
Pernezny, K.L. Roberts, P.D., Murphy, J.L. and Goldberg, N.P. (2003). Compendium of Pepper Diseases. American Phytopathological Society (APS Press): St. Paul, Minnesota (USA).
Vemana, K. and Jain, R.K. (2010). New experimental hosts of Tobacco streak virus and absence of true seed transmission in leguminous hosts. Indian Journal of Virology 21:117-127.
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis
bacterium
Aplanobacter michiganensis, Bacterium michiganense Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. Michiganensis, Corynebacterium michiganense, Corynebacterium michiganense pv. Michiganense, Corynebacterium michiganense subsp. Michiganense, Erwinia michiganensis Mycobacterium michiganense, Phytomonas michiganensis, Pseudomonas michiganense, Pseudomonas michiganensis
Worldwide
Widespread
Cambodia, China, Mexico, South Korea, Thailand, Vietnam
2024-07-23
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis is a significant seed-transmitted pathogen primarily affecting solanaceous crops like tomatoes.
Tomato, pepper, and wild species of Solanum have been reported as hosts.
uncertain
CORBMI-2, ISFRPLD
Pepper has potential to host the bacterium, but it is commonly observed in pepper seed production. Experiments done with artificially inoculated fruit, no data on naturally infected seeds.
CORBMI-2, ISFRPLD
Routine seed health for seed borne Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis commonly on tomato seed only. Seedwash, Liquid plating, Serology, PCR used for tomato have been adapted to pepper seed. Tests have not been verified on pepper seed.
Tomato black ring virus
virus
Lettuce Ringspot Virus, Bean Ringspot Virus, Beet Ringspot Virus, Celery Yellow Vein Virus, Lettuce Ringspot Virus,Potato Bouquet Virus, Potato Pseudo-Aucuba Virus,Tomato Black Ring Nepovirus
Asia: India, Japan, Saudi Arabia, Turkey; Europe: Albania, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Lithuania, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK
Not known to occur
China, Korea, Mexico, Thailand
2025-08-18
Tomato black ring virus spreads by sap contact, pollen, and seed, with seed transmission confirmed in many crops. Soil nematodes also vector it, though efficiency is low, and the spread in fields is patchy. Seed transmission is the main route for long-distance dispersal and survival between seasons.
Wide host range; however, many are experimental only.
Main: onion, leek, garlic, chive, celery, sugarbeet, cabbage, cauliflower, turnip, pepper, cucumber, lettuce, ryegrass, alfalfa, parsley, tomato, potato, spinach, cowpea.
No
TBRV00-2, TBRV00-3, TBRV00-4, CABI CPC, ISF RPLD, RICH ISTA
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Older literature (TBRV00-2, TBRV00-3) lists seed as a possible pathway, but no evidence of seed transmission was presented for this host.
TBRV00-2, TBRV00-3, TBRV00-4, CABI CPC, ISF RPLD, RICH ISTA
Lister RM, Murant AF, 1967. Seed-transmission of nematode-borne viruses. Annals of Applied Biology, 59:49-62.
Murant AF, Lister RM, 1967. Seed-transmission in the ecology of nematode-borne viruses. Annals of Applied Biology, 59:63-76.
Murant AF, 1983. Seed and pollen transmission of nematode-borne viruses. Seed Science and Technology, 11:973-987.
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Richardson, MJ. 1990. An Annotated List of Seedborne Diseases. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich Switzerland.
Pepper mild mottle virus
virus
Bell pepper mottle virus, Capsicum mosaic virus, Pepper mosaic virus, Samsun laten strain of tobacco mosaic virus tobamovirus
Worldwide
CO, FL, GA, LA, OK, OR, SC, TX
-
2025-08-13
Pepper mild mottle virus infects Capsicum spp., causing stunted growth, leaf distortion, and poor fruit quality. It spreads through seed, soil, and mechanical contact, and while it primarily infects peppers, it can experimentally infect other plant families.
Main: pepper, chilli; Other: tomato
Yes
PMMOV0-2, PMMOV0-3, PMMOV0-4, CABI CPC, PMMOV0-5
Seed transmission of this virus in pepper seed is established and accepted.
Bioassay with a ELISA prescreen
PMMOV0-2, PMMOV0-3, PMMOV0-4, CABI CPC, PMMOV0-5
Bioassay, ELISA
PMMOV0-4, NSHS USDA
METHOD: So 5.1 Plant Indexing Assay (ISF Method of Detection of Tobamovirus on Pepper seed, ver 2, Jan 2007)
biological, chemical, cultural
PMMOV0-2, CABI CPC, PMMOV0-5
Pepper mild mottle virus can be substantially eliminated from seed coats by soaking seeds in 4.2% sodium hypochlorite for 15 min or in 10% trisodium phosphate for 30 min, or by dry-heating seed for 72 h at 70°C. PMMoV management also involves the use of healthy seeds, proper tool and hand disinfection, early detection and removal of infected plants and weeds, the use of resistant varieties, and good cultural practices.
Demski, 1981.Tobacco Mosaic Virus Is Seedborne in Pimiento Peppers. Plant Disease. 65: 723-724
McKinney, 1952. Two strains of Tobacco-mosaic Virus-One of Which is Seed-borne in an Etch-Immune Pungent Pepper. Pl. Dis. Reptr 36: 184-187.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org. Nyon Switzerkand
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Kumari, N., Sharma, V., Patel, P., & Sharma, P. N. (2023). Pepper mild mottle virus: A formidable foe of capsicum production—A review. Frontiers in Virology, 3, 1208853.
United Stated Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Protection Service National Seed Health System (USDA-APHIS NSHS) www.seedhealth.org
Alfalfa mosaic virus
virus
Alfalfa virus 1 and 2, Lucerne mosaic virus, Marmor medicaginis, Potato calico virus, Tomato necrotic tip curl, Alfalfa yellow spot
Worldwide
Widespread
Sudan, Mexico
2022-09-13
Wide host range
No
AMV000-4, AMV000-6
Pathway not proven. Seed transmission only reported in C. frutesens, during "normal production". Data is very old and has not been verified. No reports of seed being a pathway in C. annuum.
AMV000-4, AMV000-6
AMV000-4
Healthy seed production important in control.
Candidatus liberibacter solanacearum
bacterium
Liberibacter psyllaurous, Liberibacter solancearum, Candidatus Liberibacter psyllaurous
Africa: Morocco, Tunisia; Asia: Israel, Lebanon, Turkey; Europe: Austria, Belgiu, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Serbia, Spain, Sweden, UK; North America: Canada, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, USA; Oceania:l New Zealand, Norfolk Island; South America: Ecuador,.
AZ, CA, CO, ID, KS, MT, NE, NV, NM, ND, OR, TX, UT, WA, WY.
China, Thailand, Korea
2024-11-09
The Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (Lso) bacterium primarily spreads through psyllid insect vectors. It’s generally not transmitted through seeds in Solanaceae species, though it has been reported to spread through carrot seeds. In Europe, Lso infects crops like carrots and celery, where it’s transmitted by psyllid species.
Main: pepper, tomato, potato; Other: carrot, eggplant
No
LIBEPS-2, CABICPC
This bacterium requires the Bactericera trigonica or Trioza apicalis psyllid for transmision. There is no evidence that seed is a pathway.
LIBEPS-2, CABICPC
Pseudomonas syringae pv aptata
bacterium
Bacterium aptatum, Chlorobacter aptatus, Phytomonas aptata, Pseudomonas aptata
Asia: Georgia, India, Iran, Japan, North Korea, South Korea; Europe: Hungary, Italy, Russia, Serbia, UK; North America: USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand.
CA, GA, ME, OH, OR, PA, UT, VA, WA
China
2024-09-09
Pseudomonas syringae pv. aptata is spread through rain and irrigation. During cultivation it can be transmitted by workers and tools. It is not known to be seedborne.
Main: sugarbeet, pepper, cucumber, sunflower, lettuce, common bean, eggplant, nasturtium, faba bean, cowpea. Other: melon.
No
PSDMPT-9
Not a host. Pepper as a host has been established by artificial inoculation only. No evidence of natural infections.
PSDMPT-9
Ark and Leach, 1946. Seed Transmission of Bacterial Leaf Blight of Sugar Beet. Phytopathology 36: 549-553
Rhodococcus fascians
bacterium
Corynebacterium fascians, Bacterium fascians, Phytomonas fascians, Pseudobacterium fascians, Rhodococcus rubropertinctus
Europe, North America, Central America, Australia, New Zealand, Iran, Russia, Egypt, Colombia
Widespread
Brazil, Thailand
2023-08-21
Though found in many US states, the pathogen is usually restricted and localized. Probably Worldwide, though not reported. Disease outbreaks are sporadic and usually related to poor sanitation. Bulbs, floral and greenhouse crops most susceptible to disease outbreaks. No reports of seed as a pathway in vegetables and agronomic crops.
Primarily a pest of ornamentals, woody ornamentals and floowers. Vegetables and agronomic crops reported susceptible to the bacterium are listed below. Transmits primarily through propagation.
No
CORBFA-2, CORBFA-3
Though mentioned as a host, no original reference exists. and infection is uncommon. No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
CORBFA-2, CORBFA-3
Candidatus phytoplasma asteris
phytoplasma
Aconitum proliferation, Aconitum virescence, Alberta aster yellows, alfalfa stunt, Alstroemeria decline, American aster yellows, Anemone virescence, apple sessile leaf, apricot chlorotic leaf roll, azalea little leaf, banana elephantiasis, basil little leaf, Bermuda grass white leaf, black currant reversion, black pepper yellows, blueberry stunt, broccoli phyllody, Bunias phyllody, cactus virescence, cactus witches'-broom, Calendula virescence, canola yellows, Cardaria phyllody, carrot proliferation, carrot yellows, cassava phyllody phytoplasma, cassava witches' broom, Catharanthus little leaf, Catharanthus virescence, chayote witches'-broom, cherry bunch leaf, cherry little leaf, chlorantie, Chrysanthemum witches'-broom, Chrysanthemum yellows, Cirsium stunt, Cirsium yellows, clover phyllody, columbine virescence, coorg black pepper yellows, cosmos phyllody, Cyclamen virescence, dandelion yellows, Delphinium virescence, dill yellows, Diplotaxis virescence, dogfennel yellows, dogwood stunt, dwarf western aster yellows, eastern aster yellows, Echinacea phyllody, eggplant dwarf, eggplant little leaf, Epilobium phyllody, Erigeron yellows, European aster yellows, false ragweed, Festuca yellows, Gaillardia yellows, Gladiolus virescence, grapevine yellows, grey dogwood stunt, hyacinth yellows, Hydrangea phyllody and virescence, Ipomoea obscura witches' broom, Italian cabbage yellows, Italian lettuce yellows, kale phyllody, larkspur virescence, lazy daisy yellows, lettuce yellows, lilac little leaf, Limonium proliferation, Limonium yellows, Lotus yellows, maize bushy stunt, mallow yellows, marguerite yellows, marigold phyllody, marigold virescence, Maryland aster yellows, Mitsuba witches' broom, monarda yellows, mulberry dwarf, multiplier disease, New England aster yellows, New Jersey aster yellows, oat proliferation, Oenothera virescence, olive witches'-broom, onion phyllody, onion virescence, onion yellows, Papaver virescence, parsley yellows, Paulownia witches' broom, peach red leaf disease, pear proliferation and decline, periwinkle little leaf, periwinkle witches' broom and virescence, periwinkle yellows, Phytoplasma asteris, plantain virescence, Poa stunt, poplar witches' broom, poplar yellows, Portulaca yellows, potato purple top, prickly lettuce yellows, Primula yellows, pumpkin yellows, purple coneflower yellows, Quercus proliferation, ragweed yellows, Ranunculus phyllody, rape phyllody, rape virescence, rose witches'-broom, ryegrass yellows, safflower phyllody, Salix proliferation, sandal spike, Saponaria proliferation, Schizanthus proliferation, severe western aster yellows, soybean purple stem, Spirea stunt, Stellaria yellows, strawberry green petal, strawberry phylloid fruit, strawberry stunting, Symphytum proliferation, Tacaco witches'-broom, Tagetes witches' broom, Thalictrum proliferation, tomato big bud, tomato yellows, turnip virescence, Veronica phyllody, watercress witches'-broom, western aster yellows, wild radish yellows
Worldwide
Widespread
-
2024-11-09
Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris is naturally transmitted by a wide range of leafhopper, Macrosteles fascifrons is reported to be the principal vector. Seed is not a pathway.
Wide host range, primarily herbaceous dicots, though strains infect monocots and woody ornamentals
No
CABICPC
Seed is not a known pathway.
CABICPC
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato
bacterium
Bacterium tomato, Pseudomonas tomato
Africa: Egypt, Morocco, South Africa, Tanzania, Tunisia; Asia: China, India, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Nepal, Taiwan, Turkey; Europe: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, UK; North America: Canada, USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand; South America: Brazil, Chile, Venezuela.
CA, FL, GA, IL, IA, MD, NE, NY, TX
China, Korea, Thailand
2024-12-31
Main: tomato; Other: cauliflower, collards
Not a host
PSDMTM-2, PSDMTM-4, CABI CPC
No evidence found indicating pepper is a host in nature. Only a host by artificial inoculation.
PSDMTM-2, PSDMTM-4, CABI CPC
Bashan, Y., and I. Assouline. 1983. Complementary bacterial enrichment techniques for the detection ofPseudomonas syringae pv. tomato andXanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria in infested tomato and pepper seeds. Phytoparasitica 11: 187-193.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Ralstonia solanacearum
bacterium
Bacillus musae, Bacillus musarum, Bacillus nicotianae, Bacillus sesami, Bacillus solanacearum, Bacterium solanacearum, Bacterium solanacearum var. asiatica, Bacterium solanacearum var. asiaticum, Burkholderia solanacearum, Chromobacterium nicotianae, Erwinia nicotianae,
Erwinia solanacearum, Phytobacterium solanacearum, Phytomonas ricini, Phytomonas solanacearum, Phytomonas solanacearum var. asiatica, Pseudomonas batatae, Pseudomonas ricini,
Pseudomonas solanacearum, Pseudomonas solanacearum var. asiatica, Pseudomonas tectonae,
Xanthomonas solanacearum, Xanthomonas solanacearum var. asiatica
Worldwide
AL, AR, CT, DE, FL, GA, HI, IL, IN, LA, MI, NH, NJ, NY, NC, PA, SC, SD, VA, WI
China
2025-08-13
Ralstonia solanacearum spreads mainly through infected vegetative planting material, contaminated soil or water, root contact, mechanical injury, and sometimes insect vectors, with wild hosts serving as reservoirs that can contaminate irrigation sources. True seed infection is rare and confirmed in peanut, while seed contamination in other crops such as tomato, pepper, eggplant, and soybean has been reported but not substantiated, making seed a minor pathway compared with other transmission routes. Pest is on USDA Plant Protection and Quarantine Select Agents and Toxins list.
Over 250 species, particularly tropical and subtropical crops, are susceptible to races of the R. solanacearum species complex, with tomato, tobacco, aubergine, potato, banana, plantain, and Heliconia being the most significant worldwide, while other hosts include Anthurium spp., groundnut, Capsicum annuum, cotton, rubber, sweet potato, cassava, castor bean, and ginger.
No
RALSSL-6, CABI CPC, RALSSL-8, EPPO, RALSSL-19
Pepper is not considered to be an important host of the pathogen. Only artificially inoculated seeds in research were shown to induce disease symptoms. There is no evidence that seed is a pathway in nature.
RALSSL-6, CABI CPC, RALSSL-8, EPPO, RALSSL-19
Moffett ML, Wood BA, Hayward AC, 1981. Seed and soil: sources of inoculum for the colonisation of the foliage of solanaceous hosts by Pseudomonas solanacearum. Annals of Applied Biology, 98:403-411
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Hudelson, B. 2020. Ralstonia Wilt. https://hort.extension.wisc.edu/articles/ralstonia-wilt/
OEPP/EPPO Global Database - European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization
Devi LR, Menon MR, 1980. Transmission of Pseudomonas solanacearum through tomato seeds. Agricultural Research Journal of Kerala, 18:120-122
Colletotrichum capsici
fungus
Vermicularia capsici
Africa: Burkino Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Malawi, Nigeria, Seychelles, Zimbabwe; Asia: Bangladesh, Brunei, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiawn, Thailand; Europe: Poland; North America: Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Cuba, Mexico, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, USA; Oceania: American Samoa, Australia, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, New Caledonia, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Soloman Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna.
AR, FL, GA, LA, MS, NC, TX
Chile, Mexico
2025-06-12
Colletotrichum capsici is soil-, seed-, and waterborne, and can survive both externally and internally on infected seeds. Though closely related to C. truncatum, many infections previously attributed to C. capsici are now recognized as C. truncatum, based on molecular evidence.
Main: pepper, eggplant; Other: Chinese cabbage, bitter gourd, tomato, potato, mung bean, cowpea
Yes
COLLCA-2, CABI CPC, ISF RPLD
Pepper seed as a pathway has been established and accepted.
COLLCA-2, CABI CPC, ISF RPLD
Blotter incubation
COLLCA-3, COLLCA-4, COLLCA-5, COLLCA-6, COLLCA-9, CABI CPC, ISF RPLD, COLLCA-11, COLLCA-12, COLLCA-13, COLLCA-14, COLLCA-15, COLLCA-16, COLLCA-17
Test has not been verified or standardized
Chemical, cultural
COLLCA-3, COLLCA-5, CABI CPC, ISF RPLD
Use certified disease-free seed, practice crop rotation, conduct regular field inspections, ensure good drainage, and optimize plant spacing to minimize moisture and pathogen spread. Apply fungicides as directed for effectiveness.
Singh K, Vishunavat K, Tewari G, 2009. Detection, transmission and management of seed-borne inoculum of anthracnose (Colletotrichum capsici) in chilli. Seed Research, 37:143-146.
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Mesta RK,Kulkarni VR, Rao MSL, 2007. Studies on seed borne nature of Colletotrichum capsici causing seedling blight and its control through chemicals. International Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 3:35-38.
Mridha MAU, Siddique ABM, 1989. Fruit rot disease of chilli in relation to seed infection. Seed Research, 17:174-177
Rahman DMM, Khan AA, Mian IH, 2005. Control of seed borne fungi of chilli by seed treatment with fungicides and botanicals. Bangladesh Journal of Plant Pathology, 21:63-66.
Sangchote S,Juangbhanich P, 1984. Seed transmission of Colletotrichum capsici on pepper (Capsicum spp.). Kasetsart Journal, Natural Sciences, 18:7-13
Vinaya Hemannavar, Rao MSL, Yashoda Hegde, Mohankumar HD, 2009. Status of seed borne incidence of anthracnose of chilli in northern Karnataka and evaluation of seed health testing methods for the detection of Colletotrichum capsici. Karnataka Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 22(4):807-809.
Khilendra singh, k. Vishunavat, and Rashmi Tewari, “Detection, transmission and management of seed-borne inoculum of anthracnose (Colletotrichum capsici) in chilli”, seed res., vol. 37, no. 1 & 2, pp. 143–146, feb. 2025.
Sá, D. A. C. D., Santos, G. R. D., Furtado, G. Q., Erasmo, E. A. L., & Nascimento, I. R. D. (2011). Transport, pathogenicity and transmissibility of fungi associated with physic nut seeds. Revista Brasileira de Sementes, 33, 663-670.
Welideniya, W.A., Rienzie, K.D.R.C., Wickramaarachchi, W.A.R.T. and Aruggoda, A.G.B. (2019) ‘Characterization of fungal pathogens causing anthracnose in capsicum pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) and their seed borne nature’, Ceylon Journal of Science, 48(3), p. 261-269.
Pakdeevaraporn, P.; Wasee, S.; Taylor, P.W.J.; Mongkolporn, O. Inheritance of resistance to anthracnose caused by Colleto-trichum capsici in Capsicum. Plant Breed. 2005, 124, 206–208.
Deshmukh, V., Lakshmi, T. V., Priya, B. T., Rajani, A., & Lakshmi, B. K. M. Morphological and Cultural Variability of Colletotrichum Spp. Causing Anthracnose of Chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) in Andhra Pradesh.
Wan Nik, Wan Zainun and Meon, Sariah (1988). Seed-borne infection and development of Colletotrichum capsici in naturally infected chili seed. Pertanika, 11 (3), 341-344.
Kumar, K., Jitendra Singh and Khare, A. (2004). Detection, location, transmission and management of seed-borne Colletotrichum dematium causing die-back and anthracnose in chilli. Farm Science Journal, 13 (2), 152-153.
Colletotrichum acutatum
fungus
Glomerella acutata
Worldwide
Widespread
Chile, Mexico
2025-06-14
Colletotrichum acutatum is primarily spread through conidia, with water splash being the main method of local dispersal. It can also survive in soil and spread via plant debris. It has not been considered to be a quarantine pest by EPPO or any other regional plant protection organization. Seed is not known to be a pathway.
Main: strawberry; Other: celery, pepper, sunflower, common bean.
No
COLLAC-2, COLLAC-3, COLLAC-4, COLLAC-5, COLLAC-6, COLLAC-7
Pepper seed is not a pathway.
COLLAC-2, COLLAC-3, COLLAC-4, COLLAC-5, COLLAC-6, COLLAC-7
Vitale S,Infantino A, 2014. Presence of Colletotrichum acutatum causing anthracnose on hot pepper in central Italy. Journal of Plant Pathology, 96(3):607.
Wharton, P. S., & Diéguez-Uribeondo, J. (2004, June). The biology of Colletotrichum acutatum. In Anales del jardín botánico de Madrid (Vol. 61, No. 1, pp. 3-22).
Nair, J.; Newhook, F.J.; Corbin, J.B. (1983) Survival of Colletotrichum acutatum f. sp. pinea in soil and pine debris. Transactions of the British Mycological Society 81, 53-63.
Yang, X.-S.; Wilson, L.L.; Madden, L.V.; Ellis, M.A. (1990) Rain splash dispersal of Colletotrichum acutatum from infected strawberry fruit. Phytopathology 80, 590-595.
Yang, X.-S.; Madden, L.V.; Reichard, D.L.; Wilson, L.L.; Ellis, M.A. (1992) Splash dispersal of Colletotrichum acutatum and Phytophthora cactorum from strawberry fruit by single drop impactions. Phytopathology 82, 332-340.
Eastburn, D.M.; Gubler, W.D. (1992) Effects of soil moisture and temperature on the survival of Colletotrichum acutatum. Plant Disease 76, 841-842.
Colletotrichum truncatum
fungus
Colletotrichum dematium f. sp.truncatum, Vermicularia truncata
Worldwide
Widespread
Chile, Mexico
2022-11-11
A possible anamporh of Colletotrichum capsici (ARS GRIN)
soybean, pepper, tomato, bean, pea and a broad range of weed species
No
COLLDU-7, COLLDU-9
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Only one reference found indicating pepper may be a host (COLLDU-9), but this paper indicated that C. capsici was used in the research, though it was referred to C. truncatum but it was not the C. truncatum that attacks soybean.
COLLDU-7, COLLDU-9
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Ranathunge, N.P., Mongkolporn, O., Ford, R. and Taylor, P.W.J., 2012. Colletotrichum truncatum pathosystem on Capsicum spp: infection, colonization and defence mechanisms. Australasian Plant Pathology, 41: 463-473
Didymella lycopersici
fungus
Ascochyta lycopersici, Diplodina lycopersici, Phoma lycopersici, Sphaeronaema lycopersici,
Africa: Cote d'Ivorie, Morocco, Nigeria, Togo, Uganda; Asia: Armenia, Azerbaijan, Brunei, China, India, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Malaysia; Europe: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Ukraine, UK; North America: Barbados, Canada, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, USA; Oceania: French Polynesia, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Tonga; South America: Brazil, Venezuela.
AK, DE, FL, NJ, NC, OR, VA, WI
China, Korea, Thailand
2025-07-22
Didymella lycopersici is a fungus that causes stem rot in tomatoes. It survives in soil, plant debris, seeds, and on weeds like nightshade. The disease primarily spreads in cool, wet conditions, particularly with overhead watering. Older plants and poor soil nutrition make it worse. Though seed-borne it doesn’t always lead to infection.
Main: tomato; Other: pepper, eggplant, potato
uncertain
DIDYLY-8, DIDYLY-9
Pepper seed as a pathway is uncertain because the only evidence comes from a single study, which found the fungus in the seed coats and inner parts of one pepper variety, but the research was primarily done in a controlled environment. No other research has confirmed that this fungus spreads through pepper seeds.
DIDYLY-8, DIDYLY-9
Khulbe RD, Dhyani AP, Sati MC, 1991. Seed-borne Didymella lycopersici and Diaporthe phaseolorum: their location in seed, transmission and pathogenic importance in red pepper and bell pepper. Indian Phytopathology, 44:480-486
Farr, D.F. and Rossman, A.Y. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. 2016, http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/
Verticillium albo-atrum
fungus
Verticillium albo-atrum var. caespitosum
Verticillium albo-atrum var. tuberosum
Worldwide, primarily in cool temperate climates and in potato producing areas
Widespread, especially in northern states
China, Thailand
2025-09-15
Verticillium albo-atrum is a soilborne fungal pathogen that causes Verticillium wilt in a wide range of host plants, including vegetables, ornamentals, and woody crops. The fungus invades the plant through the roots, colonizes the vascular system, and disrupts water transport. It survives in soil for many years as microsclerotia, making management difficult. The pathogen is primarily spread through infested soil, plant debris, and infected planting material, but seed transmission has been reported (and unverified) in older reports for some crops.
Main: cauliflower. broccoli, lucerne, tomato, potato; Other: brussel sprouts, cucumber
No
VERTAA-2, VERTAA-9, CABI CPC, VERTAA-29
Only one reference found indicating pepper is attacked by this fungus. No evidence that seed is a pathway for this crop. Verticillium dahlia is the primary pathogen for verticillium wilt in pepper.
VERTAA-2, VERTAA-9, CABI CPC, VERTAA-29
Anonymous 1960. Index of Plant Diseases in the United States. U.S.D.A. Agric. Handb. 165: 1-531. (94)
Richardson, MJ. 1990. Annotated List of Seedborne Diseases, Fourth Ed. International Seed Testing Association. Zurich, Switzerland
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
M, Miladinovic Z, Stevanovic D, Lazic B, 1997. Characteristics of new sweet spice pepper genotypes. In: Jevtic S (ed.). Proceedings of the first Balkan symposium on vegetables and potatoes, Belgrade, Yugoslavia, 4-7 June 1996: Volume 2. Acta Horticulturae, No. 462, 713-716.
Verticillium dahliae
fungus
Verticillium albo-atrum f. angustum.
Verticillium albo-atrum var. chlamydosporale
Verticillium albo-atrum var. dahliae
Verticillium albo-atrum var. medium.
Verticillium dahliae f. angustum
Verticillium dahliae f. cerebriforme
Verticillium dahliae f. chlamydosporale
Verticillium dahliae f. medium
Verticillium dahliae f. zonatum
Verticillium ovatum
Verticillium trachiephilum
Worldwide
Widespread
China
2022-11-11
Prevalent in China
Verticillium dahliae has a broad host range, infecting both woody and herbaceous plants, including ornamentals, native species, and weeds. Economically important hosts include artichoke, eggplant, bell pepper, cotton, hop, lettuce, mints, oilseed rape, olive, potato, strawberry, and tomato.
No
VERTDA-16, VERTDA-17, VERTDA-22, VERTDA-23, VERTDA-26, VERTDA-3, CABI CPC
No references found indicating seed as a pathway for Verticillium dahliae in pepper.
VERTDA-16, VERTDA-17, VERTDA-22, VERTDA-23, VERTDA-26, VERTDA-3, CABI CPC
Richardson, MJ. 1990. An Annotated List of Seedborne Diseases. International Seed Testing Association. Zurich, Switzerland.
Evans G, Wilhelm S, Snyder WC, 1966. Dissemination of the verticillium wilt fungus with cotton seed. Phytopathology, 56:460-461.
Rudolph, B.A. 1944. The unimportance of tomato seed in the dissemination of Verticillium wilt in California. Phytopathology 34:622–630.
Kadow, K. J. 1934. Seed transmission of Verticillium wilt of eggplants and tomatoes. Phytopathology 24:1265-1268.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org. Nyon, Switzerland
Vallad, G.E., Bhat, R.G., Koike, S.T., Ryder, E.J. and Subbarao, K.V. (2005). Weedborne reservoirs and seedborne transmission of Verticillium dahliae in lettuce. Plant Disease, 89, 317-324.
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Peronospora hyoscyami f.sp. tabacina
fungus
Peronospora effusa var. hyoscyami, Peronospora hyoscyami, Peronospora nicotianae, Peronospora tabacina
Worldwide
Widespread
China
2024-10-13
Peronospora hyoscyami f.sp. tabacina is spread via airborne spores. Seed is not a known pathway.
Main: tobacco; Other: pepper, eggplant
No
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, RICHISTA, PEROTA-1, PEROTA-2
Seed is not a know pathway.
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, RICHISTA, PEROTA-1, PEROTA-2
BORRÁS‐HIDALGO, O. R. L. A. N. D. O., Thomma, B. P., Silva, Y., Chacon, O., & Pujol, M. (2010). Tobacco blue mould disease caused by Peronospora hyoscyami f. sp. tabacina. Molecular plant pathology, 11(1), 13-18.
Aylor, D. E. (2003). Spread of plant disease on a continental scale: role of aerial dispersal of pathogens. Ecology, 84(8), 1989-1997.
Moniliophthora perniciosa
fungus
Crinipellis perniciosa, Marasmius perniciosus
Africa: Angola; North America: Belize, Dominican Republic, Grenada, Panama, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago; South America: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela.
Not known to occur
China
2025-10-30
Main: cocoa only in nature. S-biotype has infected tomato and pepper in laboratory settings.
No
MONIPE-2
A biotype of this pathogen (S-biotype) found in wild species of solanum in Brazil has caused disease in tomato and pepper when artificially inoculated in the greenhouse. This pathogen, however, is not known to infect tomato or pepper under natural cultivation.
MONIPE-2
Marelli, J.P., Maximova, S.N., Gramacho, K.P., Kang, S. and Guiltinan, M.J., 2009. Infection biology of Moniliophthora perniciosa on Theobroma cacao and alternate solanaceous hosts. Tropical Plant Biology, 2:149-160.
Tobacco ringspot virus
virus
Anemone necrosis virus, Annulus tabaci, Blueberry necrotic ringspot virus, Nicotiana virus 12, Soybean bud blight virus, Tobacco Brazilian streak virus, Tobacco ringspot nepovirus, Tobacco ringspot virus No. 1
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea, China
2025-09-15
Tobacco ringspot virus is a Nepovirus with a broad host range that causes ring spots, mottling, stunting, and yield loss. It is transmitted primarily by dagger nematodes (Xiphinema spp.) in soil, but can also spread through infected seed in certain crops (mainly soybeans), mechanical contact with sap or contaminated tools, and, in some cases, via infected pollen.
Extensive host range includes many weed, fruit and ornamental plant species. Main: peppers, watermelon, melon, cucumber, soybean, tomato.
No
TRSV00-2, CABI CPC, DPV WEB
No references found indicating pepper seed is a pathway.
TRSV00-2, CABI CPC, DPV WEB
Eggplant mottled dwarf virus
virus
Tomato vein yellowing virus, Eggplant mottled dwarf nucleorhabdovirus, Hibiscus vein yellowing virus, Pelargonium vein clearing virus, Pittosporum vein clearing virus, Pittosporum vein yellowing virus, Tomato vein clearing virus
North Africa, Afghanistan, Iran, Israel, Europe, Australia and Japan
Not known to occur
Mexico, Korea
2023-08-21
This virus is not known to be seed borne (CABI CPC)
Primarily eggplant. Other solanacious and cucurbit crops, and ornamentals that are propagated have been reported as minor hosts.
No
EMDV00-1
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
EMDV00-1
Eggplant mottled dwarf virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Broad bean wilt virus
virus
Broad bean wilt fabavirus, Catalpa chlorotic leaf spot virus, Nasturtium ringspot virus, Nasturtium white spot virus, Pea streak virus, Patchouli mild mosaic virus, Patchouli mild mottle virus, Petunia ringspot virus, Tropaeolum ringspot virus, Plantago II virus
Africa: Egypt, Ethiopia, Morocco, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Tunisia; Asia: Bangladesh, China, India, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Jordan, North Korea, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Syria, Taiwan, Turkey; Europe: Bulgaria, Czechia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, United Kingdom; North America, USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand; South America: Argentina.
FL, MN, NY, OH, SC, VT, WI
Mexico
2024-09-03
Broad bean wilt virus has only shown possible seed transmission in faba beans through artificial inoculation. It is not known to be common in nature. The virus is transmissible by sap inoculation and by several aphid species in the non-persistent.
Broad bean wilt virus has been reported in natural infections of 180 species of 41 plant families and thus has a very extensive natural host range. Main host families are: Apiaceae, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, and Solanaceae.
No
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, DPVWEB
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, DPVWEB
Tomato ringspot virus
virus
blackberry (Himalaya) mosaic virus, Euonymus chlorotic ringspot virus, Euonymus ringspot virus, grape yellow vein virus, grapevine yellow vein virus, Nicotiana 13 virus, peach stem pitting virus, prune brown line virus, Prunus stem pitting virus, red currant mosaic virus, tobacco ringspot virus 2, tomato ringspot nepovirus, ToRSV, winter peach mosaic virus
Africa: Egypt, Nigeria, Togo; Asia: China, India, Iran, Japan, Jodan, Lebanon, Oman, Pakistan, South Korea, Taiwan, Turkey; Europe: Belarus, Croatia, France, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, UK; North America: Canada, Puerto Rico, USA; Oceania: Fiji, New Zealand; South America: Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela.
Widespread
Korea, Mexico, Thailand
2022-11-07
Natural spread is confined to areas where there are moderate to high populations of nematode vectors belonging to the genus Xiphinema. Requires the nematode to spread. Seed transmission only shown in strawberry and raspberry in nature.
Wide host range, primarily ornamentals and fruit trees and berries. Vegetable crops infected are listed below. Not known to infect grains and grasses
No
TORSV0-4, TORSV0-5
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
TORSV0-4, TORSV0-5
Tobacco mosaic virus
virus
TMV U1, type, Vulgare or Common strain
tobacco mosaic tobamovirus,
VMT (Virus mosaique de tabac)
Worldwide
Widespread
Mexico
2023-08-21
Broad host range. Cultivated species listed below.
Yes
TMV000-5, TMV000-11
Seed as a pathway well documented and accepted in this crop. Only known to occur in the seed coat.
Bioassay is the standard method of the NSHS. ELISA is commonly used as a pre-screen.
TMV000-5, TMV000-11
Bioassay, ELISA
TMV000-4, TMV000-10, TMV000-13
Bioassay is the standard of the NSHS
Seed disinfection,Trisodium orthophosphate followed by sodium hypochlorite treatment; HCl soaks
TMV000-5, TMV000-8
Clean seed programs and the use certified Tobacco mosaic virus free seed
Demski, JW, 1981 Tobacco mosaic virus is seedborne in pimiento pepper. Plant Disease 65:723-724.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org
Cicek Y, Yorganci U, 1991. Studies on the incidence of tobacco mosaic virus on certified seed of tomato, pepper and eggplant in Aegean region. Journal of Turkish Phytopathology, 20:57-68
Tobamovirus Seed Health Method So 5.1. 2015. The National Seed Health System, www.seedhealth.org"
International Seed Federation, Seed Health Initiative for Vegetables. 2017. https://seedhealth.org/files/2020/10/Pepper_Tobamo_Jan_2007-ISF.pdf
Alekseev RV, Shcherbinin BM, Tokareva NN, 1975. Control of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in tomato seed crops. Sb. Nauch. Tr. VNII Oroshaem. Ovoshchevodstva i Bakhchevodstva, No.3/4:82-87
Tomato bushy stunt virus
virus
tomato bushy stunt tombusvirus
Africa: Morocco, Tunisia; Asia: Japan, Pakistan, Singapore, South Korea; Europe: Austria, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Czechia, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Portugal, Spain, United Kingdom; North America; Canada, Mexico, USA; South America; Argentina, Peru, Suriname
CA, CO
Mexico, Thailand, Korea
2024-08-05
Tomato bushy stunt virus, a Tombusvirus, affects vegetables, fruit trees, and ornamentals. It can cause stunting, bushy growth patterns, chlorotic spots, leaf crinkling, necrosis, and deformation of fruits and leaves. TBSV has no known insect vectors. It can spread through infected tissue, mechanically through contaminated equipment, through soil, root wounds, and water.
Main: Capsicum annuum, Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum melongena.
No
TBSV00-3, TBSV00-4, TBSV00-5
Occasionally listed as transmitted by pepper seed (TBSV00-4), but no data or references to support seed transmission were found.
TBSV00-3, TBSV00-4, TBSV00-5
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. http://www.worldseed.org, Nyon, Switzerland
Edwardson, JR and Christie, RG. 1997. Viruses infecting Peppers and Other Solanaceous Crops. Vol II. Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Florida, Gainesville.FL
Richardson, MJ., 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Diseases. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich Switzerland
Potato virus Y
virus
brinjal mosaic virus, datura 437 virus, Marmor upsilon, potato acropetal necrosis virus, potato severe mosaic virus, potato virus 20, potato Y potyvirus, Solanum virus 2, Tabakrippenbraune Virus, tobacco vein banding, mosaic virus, tobacco veinal necrosis virus, tobacco vein-banding virus
Worldwide
Widespread
Mexico
2024-02-16
PVY is transmitted in a non-persistent manner by more than 50 aphid species. (CABI) PVY is not known to be seed borne in any host, including true potato seed. PVY is best controlled by the production, propagation and distribution of elite virus-free planting stocks, nucleus stocks of which are maintained under stringent conditions to prevent infection.
Primarily potato. Reported in tomato and pepper.
No
PVY000-3, PVY000-7
No evidence that seed is a pathway
PVY000-3, PVY000-7
Edwardson JR, Christie RG, 1997. Viruses infecting peppers and other solanaceous crops. Volume 1, 336 pp.; Agricultural Experiment Station University of Florida, Gainesville, FL USA
Anderson CW, 1959. A study of field sources of and spread of five viruses of peppers in central Florida. Phytopathology, 49: 97-101.
Tomato spotted wilt virus
virus
Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus, Tomato spotted wilt virus group
Worldwide
Widespread
2023-08-21
Seed is not a pathway for Tospoviruses, including Tomato spotted wilt virus
Wide host range. Over 800 plant species are known hosts. Primarily ornamentals,flowers. No evidence that small grains or corn are hosts.
No
TSWV00-1, TSWV00-2, TSWV00-3
Seed is not a pathway for Tospoviruses, including Tomato spotted wilt virus.
TSWV00-1, TSWV00-2, TSWV00-3
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org
Kormelink R. 2005. Tomato spotted wilt virus Datasheet 412. Description of Plant Viruses Online. 2016. www.dpvweb.net.
Tomato apical stunt viroid
viroid
TASVd, Tomato apical stunt pospiviroid
Africa: Cote d'Ivorie, Ghana, Senegal, Tunisia; Asia: Indonesia, Israel; Europe: Belgium, Croatia, Czechia, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Slovenia.
Not known to occur
Korea, Thailand
2025-08-15
Tomato apical stunt viroid is primarily transmitted mechanically through contaminated tools, hands, and plant-to-plant contact. It can also spread through grafting and vegetative propagation. While it has been detected on tomato seed surfaces, evidence for seed transmission is inconsistent and is generally considered to be very low to uncertain.
Main: tomato
uncertain
TASVd0-6, TASVd0-8
Evidence of Tomato apical stunt viroid seed transmission is limited and unconfirmed. While peppers can be experimentally infected, reliable data on seed-borne spread are lacking. Mechanical contact during handling poses a much greater risk.
TASVd0-6, TASVd0-8
RT-PCR
NSHS USDA
METHOD: So 6.1 TaqMan RT-PCR Method, Ver 1.3 (National Seed Health System)
cultural
CABI CPC, TASVD0-13
Control relies on using tested clean seed and plants, strict sanitation to avoid mechanical spread, and removing infected plants. In greenhouse production, thorough cleaning between cycles is critical to eliminate residual contamination.
Matsushita, Y., Tsuda, S., 2016. Seed transmission of potato spindle tuber viroid, tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid, tomato apical stunt viroid, and Columnea latent viroid in horticultural plants., Europeaon J. of Plant Pathology 145: 1007-1011.
Verhoeven, J. Th. J., Koenraadt, H. M. S., Westenberg, M., Roenhorst, J. W., 2017. Characterization of tomato apical stunt viroid isolated from a 24-year old seed lot of Capsicum annuum., Virology162: 1741-1744.
United Stated Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Protection Service National Seed Health System (USDA-APHIS NSHS) www.seedhealth.org
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Chen, W.Y., Shih, S.L., Hsieh, M.H. and Kenyon, L., 2019. Management of tomato viroids at World Vegetable Center headquarters. ISHS Acta Horticulturae 1316, pp 135-142.
Chilli leaf curl virus
virus
Chilli leaf curl, Sri Lanka virus
Sri Lanka
Not known to occur
Korea
2024-11-26
Whitefly transmitted virus, phloem limited, seed is not known to be a pathway.
bell pepper
No
CHILCU-2, CHILCU-3
Begomoviruses are phloem limited and therefore not known to be seed transmitted. Whitefly transmitted begomovirus.
CHILCU-2, CHILCU-3
Zehra, S.B., Ahmad, A., Sharma, A., Sofi, S., Lateef, A., Bashir, Z., Husain, M. and Rathore, J.P., 2017. Chilli Leaf Curl Virus an Emerging Threat to Chilli in India, Int. J. Pure App. Biosci. 5(5): 404-414
Das, S., Rahman, M., Dash, P. K., Mitra, A., & Kamal, Md. M. (2022). Transmission attributes of Asian I Silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) modulating the spread of Chili leaf curl virus disease in Chili (Capsicum spp.). Archiv Für Phytopathologie Und Pflanzenschutz, 55(6), 699–719.
Chilli veinal mottle virus
virus
Chilli veinal mottle potyvirus, Chilli vein-banding mottle virus
Africa: Tanzania; Asia: China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, North Korea, Pakistan, Philippines, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam; Europe: Italy; Oceania: Papua New Guinea.
Not known to occur
Korea
2025-06-07
Chilli veinal mottle virus is not seed-transmitted. Studies show that seedlings grown from infected seeds do not develop symptoms, and the virus has not been detected in reproductive tissues or seed extracts. Instead, ChiVMV is primarily spread by aphid vectors in a non-persistent manner and mechanically.
Main: pepper, chilli; Other: tobacco, tomato
No
CHIVMV-2, CABI CPC, ISF RPLD, CHIVMV-4, CHIVMV-5, CHIVMV-6, Chivmv-7, CHIVMV-8
Seed is not known to be a pathway. Primarily mechanically or aphid transmitted.
CHIVMV-2, CABI CPC, ISF RPLD, CHIVMV-4, CHIVMV-5, CHIVMV-6, Chivmv-7, CHIVMV-8
Ong CA, Varghese G, Ting WP, 1979. Aetiological investigations on a veinal mottle virus of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) newly recorded from Peninsular Malaysia. MARDI Research Bulletin, 7:78-88.
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs. (n.d.). Pest Risk Analysis: Chilli veinal mottle virus (PRA–Chilli veinal mottle virus, Version 2) [PDF]. GOV.UK. Retrieved July 7, 2025
Nono-Womdim R, Swai IS, Chadha ML, Gebre-Selassie K, Marchoux G. Occurrence of Chilli veinal mottle virus in Solanum aethiopicum in Tanzania. Plant Dis. 2001 Jul;85(7):801.
Lakshminarayana Reddy, C. N., Venkataravanappa, V., Chowdappa, A., Shridhar, H., Mantesh, M., Vinaykumar, H. D., & Krishna Reddy, M. (2024). Complete genome characterization of chilli veinal mottle virus associated with mosaic and mottling disease of tomato and development of LAMP assay for quick detection. 3 Biotech, 14(5), 139
Tiberini, A., Manglli, A., Ahmad, A., Cassia, U., & Tomassoli, L. (2017). First report and molecular identification of chilli veinal mottle virus in Italy. Journal of Plant Pathology, 523-526.
Shah H, Yasmin T, Fahim M, Hameed S, UI-Haque MI. Transmission and host range studies of Pakistani Isolate of chilli veinal mottle virus. Pak J Bot. 2008;2008(40):2669–2681.
Tomato chlorosis virus
virus
-
Africa: Egypt, Kenya, Mauritius, Mayotte, Morocco, NIgeria, Reunion, South Africa, Sudan, Tunisia; Asia: China, India, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Taiwan, Turkey; Europe: Albania, Cyprus, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain,; North America: Costa Rica, Cuba, Mexico, Puerto Rico, USA; South America: Brazil, Uruguay.
CO, CT, FL, GA, LA, NY, VA
Korea
2024-10-22
Whitefly transmitted. Phloem limited Crinivirus. Crinivirus' are not known to be seed transmitted. Not to be confused with Tomato infectious chlorosis virus, a closely related Crinivirus.
Main: tomato; Other: pepper, cucumber, pumpkin, radish, eggplant, zininia.
No
CABICPC
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Criniviruses, like all Closteroviridae are not known to be seed borne or transmitted. Only one reference found indicting pepper is a host for this virus.
CABICPC
Tobacco etch virus
virus
Datura Z potyvirus, Tobacco etch potyvirus, Tobacco severe etch potyvirus, Tomato etch potyvirus, Tomato etch virus
Africa: Nigeria, Sudan, Tunisia; Asia: China, India, Singapore, Turkey; Europe: Cyprus, France, Hungary, Russia, Spain; North America: Canada, Cuba, El Salvador, Guatemala, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, USA; South America: Venezuela
AL, AZ, CA, CT, DE, FL, GA, HI, ID, IL, KY, LA, MD, MA, MI, MN, NJ, NY, NC, OH, PA, SC, TN, TX, VT, VA, WI
Korea
2025-09-12
Tobacco etch virus is transmitted in a non-persistent manner by several aphid species and can also spread mechanically through contaminated tools or handling of plants. Seed is not a pathway.
Main: pepper, tomato, tobacco
No
CABI CPC, DPV WEB, TEV00-2, TEV00-3, TEV00-4
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
CABI CPC, DPV WEB, TEV00-2, TEV00-3, TEV00-4
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Description of Plant Viruses ; http://dpvweb.net/dpv/
Edwardson JR, Christie RG, 1991. CRC handbook of viruses affecting legumes. Boca Raton, Florida, USA; CRC Press Inc., 505 pp.
Crosby, K. M., Marquez, S. A., Alabi, O., Ong, K., & Perry, S. (2025). Novel resistance to tobacco etch virus in peppers (Capsicum spp.). Euphytica, 221(9), 150.
Gadhave KR, Gautam S, Rasmussen DA, Srinivasan R (2020) Aphid transmission of Potyvirus: the largest plant-infecting RNA virus genus. Viruses 12:773.
Beet curly top virus
virus
Beet curly top geminivirus, beet curly top hybrigeminivirus, potato green dwarf virus, sugarbeet curly top virus, sugarbeet curly-leaf virus, sugarbeet virus 1, tomato yellow virus, tomato yellows virus, western yellow blight virus
Africa: Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt; Asia: India, Iran, Japan, Turkey; Europe: Cyprus, Italy; North America: Canada, Costa Rica, Mexico, USA; South America: Argentina, Bolivia, Uruguay.
Widespread
Korea
2024-06-19
BCTV is spread locally by insect vectors and internationally through infected host material or vectors. It is not known to be a seed transmitted virus in any host. It is More common in the western US where vectors are more common.
celery, table beet, sugarbeet, pepper, cucumber, cucurbits, common bean, tomato, cowpeas
No
BCTV00-5, CABICPC
Seed is not known to be a pathway in any host of Beet curly top virus
BCTV00-5, CABICPC
Phoma destructiva
fungus
Phoma destructiva var. destructiva, Diplodina destructiva, Phyllosticta lycopersic, Remotididymella destructiva
Asia: India, Malaysia; Europe: Italy
n/a
-
2025-06-29
Phoma destructiva survives in soil and infected plant debris and may be seedborne in Solanaceae crops. Infection is more likely when plants are injured. The disease thrives in moderate temperatures and high humidity, spreading through water-splashed conidia. It can continue developing post-harvest, especially if the fruit is wet at the time of harvest.
Main: tomato, Other: pepper
No
PHOMDE-5, CABI CPC, PHOMDE-11, PHOMDE-12, PHOMDE-15
Pepper is a confirmed host of Phoma destructiva, with disease symptoms documented in the field. Some sources suggest that pepper seed may serve as a potential pathway for transmission, but no supporting data has been presented to confirm seedborne transmission.
PHOMDE-5, CABI CPC, PHOMDE-11, PHOMDE-12, PHOMDE-15
Blotter, Agar incubation
PHOMDE-5
These methods were applied for research purposes and have not been validated or standardized for clinical use.
Chemical, cultural
Effective control of Phoma destructiva involves using clean seed, maintaining soil health, preventing fruit injury, and managing Solanaceae weeds. Fungicides have also shown effectiveness.
Boerema, G.H., De Gruyter, J., Noordeloos, M.E., and Hamers, M.E.C. 2004. Phoma identification manual: differentiation of specific and infra-specific taxa in culture. CABI Publishing,Wallingford, UK 470 pages.
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Colmán, A. A., Alves, J. L., da Silva, M., & Barreto, R. W. (2018). Phoma destructiva causing blight of tomato plants: a new fungal threat for tomato plantations in Brazil?. Tropical Plant Pathology, 43, 257-262
Deb, D., Khan, A., & Dey, N. (2020). Phoma diseases: Epidemiology and control. Plant Pathology, 69(7), 1203-1217.
Tareen, H.U, Rauf, C.A., Qadir, G. and Bhutta, R., 2014. Biological studies on seed borne mycroflora of exotic tomato seeds. Pakistan Journal of Phytopathology, 26, pp.271-279
Impatiens necrotic spot virus
virus
Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus, Impatiens strain
Africa: Egypt, Uganda; Asia: China, Iran, Japan, South Korea; Europe: Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Czechia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Gurnsey, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Poland, Portugal, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, UK; North America: Canada, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama, USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand; South America: Chile, Colombia.
Widespread
Korea
2024-09-07
The virus is closely related to Tomato spotted wilt virus and a member of the Tospovirus group of viruses which are thrip transmitted. Seed transmission is unlikely and not reported for any host.
Wide host range. Main: Impatiens. Other: many ornamentals and vegetables.
No
INSV00-2, CABICPC
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
INSV00-2, CABICPC
Difficult to control. Field control must consider the virus and the vector for success.
Tobacco rattle virus
virus
Aster ringspot virus, belladonna mosaic virus, paeony mosaic virus, paeony ringspot virus, peony mosaic virus, peony ringspot virus, potato corky ringspot virus, potato stem mottle virus, ratel virus, spinach yellow mottle virus, Tabakmauche Virus, Tabakstreifen und Kra, tobacco rattle tobravirus, tulip white streak virus
Worldwide
AK, CA, CO, FL, ID, IL, IN, MA, MI, MN, NE, NC, ND, OH, OR, PA, UT, WA, WI
Korea
2024-09-08
Tobacco Rattle Virus is soil-borne and transmitted between plants by the nematode species Trichodorus and Paratrichodorus. Seed is only known to be a pathway in some weed species.
TRV occurs on numerous crops in many countries and has been detected on over 100 mono- and dicotyledonous plant species.
No
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, RICHISTA
Pepper is a known host of Tobacco rattle virus. No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, RICHISTA
Dickeya paradisiaca
bacterium
Brenneria paradisiaca, Erwinia carotovora var. paradisiaca, Erwinia chrysanthemi, Erwinia chrysanthemi pv. paradisiaca, Erwinia musae, Erwinia paradisiaca.
Asia: India; North America: Cuba, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Panama; Oceania: Papua New Guinea; South America: Colombia, Venezuela.
Not known to occur
Thailand
2024-09-11
Primarily a pathogen of banana.
Main: banana, pepper, corn, begonia, and several tropical plants
No
RICHISTA
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
RICHISTA
Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae
bacterium
Many
Worldwide
Widespread
Thailand, China, Korea
2022-12-01
Seed is known to be a pathway on several crops. Thailand lists this pathogen as prohibited on corn. China lists this pathogen (Pseudomonas oryzicola) as prohibited on rice.
Wide host range. Important vegetable and agronomic crops listed below.
No
PSDMSY-2, PSDMSY-3, PSDMSY-16
No evidence that pepper seed is a pathway for this bacterium. Seed pathway has been speculated (PSDMSY-16) but no data was presented.
PSDMSY-2, PSDMSY-3, PSDMSY-16
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon, Switzerland
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Buonarurio, R. and Scortichini, M. (1994). Pseudomonas syringae pv syringae on pepper seedlings in Italy. Plant Pathology, 43:216–219.
Pseudocochliobolus pallescens
fungus
Cochliobolus pallescens, Curvularia leonensis, Curvularia pallescens
Africa, Southeast Asia, Caribbean, South America, Pakistan, Australia, Denmark, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Togo, Canada, Mexico
DC, IA
Korea
2023-08-21
pepper, corn, bean, fava bean, wheat , rice, sorghum, sugarcane, soybean, potato, buckwheat,
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway
Pythium vexans
fungus
Pythium complectens, Phytopythium vexans, Pythium allantocladon, Pythium ascophallon, Pythium piperinum, Ovatisporangium vexans, Pythium euthyphyphon, Pythium polycladon
Africa, Asia, Europe, Guatemala, Caribbean, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, Chile, South Korea, New Zealand, Canada
HI, OK, CA, NC, MD, VA, DE, PA, NJ, WA, TN, LA, WI, IA
Korea
2023-08-21
Primarily affecting seedlings and roots and is transmitted mainly through infested soil. Seed is not known to be a pathway for any host. Zoospores of this fungus can swim in open water for a short distance. This pathogen has been reported in S. Korea. Korea lists this pathogen as Phytopythium vexans
Wide host range
No
PYTHVE-1, PYTHVE-3
Seed is not known to be a pathway for any host.
PYTHVE-1, PYTHVE-3
Pepper chat fruit viroid
viroid
PCFVd
Thailand, Canada
Not known to occur
Korea
2022-12-01
pepper, tomato
No
PCFVd0-2, PCFVd0-5
Pathway not proven. Seed transmission demonstrated with artificially inoculated plants only and only the viroid's nucleotide sequence was detected. No references found indicating seed may be a pathway in nature.
RT-PCR is the NSHS Standard Method (So 6.1)
PCFVd0-2, PCFVd0-5
RT-PCR
PCFVd0-2
Seed assays are commercially available. RT-PCR is the standard method of the NSHS.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org
Verhoeven JTJ; Jansen CCC; Roenhorst JW; Flores R; Peña Mde la, 2009. Pepper chat fruit viroid: biological and molecular properties of a proposed new species of the genus Pospiviroid. Virus Research, 144:209-214.
Tobacco leaf curl virus
virus
tobacco cabbaging virus, tobacco curly leaf virus, tobacco frenching virus, tobacco leaf curl begomovirus, tobacco leaf curl bigeminivirus, tobacco leaf curl geminivirus, tobacco leaf curl virus 1, tomato yellow dwarf virus
Africa: Burkino Faso, CAmeroon, Comoros, Congo, Egypt, Ghana, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe; Asia: Cambodia, China, Georgia, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Philippines, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Yemen; Europe: Denmark, Romania, Spain, Switzrland; North America: Cuba, Jamaica, Panama, Puerto Rico, USA; Oceania: Papua New Guinea; South America: Colombia, Venezuela.
KY
Korea
2024-10-22
TLCV occurs widely in tropical and sub-tropical regions, but is also reported in temperate regions. The main vector for transmission is the whitefly(Bemisia tabaci). Seed is not known to be a pathway for this virus.
tobacco, pepper, tomato, spinach
No
CABICPC, DPVWEB
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
CABICPC, DPVWEB
Tomato torrado virus
virus
-
Africa: Morocco, South Africa; Europe: Hungary, Italy, Poland, Spain; North America: Panama; Oceania: Australia; South America: Colombia, Ecuador.
Not known to occur
Korea, Thailand
2024-11-24
Whitefly transmitted virus
Main: pepper, tomato, eggplant.
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway for this virus.
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus
virus
Tomato yellow leaf curl begomovirus, Tomato leaf curl bigeminivirus, Tomato leaf curl geminivirus, Tomato leaf curl Oman virus, Tomato yellow leaf curl Gezira virus, TYLCV
Worldwide
AL, AZ, CA, FL, GA, HI, KY, LA, MS, NY, NC, OK, SC, TN, TX
Korea
2025-08-01
Several strains of Tomato yellow curl virus are known. Strains tend to be isolated to certain regions of the world. Whitefly transmitted geminivirus. Geminiviruses are usually not seed transmitted.
Main: tomato; Other: pepper, common bean, cowpea
uncertain
TYLCV0-1, TYLCV0-2, TYLCV0-3, TYLCV0-5, DPV WEB, TYLCV0-6, TYLCV0-14, TYLCV0-15
Pepper is considered a weak host for Tomato yellow leaf curl virus, as infected plants exhibit no symptoms and have low virus levels. While one study suggested possible seed transmission, it relied on experimental clones and lacked proper controls, making the findings questionable. Overall, there’s no strong evidence that pepper seed is a pathway for this virus in pepper, and whiteflies remain the primary vector.
TYLCV0-1, TYLCV0-2, TYLCV0-3, TYLCV0-5, DPV WEB, TYLCV0-6, TYLCV0-14, TYLCV0-15
PCR
Biological, Chemical, and Cultural
TYLCV0-1, CABI CPC, DPV WEB, TYLCV0-7
There are various means for eliminating and controlling the B. tabaci vector through insecticides, IPM programs, and using resistant varieties.
Kil, E., Park, J., Choi, E., Byun, H., Lee, K., An, C., Lee, J., Lee, G., Choi, H., Kim, C., Kim, J., & Lee, S. (2017). Seed transmission of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus in sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum). European Journal of Plant Pathology, 150(3), 759-764.
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Czosnek H., 1999. Tobacco leaf curl virus. Datasheet 368. Description of Plant Viruses; www.dvpweb.net.
Kil, E., Kim, S., Lee, Y., Byun, H., Park, J., Seo, H., Kim, C., Shim, J., Lee, J., Kim, J., Lee, K., Choi, H., & Lee, S. 2016. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV-IL): a seed-transmissible geminivirus in tomatoes. Scientific Reports, 6:1-10.
Description of Plant Viruses ; http://dpvweb.net/dpv/
Polston, J.E., Cohen, L., Sherwood, T.A., Ben-Joseph, R. and Lapidot, M. (2006). Capsicum species: Symptomless hosts and reservoirs of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus. Phytopathology 96:447-452
Morilla, G., Janssen, D., Garcia-Andres, S., Moriones, E., Cuadrado, I.M. and Bejarano, E.R. (2005). Pepper (Capsicum annuum) is a dead-end host for Tomato yellow leaf curl virus. Phytopathology 95, 1089-1097.
Reina, J., Morilla, G., Bejarano, E.R., Rodriquez, M.D. and Janssen, D. (1999). First report of Capsicum annuum plants infected by Tomato yellow leaf curl virus. Plant Disease 83:1176.
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Salati, R., Nahkla, M.K., Rojas, M.R., Guzman, P., Jaquez, J., Maxwell, D.P. and Gilbertson, R.L. (2002). Tomato yellow leaf curl virus in the Dominican Republic: Characterization of an infectious clone, virus monitoring in whiteflies, and identification of reservoir hosts. Phytopathology 92: 487-496.
Pelargonium zonate spot virus
virus
Israel, Italy, France, Spain, Australia, Argentina
CA
Korea, Thailand
2022-12-01
Tomato, sunflower, pepper, pelargonium in nature. Others by artificial inoculation.
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
Columnea latent viroid
viroid
CLVd, Columnea latent pospiviroid
Mali, Thailand, Germany, France, Italy, Netherlands, Costa Rica, Canada
MD
Korea, Thailand
2022-11-11
A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed CLVd00-2)
tomato
No
CLVd00-2
Pepper was reported as a symptomless host only when inoculated under experimental conditions. No references found indicating pepper as a host of Columnea latent viroid under natural conditions. Tomato is a known host.
CLVd00-2
NAKTNL
Though not confirmed as a host, commercial testing is available using the NAKT NL protocol
Pseudomonas corrugata
bacterium
None
Africa: Egypt, South Africa, Tanzania; Asia: India, Israel, Japan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Turkey; Europe: Albania, Belarus, Czechia, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK; North America: Canada, Mexico, USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand; South America: Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay.
CA, FL, LA, MA, NC, OH, WA
Thailand
2024-12-31
Pseudomonas corrugata has been shown to be transmitted through water to plants. Seed has been a pathway under experimental conditions for tomato.
Main: tomato; Other: pepper
No
PSDMCR-3, CABI CPC, ISF RPLD
Pepper is a limited host and is usually infected when by infected tomatoes. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for Pseudomonas corrugata in pepper. Seed pathway may be inferred since seed is a pathway in tomato.
PSDMCR-3, CABI CPC, ISF RPLD
Kritzman, G. (1991). A method for detection of seedborne bacterial diseases in tomato seeds. Phytoparasitica 19 :133-141.
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Tomato brown rugose fruit virus
virus
China, Israel, Turkey, Jordan, Europe, Mexico
CA
Thailand, China, Mexico, Chile, Brazil
2023-03-15
The virus has been eradicated from CA. Localized detections have been recorded in the US, but states have not been identified. It is fairly localized and has been eradicated in many countries in Europe, also.
tomato, pepper
uncertain
TOBRFV-1, TOBRFV-11
Pathway not proven. Seed transmission of TOBRFV in pepper seed has not been proven. Though seed detection of this tobamovirus in pepper seed has occurred and seed is a known pathway in tomato, there are no reports of ToBRFV being seed transmitted in pepper nor was any research found.
NSHS RT-PCR (TOBRFV-3)
TOBRFV-1, TOBRFV-11
ELISA and bioassay, RT-PCR
TOBRFV-3, TOBRFV-4, TOBRFV-5
The ISTA method is described to detect infectious tobamovirus (including Tomato brown rugose fruit virus) in tomato seed using a bioassay. NSHS utilizes this method. NSHS has recently adopted a RT-PCR method.
Chemical (seed disinfection)
TOBRFV-8
No references found indicating a seed treatment specifically effective against Tomato brown rugose fruit virus in pepper. Seed disinfection for other tobamoviruses has been described.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org
OEPP/EPPO Bulletin., 2020. Tomato brown rugose fruit virus. Vol. 50. pp. 529-534
Tobamovirus Seed Health Method S. 5.1 2020. The National Seed Health System, www.seedhealth.org
International Rules for Seed Testing. Annexe to Chapter 7: Seed Health Testing Methods. 2020.
7-028: ver 1.2 Detection of infectious tobamoviruses on Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) by the local
lesion assay (indexing) on Nicotiana tabacum plants.
Naktuinbouw 2019. Laboratory analysis on Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV). (https://www.naktuinbouw.com)
Demski, J.W. 1981. Tobacco mosaic virus is seedborne in Pimiento peppers. Plant Disease, 65:723-724
Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus
virus
Tomato leaf curl New Delhi begomovirus, ToLCNDV
Africa: Algeria, Morocco, Seychelles, Tunisia; Asia: Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Iran, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey; Europe: France, Greece, Italy, Portugal,Slovakia, Spain,.
Not known to occur
Korea
2024-11-09
Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus is transmitted by the whitefly. Seed transmission of ToLCNDV has not been reported.
ToLCNDV affects a wide spectrum of plant species. Main are the Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae families.
No
CABICPC
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
CABICPC
Pepper yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus
virus
Indonesia (Tsia, et.al. 2019)
Not known to occur
Korea
2022-12-01
White fly transmitted virus
tomato, pepper
No
PYLCIV-2
Pathway not proven. PYLCIV DNA recovered from seeds using PCR. Seed was collected from local infections and there was no information on how seed was processed or cleaned. No evidence of seed transmission. No reports of seed being a pathway from commercial seed production.
PYLCIV-2
PCR
PYLCIV-2
PCR techniques in research. This test has not been validated or standardized. Seed pathway has not been proven.
Fadhila, C., Lal, A., Vo, T., Ho, P., Hidayat, S., Lee, J., Kil, E. and Lee, S. 2020. The threat of seed-transmissible pepper yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus in chili pepper. Microbial pathogenesis 143:104132.
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci
bacterium
Bacterium angulatum, Bacterium tabaci, Chlorobacter angulatum, Chlorobacter tabaci, Phytomonas angulata, Phytomonas tabaci, Pseudomonas angulata, Pseudomonas tabaci
Worldwide
Widespread in eastern and southeastern states.
Thailand
2025-09-05
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci is a bacterial pathogen that causes wildfire disease in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). It produces small, water-soaked leaf spots surrounded by bright yellow halos, which can merge under humid conditions. The bacterium is mainly spread through water splash from rain or irrigation, contaminated tools or hands, and infected seed (in tobacco). It enters plants through wounds, with disease favored by cool, wet weather.
Main: soybean, common bean, pea; Other: eggplant, oats, cowpea, potato
Not a host
PSDMTA-3
No references found indicating pepper seed is a host.
PSDMTA-3
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Meloidogyne mayaguensis
nematode
-
Africa: Burkino Faso, Congo, Cote d'Ivorie, Malawi, Senegal, South Africa, Togo; Asia: China, Vietnam; Europe: Switzerland; North America: Cuba, Guadeloue, Guatemala, Martinique, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, USA; South America: Brazil, Venezuela.
FL, NC
Korea
2024-11-10
Seed is not known to be a pathway for Meloidogyne spp. root knot nematodes.
Main: eggplant, pepper, tomato; Other: cucumber; soybean, lettuce.
No
MELGMY-2, MELGMY-3, CABICPC, MELGMY-4
Seed is not known to be a pathway
MELGMY-2, MELGMY-3, CABICPC, MELGMY-4
Lammers, W., Karssen, G., Jellema, P., Baker, R., Hockland, S., Fleming, C. and Turner, S. (2006). Meloidogyne minor Pest Risk Assessment. 08-14648 PPM Point 7.3. Plant Protection Services (NL) and Central Science Laboratory (UK). 52pp. (https://www.eppo.int...)
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Nemaplex.UCDavis.edu; Revision Date: 07/02/2024; Accessed 11/10/2024
Nacobbus aberrans
nematode
Anguillulina aberrans, Nacobbus batatiformis, Nacobbus bolivianus, Nacobbus serendipiticus, Nacobbus serendipiticus bolivianus, Pratylenchus aberrans
Egypt, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Peru, Mexico
AR, CO, KS, MT, NE, SD, UT, WY
Korea
2023-08-21
Seed is not known to be a pathway for this nematode in any host.
potato, vegetables
No
NACOBA-1, NACOBA-2
Seed is not known to be a pathway for this nematode in any host.
NACOBA-1, NACOBA-2
Xiphinema diversicaudatum
nematode
Dorylaimus diversicaudatus, Dorylaimus elongatus apud, Longidorus diversicaudatus, Xiphinema diversicaudatum, Xiphinema amarantum, Xiphinema basiri apud, Xiphinema israeliae apud, Xiphinema paraelongatum, Xiphinema sahelense apud, Xiphinema seredouense
Africa: Morocco, South Africa; Asia: India, Turkey; Europe: Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Czechia, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Urkaine, UK; North America: USA. Oceania: New Zealand.
CA
Korea
2024-09-09
Found primarily in pasture and woodland areas. May spread nepoviruses. Seed is not known to be a pathway for dagger nematodes.
Wide host range
No
XIPHDI-1, CABICPC, ISFRPLD
Seed is not known to be a pathway for dagger nematodes.
XIPHDI-1, CABICPC, ISFRPLD
Golovinomyces orontii
fungus
Erysiphe orontii, Erysiphe polyphaga, Erysiphe tabaci, Oidium begoniae, Oidium violae
Worldwide
AZ, CA, GA, ID, MA, MO, SC, TX, WA
Korea
2024-09-07
Korea lists this pathogen as Erysiphe orontii. Seed is not a pathway. Wind-borne conidia most common means of dispersal.
Main: sugarbeet, pepper, watermelon, melon, cucumber, pumpkin, pea, tomato, eggplant, potato.
No
CABICPC
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
CABICPC
CABICPC
Seed treatment to control powdery mildew on seedlings from wind blown spores during the first 1.5 weeks of growth.
Boeremia exigua var. exigua
fungus
Ascochyta asteris, Ascochyta cyphomandrae, Ascochyta hydrangeae, Ascochyta nicotianae, Ascochyta phaseolorum, Ascochyta sonchi, Phoma exigua f.sp. exigua, Phoma exigua var. exigua, Phoma herbarum, Phoma herbarum f. brassicae, Phoma herbarum f. hyoscyami, Phoma herbarum f. schoberiae, Phoma herbarum var. dulcamaricola, Phoma linicola, Phoma solanicola, Phoma solanophila, Phoma tuberosa, Phyllosticta decidua, Phyllosticta hortorum, Phyllosticta mulgedii, Phyllosticta sambuci, Phyllosticta vincae-majoris, Phyllosticta vincae-minoris
Worldwide. CABI: B. exigua var. exigua is almost certainly ubiquitous worldwide, but many records fail to specify the variety that it is not possible to provide particular country/state information. There are undoubtedly many records under the many synonyms and these require re-examination.
Widespread
Korea
2024-09-04
This pathogen has been reported in Korea under other synonyms. This is a weak pathogen capable of persisting in soil and also transmitted by rainsplash-dispersed conidia. Common bean and possible sugarcane are the only hosts shown where seed may be a pathway.
B. exigua var. exigua is a ubiquitous weak or secondary pathogen on more than 200 different plant genera. Main hosts are in the Fabaaceae and Solanaceae familes.
No
CABICPC, RICHISTA
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. A weak pathogen but widespread in soils throughout the world.
CABICPC, RICHISTA
Fusarium semitectum var. majus
fungus
China, Africa, Australia, Colombia, Poland
Not known to occur
2022-11-22
Reported in the US only on crops that are propagated. No references found confirming this pathogen is found in the US.
Primarily citrus
No
FUSASM-2, FUSASM-1
Although Farr and Rossman (FUSASM-1) list pepper as a host (report from Cote d'Ivoire), no references were found confirming this report. No other references found indicating pepper is a host. No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
FUSASM-2, FUSASM-1
Cladosporium cladosporioides
fungus
Cladosporium graminum, Cladosporium herbarum, Mycosphaerella schoenoprasi, Mycosphaerella tulasnei, Mycosphaerella tassiana, Penicillium cladosporioides, Hormodendrum cladosporioides, Monilia humicola
Africa: Egypt, South Africa; Asia: Bangladesh, China, India, Iran, Israel, Oman, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Syria; Europe: France, Hungary, Italy; North America: USA; South America: Argentina, Brazil
IA, OR
Korea
2025-10-07
This pathogen is considered primarily a post harvest pathogen that does not cause disease in most of it's hosts (CLADCL-1). C. cladosporioides spreads primarily by wind, rain splash, or contaminated surfaces. It can also persist on plant debris, some seeds, and stored produce, serving as inoculum for new infections. The fungus thrives in cool, moist environments and is especially common in greenhouses, storage areas, and outdoor crops during humid seasons.
Wide host range
No
CABI CPC, CLADCL-12
No references found indicating pepper seed is a pathway.
CABI CPC, CLADCL-12
Alternaria longipes
fungus
Alternaria brassicae var. tabaci, Alternaria tenuis f.sp. tabaci, Macrosporium longipes
Africa: Angola, Congo, Egypt, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Reunion, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe; Asia: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Malaysia, Nepal, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey; Europe: Belgium, Bulgaria, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain; North America: Canada, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico, USA; Oceania: Australia, Fiji, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea; south America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Venezuela.
CT, FL, GA, MN, NC, OR, PA, SC, VA
Korea
2025-10-29
Alternaria longipes primarily infects tobacco, the only host of economic concern, causing brown leaf spot and significant foliar damage. It is transmitted via wind, rain splash, and contaminated plant debris, producing dark spores that thrive in warm, humid conditions. Seed is not known to be a pathway.
Main: tobacco; Other: sunflower, potato
No
ALTELO-1, ALTELO-2
Pepper has only been referenced as a host from Turkey in the 1930's (Farr and Rossman, 2020). There have been no other reports of pepper as a host.
ALTELO-1, ALTELO-2
Alternaria alternata
fungus
Alternaria alternata f.sp. fragariae
Alternaria alternata f.sp. lycopersici
Alternaria fasciculata
Alternaria tenuis
Worldwide
AL, CA, FL, GA, IL, IA, LA, MI, MS, NY, OR, PA, SD, TN, TX
Korea
2025-09-08
Alternaria alternata is a widespread fungus that can persist in soil and crop debris for many years, enabling it to infect plants across successive growing seasons. Its spores are dispersed by air, wind, water splash, irrigation, and contact with contaminated plant material. Numerous studies have demonstrated its transmission under experimental conditions, and it has been shown to be seed-transmitted in a few crops within the Malvaceae family.
Main: allium, pepper; Other: watermelon, sunflower, sorghum, spinach, marigold, many fruits and trees
No
ALTEAL-5, ALTEAL-6, CABI CPC, ALTEAL-42
Two references report that Alternaria alternata can be associated with pepper seeds, indicating the fungus may be present on or in seed under certain conditions. However, these studies are limited in scope, and there is no evidence demonstrating that the fungus can naturally infect seedlings or spread from seed to plant. Overall, the data are insufficient and unverified.
ALTEAL-5, ALTEAL-6, CABI CPC, ALTEAL-42
CABI CPC
Seed treatments may be used as a prophylactic measure against the fungus.
Wall MM and Biles CL. 1993. Alternaria Fruit Rot of Ripening Chili Peppers. Phytopathology 83:324-328
Kumari K, Jadeja GC. and Patel, ST. 2012. Seed borne mycoflora of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivars collected from different locations of Gujarat. Journal of Plant Disease Sciences 7: 55-59.
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Balamurugan, A., & Kumar, A. (2023). Postharvest fruit rot of Bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.): Pathogenicity and Host range of Alternaria alternata. Scientia Horticulturae, 319, 112156.
Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid
viroid
Tomato chlorotic dwarf pospiviroid
Asia: India, China, Europe: Czechia, France, Slovenia, UK; North America: Mexico. Australia notes presence (TCDVd-16)
AZ, CO, HI, ID
Korea, Thailand
2025-06-21
TCDVd is closely related to the Potato spindle tuber viroid and shows uncertain seed transmission in tomatoes. Some studies detect the viroid on seeds, but grow-out tests find no clear spread. The viroid primarily spreads through plant-to-plant contact, grafting, and contaminated tools. While no insect vectors are confirmed, mechanical transmission via chewing insects or bumblebees may occur. Risk assessments conclude that seed transmission and field establishment are unlikely.
Main: petunia, tomato, eggplant; Other: verbena x hybrida
No
CABI CPC, ISF RPLD, TCDVd-9, TCDVd-10, TCDVd-13, TCDVd-17
Not a host. Though Capsicum annum is often tested for this viroid, there is no evidence that it is a host.
RT-PCR (NSHS Method So 6.1)
CABI CPC, ISF RPLD, TCDVd-9, TCDVd-10, TCDVd-13, TCDVd-17
RT-PCR
TCDVd-2, NSHS USDA
RT-PCR is used to test seed for this viroid.
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Venkataraman, S., Shahgolzari, M., Hefferon, K., Atri, E., & De Steur, H. (2024). Economic Impacts of Viroids.
A Qualitative Pest Risk Assessment for Six Pospiviroids (Columnea latent viroid, Pepper chat fruit viroid, Potato spindle tuber viroid, Tomato apical stunt viroid, Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid, and Tomato planta macho viroid) Associated with Imported Tomato and Pepper Seeds Version 1, November 1, 2021
Olmedo-Velarde, A., Hamasaki, R. T., Bushe, B., & Melzer, M. J. (2017). Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid (PD-113). College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawai‘i at Mānoa.
Botermans, M., Roenhorst, J. W., Hooftman, M., Verhoeven, J. T. J., Metz, E., van Veen, E. J., ... & Westenberg, M. (2020). Development and validation of a real-time RT-PCR test for screening pepper and tomato seed lots for the presence of pospiviroids. Plos one, 15(9), e0232502.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org
United Stated Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Protection Service National Seed Health System (USDA-APHIS NSHS) www.seedhealth.org
Potato spindle tuber viroid
viroid
potato gothic virus, potato spindle viroid, spindle tuber viroid, tomato bunchy top viroid
Americas: Mexico, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Peru, Venezuela. Africa: Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Uganda. Asia: wide spread. Europe: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Croatia, Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Italy, Malta, Montenegro, Netherlands, Russia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, UK, Ukraine. Australia.
pest eradicated (EPPO)
Brazil, China, Mexico, Thailand, The Republic of Korea
2024-07-29
Successful eradication of the viroid has been reported for the USA and Canada. PSTVd-7 data shows little evidence of asymptomatic plants and testing of asymptomatic plants did not increase detection of Potato spindle tuber viroid significantly, if at all. Concluded that inspection for Potato spindle tuber viroid symptoms was a "good aid" in determining if a tomato crop was infected with the viroid.
Mainly solanaceous crops, capsicum, and ornamentals
Yes
CABICPC, ISFRPLD
ISF RPLD concludes that seed as a pathway is uncertain, because seed transmission was shown in the laboratory. However, significant references exist indicating that under certain situations, Potato spindle tuber viroid may be seed transmitted.
RT-PCR is the standard method of the NSHS.
CABICPC, ISFRPLD
RT-PCR
PSTVd-10, PSTVd-8, PSTVd-9, NSHSUSDA, PSTVd-11
Biological, Cultural, Mechanical
PSTVd-7, CABICPC
References suggest using PSTVd certified free seed, field monitoring and infected plant removal, though field detection may be difficult. Seed treatments are ineffectual.
Matsushita, Y. and Tsuda, S. 2016. Seed transmission of potato spindle tuber viroid, tomatochlorotic dwarf viroid, tomato apical stunt viroid, and Columnealatent viroid in horticultural plants. Eur J Plant Pathol.145:1007-1011
EUPHRESCO, 2011. Detection and epidemiology of pospiviroids (DEP) final report. Pilot project report of the virtual common pot. Detection and epidemiology of pospiviroids (DEP) final report. Pilot project report of the virtual common pot. EUPHRESCO (EUPHRESCO Phytosanitary ERA-NET), 70 pp.
Hoshino S, Okuta T, Isaka M, Tutumi N, Miyai N, Ikeshiro T, Saito N, Ohara T, Takahashi T, 2006. Detection of Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) in tomato and potato seeds. Research Bulletin of the Plant Protection Service, Japan, No.42:69-73
Matsushita, Y., Yanagisawa, H., & Sano, T. (2018). Vertical and horizontal transmission of pospiviroids. Viruses, 10(12), 706. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10120706
van Brunschot, SL Verhoeven, JThJ, Persley, DM, Geering, ADW, Drenth, A, and Thomas JH 2014, An outbreak of Potato spindle tuber viroid in tomato is linked to imported seed. European Journal of Plant Pathology 139: 1-7
Xanthomonas vesicatoria
bacteria
Bacterium exitiosum, Bacterium vesicatorium, Phytomonas exitiosa Phytomonas vesicatoria, Pseudomonas exitiosa, Pseudomonas gardneri, Pseudomonas gardneri var. capsica, Pseudomonas vesicatoria, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Vesicatoria, Xanthomonas campestris pv. Vesicatoria
Worldwide
AZ, CA, FL, GA, HI, IN, IA, MI, NM, NC, OH, OK
-
2025-05-19
Bacterial spot of tomato and pepper was initially attributed to X. vesicatoria. Over time, four distinct groups were identified and associated with different host and geographic patterns, which were later reclassified into three species: X. euvesicatoria (including X. perforans), X. vesicatoria, and X. hortorum pv. gardneri. It can spread via infected seeds and transplants, and locally through water splash or contaminated tools, especially in dense greenhouse or sprinkler-irrigated field conditions.
pepper, tomato
Yes
CABI CPC, ISF RPLD, EPPO, XANTVE-1, XANTVE-3, XANTVE-4, XANTVE-6, XANTVE-10, XANTVE-11, XANTVE-12, XANTVE-13, XANTVE-14
Seed is a known pathway for Xanthomonas vesicatoria and has been considered a major source of inoculum.
-
CABI CPC, ISF RPLD, EPPO, XANTVE-1, XANTVE-3, XANTVE-4, XANTVE-6, XANTVE-10, XANTVE-11, XANTVE-12, XANTVE-13, XANTVE-14
dilution plating, identification PCR, pathogenicity assay
NSHS USDA, ISHI-ISF, XANTVE-4
These are the recommended methods by ISHI as of July 2017. Test is based on species level.
biological, chemical, Cultural
XANTVE-1, XANTVE-3, XANTVE-4
Biological: the use of resistant varieties may help. Chemical: hot water and chemical treatments have shown some effectiveness but could reduce germination. Cultural: Using disease-free seeds is critical. Sterilization of tools used is important in reducing spread. Crop rotation is also recommended to prevent carryover in volunteers and crop residues.
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
OEPP/EPPO Global Database - European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization
Potnis, N., Timilsina, S., Strayer, A., Shantharaj, D., Barak, J. D., Paret, M. L., ... & Jones, J. B. (2015). Bacterial spot of tomato and pepper: Diverse X anthomonas species with a wide variety of virulence factors posing a worldwide challenge. Molecular plant pathology, 16(9), 907-920.
Goode, M. J., & Sasser, M. (1980). Prevention-the key to controlling bacterial spot and bacterial speck of tomato.
Leite Jr, R. P., Jones, J. B., Somodi, G. C., Minsavage, G. V., & Stall, R. E. (1995). Detection of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria associated with pepper and tomato seed by DNA amplification. seed, 11, 24.
Lue, Y. S., Deng, W. L., Wu, Y. F., Cheng, A. S., Hsu, S. T., & Tzeng, K. C. (2010). Characterization of Xanthomonas associated with bacterial spot of tomato and pepper in Taiwan. Plant Pathology Bulletin, 19(3), 181-190.
Bashan, Y. and Assouline, I. (1983). Complementary bacterial enrichment techniques for the detection of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria in infected tomato and pepper seeds. Phytoparasitica, 11, 187-193.
Gardner, M.W. and Kendrick, J.B. (1923). Bacterial spot of tomato and pepper. Phytopathology, 13 (7), 307-315.
Jones, J.B., Lacy, G.H., Bouzar, H., Stall, R.E. and Schaad, N.W. (2004). Reclassification of the Xanthomonads associated with bacterial spot disease of tomato and pepper. Systematic and Applied Microbiology, 27 (6), 755-762.
Dutta, B., Gitaitis, R., Sanders, H., Booth, C., Smith, S., and Langston, D. B., Jr. 2014. Role of blossom colonization in pepper seed infestation by Xanthomonas euvesicatoria. Phytopathology 104:232-239.
Giovanardi D, Biondi E, Ignjatov M, Jevtić R, Stefani E. Impact of bacterial spot outbreaks on the phytosanitary quality of tomato and pepper seeds. Plant Pathology. 2018;67(5):1168–76.
United Stated Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Protection Service National Seed Health System (USDA-APHIS NSHS) www.seedhealth.org
ISHI Seed Health Test Methods - https://worldseed.org/resources/ishi-methods/
Ditylenchus destructor
nematode
-
Africa: Nigeria, South Africa; Asia: Azerbaijan, China, Iran, Japan, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan; Europe: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Czechia, Estonia, France, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Jersey, Latvia, Luxemburg, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK; North America: Canada, USA; Oceania: New Zealand.
CA, HI, ID, OR, SC, WA, WI
-
2024-09-26
Ditylenchus destructor is spread through seed potatoes. It is also spread on containers, packaging, and soil. True seed is not know to be a pathway.
Extensive host range. Main: ornamental bulbs, sweet potato, onion, garlic, groundnut, beet, sugarbeet, pepper, cucumber, pumpkin, carrot, soybean, tomato, potato, clover, wheat, corn
No
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, DITYDE-1
Seed is not know to be a pathway.
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, DITYDE-1
Pepper veinal mottle virus
virus
pepper veinal mottle potyvirus
Africa: Benin, Burkino Faso, Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, South Africa, Togo, Tunisia; Asia: Afghanistan, China, India, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Yemen; North America.
Unknown
Nepal
2024-11-13
PVMV is transmitted in the non-persistent manner by the aphids.
Main: pepper, chilli, tomato, eggplant
No
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, DPVWEB
Seed is not a known pathway.
CABICPC, ISFRPLD, DPVWEB
Xanthomonas hortorum pv. gardneri
bacteria
Pseudomonas gardneri, Xanthomonas cynarae pv. gardneri, Xanthomonas gardneri
Africa: Comoros, Ethiopia, Reunion, South Africa, Tanzania; Asia: Iran, Malaysia; Europe: Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Russia; North America: Canada, USA; Oceania: Australia; South America: Brazil.
IL, IN, MI, OH, PA
Peru
2025-04-23
Bacterial spot of tomato and pepper was initially attributed to X. vesicatoria. Over time, four distinct groups were identified and associated with different host and geographic patterns, which were later reclassified into three species: X. euvesicatoria (including X. perforans), X. vesicatoria, and X. hortorum pv. gardneri. It can spread via infected seeds and transplants, and locally through water splash or contaminated tools, especially in dense greenhouse or sprinkler-irrigated field conditions.
pepper, tomato
Yes
CABI CPC, ISF RPLD, EPPO, XANTGA-1, XANTGA-5, XANTGA-7, XANTGA-10
Seed is a known pathway for Xanthomonas hortorum pv. gardneri.
CABI CPC, ISF RPLD, EPPO, XANTGA-1, XANTGA-5, XANTGA-7, XANTGA-10
Dilution plating, identification PCR, pathogenicity assay
NSHS USDA
These are the recommended methods by ISHI as of July 2017. Test is based on species level.
Biological, Chemical, and Cultural
CABI CPC, EPPO, XANTGA-2, XANTGA-3, XANTGA-8
Use resistant seeds. Hot water seed treatment has been suggested. Some chemicals have been shown to be effective treatment options against X. hortorum pv. gardneri. Since it can spread via tools, use proper sanitation.
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
OEPP/EPPO Global Database - European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization
Potnis N, Timilsina S, Strayer A, Shantharaj D, Barak JD, Paret ML, Vallad GE & Jones JB (2015) Bacterial spot of tomato and pepper: Diverse Xanthomonas species with a wide variety of virulence factors posing a worldwide challenge. Molecular Plant Pathology 16(9), 907-920.
Timilsina, S., Jibrin, M. O., Potnis, N., Minsavage, G. V., Kebede, M., Schwartz, A., Bart, R., Staskawicz, B., Boyer, C., Vallad, G. E., Pruvost, O., Jones, J. B., & Goss, E. M. (2015). Multilocus Sequence Analysis of Xanthomonads Causing Bacterial Spot of Tomato and Pepper Plants Reveals Strains Generated by Recombination among Species and Recent Global Spread of Xanthomonas gardneri. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 81(4), 1520–1529.
Simonton, T. E., Robinson, D., Gillard, C., Jordan, K., & Trueman, C. L. (2021). Transmission of Xanthomonas gardneri to tomato seedlings during transportation and transplanting. Crop Protection, 141, 105472.
Araújo, E. R., Costa, J. R., Ferreira, M. A. S. V., & Quezado‐Duval, A. M. (2017). Widespread distribution of Xanthomonas perforans and limited presence of X. gardneri in Brazil. Plant Pathology, 66(1), 159-168.
United Stated Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Protection Service National Seed Health System (USDA-APHIS NSHS) www.seedhealth.org
Stall, R.E., Jones, J.B. and Minsavage, G.V. (2009) Durability of resistance in tomato and pepper to xanthomonads causing bacterial spot. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 47, 265–284.
Dia, N. C., Morinière, L., Cottyn, B., Bernal, E., Jacobs, J. M., Koebnik, R., Osdaghi, E., Potnis, N., & Pothier, J. F. (2022). Xanthomonas hortorum – beyond gardens: Current taxonomy, genomics, and virulence repertoires. Molecular Plant Pathology, 23(5), 597–621.
Mtui, H. D., Bennett, M. A., Maerere, A. P., Miller, S. A., Kleinhenz, M. D., Sibuga, K. P., 2010. Effect of seed treatments and mulch on seedborne bacterial pathogens and yield of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum Mill.) in Tanzania.Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences (JAPS), 8(3) 1006-1015.
Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. perforans
bacteria
Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria, Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, Xanthomonas perforans
Africa: Comoros, Ethiopia, Mauritius, Seychelles, South Africa, Tanzania; Asia: China, Indonesia, Iran, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey; Europe: Italy; North America: Canada, Mexico, USA; Oceania: Australia; South America: Brazil.
AL, FL, GA, IL, IN, LA, MI, MS, NC, OH
Peru
2025-04-23
Bacterial spot of tomato and pepper was initially attributed to X. vesicatoria. Over time, four distinct groups were identified and associated with different host and geographic patterns, which were later reclassified into three species: X. euvesicatoria (including X. perforans), X. vesicatoria, and X. hortorum pv. gardneri. Molecular analysis revealed that X. euvesicatoria and X. perforans were not separate species, leading to their reclassification as pathovars of X. euvesicatoria: X. euvesicatoria pv. euvesicatoria and X. euvesicatoria pv. perforans. It can spread via infected seeds and transplants, and locally through water splash or contaminated tools, especially in dense greenhouse or sprinkler-irrigated field conditions.
Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. euvesicatoria and pv. perforans are two distinct pathovars within the X. euvesicatoria species complex, both causing bacterial spot in solanaceous crops. Pv. euvesicatoria has a broader host range, affecting both tomato and pepper, and produces angular, necrotic leaf lesions with water-soaked margins. Pv. perforans is more specialized to tomato and causes small, coalescing lesions that can give leaves a perforated appearance. Differentiation between the two pathovars requires molecular PCR testing.
pepper, tomato
Yes
CABI CPC, EPPO, XANTPF-2, XANTPF-3, XANTPF-4, XANTPF-8, XANTPF-11, XANTPF-12, XANTPF-13, XANTPF-14
Seed is a known pathway Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. perforans.
CABI CPC, EPPO, XANTPF-2, XANTPF-3, XANTPF-4, XANTPF-8, XANTPF-11, XANTPF-12, XANTPF-13, XANTPF-14
Dilution plating, identification PCR, pathogenicity assay
NSHS USDA, ISHI-ISF
These are the recommended methods by ISHI as of July 2017. Test is based on species level.
Biological, Chemical, and Cultural
XANTPF-2, XANTPF-9, XANTPF-10
Biological: the use of resistant varieties may help. Chemical: hot water and chemical treatments have shown some effectiveness but could reduce germination. Cultural: Using disease-free seeds is critical. Sterilization of tools used is important in reducing spread. Crop rotation is also recommended to prevent carryover in volunteers and crop residues.
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
OEPP/EPPO Global Database - European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization
Potnis N, Timilsina S, Strayer A, Shantharaj D, Barak JD, Paret ML, Vallad GE & Jones JB (2015) Bacterial spot of tomato and pepper: Diverse Xanthomonas species with a wide variety of virulence factors posing a worldwide challenge. Molecular Plant Pathology 16(9), 907-920.
Osdaghi E, Jones JB, Sharma A, Goss EM, Abrahamian P, Newberry EA, Potnis N, Carvalho R, Choudhary M, Paret ML, Timilsina S & Vallad GE (2021) A centenary for bacterial spot of tomato and pepper. Molecular Plant Pathology 22(12),1500-1519.
Dutta, B., Gitaitis, R., Sanders, H., Booth, C., Smith, S., and Langston, D. B., Jr. 2014. Role of blossom colonization in pepper seed infestation by Xanthomonas euvesicatoria. Phytopathology 104:232-239.
Leite Jr, R. P., Jones, J. B., Somodi, G. C., Minsavage, G. V., & Stall, R. E. (1995). Detection of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria associated with pepper and tomato seed by DNA amplification. seed, 11, 24.
Giovanardi D, Biondi E, Ignjatov M, Jevtić R, Stefani E. Impact of bacterial spot outbreaks on the phytosanitary quality of tomato and pepper seeds. Plant Pathology. 2018;67(5):1168–76.
Timilsina, S., Iruegas-Bocardo, F., Jibrin, M. O., Sharma, A., Subedi, A., Kaur, A., ... & Goss, E. M. (2025). Diversification of an emerging bacterial plant pathogen; insights into the global spread of Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. perforans. PLoS pathogens, 21(4), e1013036.
Liao, Y. Y., Montalban, K., Panwala, R., Totsline, N., Hernandez, K., Guedira, A., & Huerta, A. I. (2024). First Report of Xanthomonas perforans Causing Bacterial Spot of Pepper (Capsicum annuum) in North Carolina. Plant Disease, 108(7), 2216.
Subedi, A., Minsavage, G. V., Roberts, P. D., Goss, E. M., Sharma, A., & Jones, J. B. (2024). Insights into bs5 resistance mechanisms in pepper against Xanthomonas euvesicatoria through transcriptome profiling. BMC genomics, 25(1), 711.
United Stated Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Protection Service National Seed Health System (USDA-APHIS NSHS) www.seedhealth.org
ISHI Seed Health Test Methods - https://worldseed.org/resources/ishi-methods/
Agrawal, K., Sharma, D.K. and Jain, V.K., 2012. Seed-borne bacterial diseases of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum Mill) and their control measures: a review. International Journal of Food, Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences, 2, pp.173-182.
Goode, M. J., & Sasser, M. (1980). Prevention-the key to controlling bacterial spot and bacterial speck of tomato.
Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. euvesicatoria
bacteria
Bacterium exitiosum, Bacterium vesicatorium, Phytomonas exitiosa, Phytomonas vesicatoria, Pseudomonas exitiosa, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria, Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, Xanthomonas euvesicatoria
Africa: Comoros, Mauritius, Nigeria, Reunion, Seychelles, South Africa, Tanzania; Asia: China, Indonesia, Iran, South Korea, Taiwan, Turkey; Europe: Bulgaria, Czechia, Greece, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia; North America: Canada, USA; Oceania: Australia; South America: Argentina, Brazil.
FL, GA, IN, KY, LA, MI, NC, OH
Peru
2025-04-23
Bacterial spot of tomato and pepper was initially attributed to X. vesicatoria. Over time, four distinct groups were identified and associated with different host and geographic patterns, which were later reclassified into three species: X. euvesicatoria (including X. perforans), X. vesicatoria, and X. hortorum pv. gardneri. Molecular analysis revealed that X. euvesicatoria and X. perforans were not separate species, leading to their reclassification as pathovars of X. euvesicatoria: X. euvesicatoria pv. euvesicatoria and X. euvesicatoria pv. perforans. It can spread via infected seeds and transplants, and locally through water splash or contaminated tools, especially in dense greenhouse or sprinkler-irrigated field conditions.
Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. euvesicatoria and pv. perforans are two distinct pathovars within the X. euvesicatoria species complex, both causing bacterial spot in solanaceous crops. Pv. euvesicatoria has a broader host range, affecting both tomato and pepper, and produces angular, necrotic leaf lesions with water-soaked margins. Pv. perforans is more specialized to tomato and causes small, coalescing lesions that can give leaves a perforated appearance. Differentiation between the two pathovars requires molecular PCR testing.
pepper, tomato.
Yes
CABI CPC, ISF RPLD, EPPO, XANTEU-1, XANTEU-2, XANTEU-3, XANTEU-4, XANTEU-5, XANTEU-6, XANTEU-7, XANTEU-10, XANTEU-13, XANTEU-15
Seed is a known pathway Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. euvesicatoria.
CABI CPC, ISF RPLD, EPPO, XANTEU-1, XANTEU-2, XANTEU-3, XANTEU-4, XANTEU-5, XANTEU-6, XANTEU-7, XANTEU-10, XANTEU-13, XANTEU-15
Dilution plating, identification PCR, pathogenicity assay
NSHS USDA, ISHI-ISF, XANTEU-8, XANTEU-17
These are the recommended methods by ISHI as of July 2017. Test is based on species level.
Biological, Chemical, and Cultural
XANTEU-6, XANTEU-9, XANTEU-10, XANTEU-14
Biological: the use of resistant varieties may help. Chemical: hot water and chemical treatments have shown some effectiveness but could reduce germination. Cultural: Using disease-free seeds is critical. Sterilization of tools used is important in reducing spread. Crop rotation is also recommended to prevent carryover in volunteers and crop residues.
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
OEPP/EPPO Global Database - European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization
Jones, J. B., Pohronezny, K. L., Stall, R. E., & Jones, J. P. (1986). Survival of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria in Florida on tomato crop residue, weeds, seeds, and volunteer tomato plants. Phytopathology, 76(4), 430-434.
Osdaghi E, Jones JB, Sharma A, Goss EM, Abrahamian P, Newberry EA, Potnis N, Carvalho R, Choudhary M, Paret ML, Timilsina S & Vallad GE (2021) A centenary for bacterial spot of tomato and pepper. Molecular Plant Pathology 22(12),1500-1519.
Potnis N, Timilsina S, Strayer A, Shantharaj D, Barak JD, Paret ML, Vallad GE & Jones JB (2015) Bacterial spot of tomato and pepper: Diverse Xanthomonas species with a wide variety of virulence factors posing a worldwide challenge. Molecular Plant Pathology 16(9), 907-920.
Dutta, B., Gitaitis, R., Sanders, H., Booth, C., Smith, S., and Langston, D. B., Jr. 2014. Role of blossom colonization in pepper seed infestation by Xanthomonas euvesicatoria. Phytopathology 104:232-239.
Giovanardi D, Biondi E, Ignjatov M, Jevtić R, Stefani E. Impact of bacterial spot outbreaks on the phytosanitary quality of tomato and pepper seeds. Plant Pathology. 2018;67(5):1168–76.
Utami, D., Meale, S. J., & Young, A. J. (2022). A Pan-Global Study of Bacterial Leaf Spot of Chilli Caused by Xanthomonas spp. Plants, 11(17), 2291.
Bashan, Y., Diab, S. & Okon, Y. Survival ofXanthomonas campestris pv.vesictoria in pepper seeds and roots in symptomless and dry leaves in non-host plants and in the soil. Plant Soil 68, 161–170 (1982).
Pajčin, I., Vlajkov, V., Frohme, M., Grebinyk, S., Grahovac, M., Mojićević, M., & Grahovac, J. (2020). Pepper Bacterial Spot Control by Bacillus velezensis: Bioprocess Solution. Microorganisms, 8(10), 1463.
Xhemali, B., Bellameche, F., Gjinovci, G., Modica, F., Biondi, E., Stefani, E., & Giovanardi, D. (2025). First report of Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. euvesicatoria causing bacterial leaf spot of pepper in Kosovo. Journal of Plant Pathology, 107(1), 779-780.
Burlakoti, R. R., Hsu, C., Chen, J., & Wang, J. (2018). Population Dynamics of Xanthomonads Associated with Bacterial Spot of Tomato and Pepper during 27 Years across Taiwan. Plant Disease, 102(7), 1348–1356.
United Stated Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Protection Service National Seed Health System (USDA-APHIS NSHS) www.seedhealth.org
ISHI Seed Health Test Methods - https://worldseed.org/resources/ishi-methods/
Utami, D., Meale, S. J., & Young, A. J. (2024). Bacterial leaf spot susceptibility screening of chili pepper cultivars using qPCR determination of Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. euvesicatoria titers. Phytopathology®, 114(4), 681-689.
Leite Jr, R. P., Jones, J. B., Somodi, G. C., Minsavage, G. V., & Stall, R. E. (1995). Detection of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria associated with pepper and tomato seed by DNA amplification. seed, 11, 24.
Awad-Allah, E. F. A., Shams, A. H. M., & Helaly, A. A. (2021). Suppression of Bacterial Leaf Spot by Green Synthesized Silica Nanoparticles and Antagonistic Yeast Improves Growth, Productivity and Quality of Sweet Pepper. Plants, 10(8), 1689.
Subedi, A., Minsavage, G. V., Roberts, P. D., Goss, E. M., Sharma, A., & Jones, J. B. (2024). Insights into bs5 resistance mechanisms in pepper against Xanthomonas euvesicatoria through transcriptome profiling. BMC genomics, 25(1), 711.
Tomato mottle mosaic virus
virus
Tobamovirus maculatessellati
Africa: Mauritius; Asia: China, India, Iran; Europe: Czechia, Germany, Netherlands; North America: Mexico, USA; South America: Brazil.
CA, FL, NC, SC
Peru
2025-05-19
Tomato mottle mosaic virus is a tobamovirus commonly associated with tomato and pepper seeds. Based on similarities with related tobamoviruses such as TMV and ToMV, ToMMV is assumed to be seed-borne; however, sources note that direct evidence confirming natural seed-borne transmission is uncertain. ToMMV is often found on seed coats, but infection of seedlings via seeds remains uncertain. The virus primarily spreads through mechanical means, including contaminated tools, hands, clothing, equipment, and possibly irrigation water.
Main: tomato; Other: pepper
uncertain
EPPO, ToMMV-1, ToMMV-3, ToMMV-4, ToMMV-5, ToMMV-6, ToMMV-9, ToMMV-13
ToMMV is considered potentially seed-borne in pepper seeds due to its classification as a tobamovirus. However, evidence confirming natural seed-to-seedling transmission of ToMMV is limited, and current concerns are based more on its genus association than on proven seed transmission.
EPPO, ToMMV-1, ToMMV-3, ToMMV-4, ToMMV-5, ToMMV-6, ToMMV-9, ToMMV-13
ELISA and bioassay, RT-PCR
EPPO, ToMMV-2, ToMMV-7, ToMMV-8, ToMMV-10, ToMMV-12, ToMMV-14
Methods are not validated.
Biological, Cultural, Mechanical
EPPO
Use virus-free seeds and maintain rigorous sanitation by regularly disinfecting tools, equipment, and hands. Remove and destroy infected plants, manage weeds effectively, and avoid overhead irrigation. Monitor crops for early symptoms to help prevent outbreaks. Use resistant seeds.
OEPP/EPPO Global Database - European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization
Lovelock DA, Kinoti WM, Bottcher C, Wildman O, Dall D, Rodoni BC & Constable FE (2020) Tomato mottle mosaic virus intercepted by Australian biosecurity in Capsicum annuum seed. Australasian Plant Disease Notes 15:8. 2 pp.
Mut Bertome M (2021). Detección de Tomato Mottle Mosaic Virus en Semilla Comercial de Tomate y Pimiento. Msc Thesis. Universitat Politècnica de València. 46 pp.
Ling K-S (2021) Recent emergence of seed-borne viruses and viroids on tomato, seed health tests and their implications in global seed trade. In Proceedings of the VI International Symposium on Tomato Diseases: Managing Tomato Diseases in the Face of Globalization and Climate Change Taichung, Taiwan May 6-9, 2019 (conveners L. Kenyon R.-J. Chang F.-J. Jan). Acta Hortic. 1316, 127-134.
Australian Government (2019) Emergency measures for tomato and capsicum seed: Tomato mottle mosaic virus (ToMMV) Questions and Answers.
Dombrovsky A & Smith E (2017) Seed Transmission of Tobamoviruses: Aspects of Global Disease Distribution. In Advances in Seed Biology (INTECH, Vol. Chapter 12, pp. 233–260).
Levitzky N, Smith E, Lachman O, Luria N, Mizrahi Y, Bakelman H, Id NS, Laskar O, Milrot E & Id AD (2019) The bumblebee Bombus terrestris carries a primary inoculum of Tomato brown rugose fruit virus contributing to disease spread in tomatoes. PLoS ONE, 1–13. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0210871
Maule AJ, Wang D. Seed transmission of plant viruses: A lesson in biological complexity. Trends in Microbiology. 1996;4(4):153-158
Tiberini A, Manglli A, Taglienti A, Vučurović A, Brodarič J, Ferretti L, Luigi M, Gentili A & Mehle N (2022) Development and validation of a one-step reverse transcription real-time PCR assay for simultaneous detection and identification of tomato mottle mosaic virus and tomato brown rugose fruit virus. Plants 11, 489.
Heinze C, Lesemann DE, Ilmberger N, Willingmann P & Adam G (2006) The phylogenetic structure of the cluster of tobamovirus species serologically related to ribgrass mosaic virus (RMV) and the sequence of streptocarpus flower break virus (SFBV). Archives of Virology 151, 763-774.
Letschert B, Adam G, Lesemann D-E, Willingmann P & Heinze C (2002) Detection and differentiation of serologically cross-reacting tobamoviruses of economical importance by RT-PCR and RT-PCR-RFLP. Journal of Virological Methods, 106, 1–10. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1016/S0166-0934(02)00135-0
Li Y, Tan G, Lan P, Zhang A, Liu Y, Li R & Li F (2018) Detection of tobamoviruses by RT-PCR using a novel pair of degenerate primers. Journal of Virological Methods, 259(June), 122–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jviromet.2018.06.012
Kimura, K., Miyazaki, A., Suzuki, T., Yamamoto, T., Kitazawa, Y., Maejima, K., Namba, S., & Yamaji, Y. (2023). A Reverse-Transcription Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Technique to Detect Tomato Mottle Mosaic Virus, an Emerging Tobamovirus. Viruses, 15(8), 1688. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15081688
Dovas CI, Efthimiou K, Katis NI (2004) Generic Detection and Differentiation of Tobamoviruses by a Spot Nested RT-PCR-RFLP Using DI-Containing Primers along with Homologous DG-Containing Primers. Journal of Virological Methods 117, 137–144. doi:10.1016/j.jviromet.2004.01.004.
Tobacco mild green mosaic tobamovirus
virus
green-tomato atypical mosaic virus, mild strain of tobacco mosaic virus, paratobacco mosaic virus, South Carolina mild mottling strain, tobacco mild green mosaic tobamovirus, tobacco mosaic virus strain U2 (TMV-U2), tobacco mosaic virus strain U5 (TMV-U5), tomato atypical virus green mottling strain
Africa: Reunion, Asia: China, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Taiwan, Turkey; Europe: Hungary, Spain; North America: Panama, USA; South America: Venezuela.
CA, LA, MS
Peru
2025-05-28
Tobacco mild green mosaic virus is a Tobamovirus that primarily affects plants in the Solanaceae family. It spreads easily through contaminated tools, hands, equipment, and plant debris, and can persist on surfaces for extended periods. Although tobamoviruses are often associated with seed transmission, there is no definitive evidence confirming seed is a pathway for TMGMV.
Main: pepper, tobacco; Other: tomato
uncertain
CABI CPC, ISF RPLD, EPPO, TMGMV-1, TMGMV-2, TMGMV-3, TMGMV-4, TMGMV-7, TMGMV-8, TMGMV-9, TMGMV-11
One reference noted seed transmission from saved seed; however, TMGMV’s spread through seed remains unproven and is primarily inferred from its relation to other tobamoviruses.
CABI CPC, ISF RPLD, EPPO, TMGMV-1, TMGMV-2, TMGMV-3, TMGMV-4, TMGMV-7, TMGMV-8, TMGMV-9, TMGMV-11
ELISA and bioassay, RT-PCR
TMGMV-5, TMGMV-6, TMGMV-10
Methods are not validated for this tobamovirus.
Cultural, Mechanical
TMGMV-12
Like other tobamoviruses, use virus-free seeds and maintain rigorous sanitation by regularly disinfecting tools, equipment, and hands. Remove and destroy infected plants, manage weeds effectively, and avoid overhead irrigation. Monitor crops for early symptoms to help prevent outbreaks.
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
OEPP/EPPO Global Database - European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization
Choi, G. S., Kim, J. H., Ryu, K. H., Choi, J. K., Chae, S. Y., Kim, J. S., ... & Choi, Y. M. (2002). First report of Tobacco mild green mosaic virus infecting pepper in Korea. The Plant Pathology Journal, 18(6), 323-327.
Rodríguez-Cerezo, E., Elena, S. F., Moya, A., & Garcia-Arenal, F. (1991). High genetic stability in natural populations of the plant RNA virus tobacco mild green mosaic virus. Journal of molecular evolution, 32, 328-332.
Randles JW, Palukaitis P, Davies C (1981) Natural distribution, spread, and variation in the tobacco mosaic virus infecting Nicotiana glauca in Australia. Ann Appl Biol 98:109-119
Salem, N. M., Cao, M. J., Odeh, S., Turina, M., & Tahzima, R. (2020). First report of tobacco mild green mosaic virus and tomato brown rugose fruit virus infecting Capsicum annuum in Jordan. Plant Disease, 104(2), 601.
Sabanadzovic S, Henn A, Ghanem-Sabanadzovic NA, Lawrence A, 2009. First report on Tobacco mild green mosaic virus in calibrachoa plants (Calibrachoa × hybrida) in Mississippi. Plant Disease, 93(12):1354
Cordoba, C., Garcìa-Rández, A., Montaño, N. and Jordá, C. (2006). First report of Tobacco mild green mosaic virus in Capsicum chinense in Venezuela. Plant Disease, 90 (8), 1108-1108.
Font, M. I., Cordoba-Selles, M. C., Cebrian, M. C., Herrera-Vasquez, J. A., Alfaro-Fernandez, A., Boubaker, A., ... & Jordá, C. (2009). First report of Tobacco mild green mosaic virus infecting Capsicum annuum in Tunisia. Plant disease, 93(7), 761-761.
Chariou, P. L., & Steinmetz, N. F. (2017). Delivery of pesticides to plant parasitic nematodes using tobacco mild green mosaic virus as a nanocarrier. ACS nano, 11(5), 4719-4730.
Dovas, C. I., Efthimiou, K., & Katis, N. I. (2004). Generic detection and differentiation of tobamoviruses by a spot nested RT-PCR-RFLP using dI-containing primers along with homologous dG-containing primers. Journal of Virological Methods, 117(2), 137-144.Testing using RT-PCR
Escalante, C., Alcalá-Briseño, R. I., Valverde, R. A., 2018. First report of a mixed infection of pepper mild mottle virus and tobacco mild green mosaic virus in pepper (Capsicum annuum) in the United States. Plant Disease, 102(7) 1469
Nemes, K., Almási, A., Tóbiás, I., Csilléry, G., & Salánki, K. (2016, September). Virological survey in pepper crops in south-east Hungary and first identification of Tobacco mild green mosaic virus in Hungary. In of XVIth EUCARPIA Capsicum and Eggplant Working Group Meeting in memoriam Dr. Alain Palloix 12-14 September 2016 (p. 376).
Arogundade, O., Ajose, T., Osijo, I., Onyeanusi, H., Matthew, J., & Aliyu, T. H. (2020). Management of Viruses and Viral Diseases of Pepper. Capsicum, 73.
Pepper mottle virus
virus
chilli mottle virus, pepper mottle potyvirus
Asia: India, Iran, Taiwan; Europe: Spain; North America: Cuba, El Salvador, Puerto Rico, USA.
AZ, CA, FL, HI, NM, TX
Peru
2025-06-02
Pepper mottle virus is from the Potyviridae family that infects solanaceous crops, causing symptoms such as leaf mottling, stunting, and malformed fruit. It is primarily spread by aphids and mechanical means, with no known chemical treatment available.
Main: pepper; Other: tomato
No
CABI CPC, DPV WEB, EPPO, PepMOV-1, PepMOV-2, PepMOV-3, PepMOV-4, PepMOV-5, PepMOV-6, PepMOV-8
PepMoV is primarily transmitted by several aphid species and can also spread through mechanical inoculation. While one study reported experimental evidence of transmission from infected seed, it also emphasized the limited research available on this pathway, noting a significant gap in understanding the virus’s potential for seed-borne spread.
CABI CPC, DPV WEB, EPPO, PepMOV-1, PepMOV-2, PepMOV-3, PepMOV-4, PepMOV-5, PepMOV-6, PepMOV-8
RT-PCR, ELISA
PepMOV-2, PepMOV-6, PepMOV-7
This testing method has not been validated.
biological, cultural, mechanical
PepMOV-1, PepMOV-2, PepMOV-4
Use virus-free seed and resistant varieties. Control Aphids. Use good sanitation practices to prevent mechanical spread.
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Description of Plant Viruses ; http://dpvweb.net/dpv/
OEPP/EPPO Global Database - European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization
Fang, M., Yu, J., & Kim, K. H. (2021). Pepper mottle virus and its host interactions: current state of knowledge. Viruses, 13(10), 1930.
Tangjang, S.; Reddy, M.S.; Suryanarayanan, T.S.; Taka, T. Seed transmissibility of pepper mottle virus: Survival of virus. Curr. Sci. 2018, 115, 2012.
Shukla, D. D., Ward, C. W. and Brunt, A. A., In The Potyviridae, Wallingford, UK, CAB International, 1994, pp. 74– 110.
Zitter, T.A. Transmission of pepper mottle virus from susceptible and resistant pepper cultivars. Phytopathology1975, 65, 110–114.
Guerini, M. N., & Murphy, J. F. (1999). Resistance of Capsicum annuum ‘Avelar’to pepper mottle potyvirus and alleviation of this resistance by co-infection with cucumber mosaic cucumovirus are associated with virus movement. Journal of General Virology, 80(10), 2785-2792.
Rodriguez-Alvarado, G., Fernandez-Pavia, S., Creamer, R., & Liddell, C. (2002). Pepper mottle virus causing disease in chile peppers in southern New Mexico. Plant Disease, 86(6), 603-605.
Cheng, Y. H., Deng, T. C., Chen, C. C., Liao, J. Y., Chang, C. A., Chiang, C. H., 2011. First report of Pepper mottle virus in bell pepper in Taiwan.Plant Disease, 95(5) 617.
Kaur, S., Kang, S. S., Sharma, A., & Sharma, S. (2014). First report of Pepper mottle virus infecting chilli pepper in India. New Dis. Rep, 30(14), 2044-0588
Pseudomonas viridiflava
bacteria
Bacterium viridiflavum, Chlorobacter viridiflavus, Phytomonas viridiflav
Africa: Algeria, Egypt, Kenya, Morocco, Tanzania, Uganda; Asia: China, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Nepal, Saudia Arabia, South Korea, Turkey; Europe: Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Switzerland, UK; North America: Mexico, USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand; South America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Uruguay, Venezuela.
CA, FL, GA, IL, NJ, NY, OK, OR, UT, WA
-
2025-02-02
Pseudomonas viridiflava is a ubiquitous, weak pathogen with a widespread host range. Seed transmission has been suggested, but evidence is limited to artificial inoculation studies showing minimal survival. No confirmed cases of natural seed transmission have been reported. It is primarily spread by rain splash, overhead irrigation, contaminated tools, and contact with infected plant material or debris.
Main: onion, dill, celery, pepper, melon, cucumber, pumpkin, tomato
No
PSDMVF-1, PSDMVF-3, PSDMVF-5
No references found indicating pepper seed is a pathway.
PSDMVF-1, PSDMVF-3, PSDMVF-5
Jones, J. B., Jones, J. P., McCarter, S. M., & Stall, R. E. (1984). Pseudomonas viridiflava: causal agent of bacterial leaf blight of tomato.
Yildiz, H.N. , Aysan, Y.E.Ş.İ.M. , Sahin, F. & Cinar, O. (2004) Potential inoculum sources of tomato stem and pith necrosis caused by Pseudomonas viridiflava in the Eastern Mediterranean Region of Turkey. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz, 111, 380–387.
Alippi, A.M., Dal Bo, E., Ronco, L.B., LÃpez, M.V., LÃpez, A.C. and Aguilar, O.M. (2003). Pseudomonas populations causing pith necrosis of tomato and pepper in Argentina are highly diverse. Plant Pathology, 52 (3), 287-302.
Meloidogyne ethiopica
nematode
Meloidogyne brasiliensis
Africa: Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania, Zimbabwe; Asia: Turkey; South America: Brazil, Chile, Peru
Not known to be in the US
Vietnam
2025-08-19
Root-knot nematodes spread primarily through infested soil, infected plants, and contaminated tools or equipment. They can also move short distances in water or via weeds, but human activity is the main driver of their spread.
Wide host range. Main: cabbage, pepper, lettuce, common bean, tomato, cowpea
No
MELGET-1, MELGET-2, MELGET-3, MELGET-4, MELGET-5
Seed is not known to be a pathway for this nematode in any host.
MELGET-1, MELGET-2, MELGET-3, MELGET-4, MELGET-5
Nemaplex.UCDavis.edu; Revision Date: 16-December-2024; Accessed 19-August-2025
Monteiro, J.M.S., J.E. Cares, V.R. Correa, J.B. Pinheiro, V.S. Mattos, J.G.P. Silva, A.C.M.M. Gomes, M.F.A. Santos, P..Castagnone-Sereno and R.M.D.G. Carneiro 2017. Meloidogyne brasiliensis Charchar & Eisenback, 2002 is a junior synonym of M. ethiopica Whitehead, 1968.. Nematology 19:655-669.
Subbotin, S.A. Palomares-Rius, J.E., Castillo, P. 2021. Systematics of Root-knot Nematodes (Nematoda: Meloidogynidae). Nematology Monographs and Perspectives Vol 14: D.J. Hunt and R.N. Perry (eds) Brill, Leiden, The Netherlands 857p.
Whitehead, A.G. 1968. Taxonomy of Meloidogyne (Nematodea: Heteroderidae) with descriptions of four new species. Trans. Zoological Soc. London. 31: 263-401
Carneiro R.M.D.G., Randig O., Almeida M.R.A., Gomes A.C.M.M., 2004. Additional information on Meloidogyne ethiopica Whitehead, 1968 (Tylenchida: Meloidogynidae), a root-knot nematode parasitising kiwi fruit and grape-vine from Brazil and Chile. Nematology, 6:109-123.
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