Cucumis melo
melon
36 Related Pests
Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus
virus
Bottlegourd Indian mosaic virus, Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus, Cucumber mottle virus, Cucumber virus 2, 3 or 4, Cucumis virus 2, Tobacco mosaic virus watermelon strain
Asia: China, Georgia, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, Myanmar, Pakistan, Sudan, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Syria, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey. Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Spain, Sweden, UK. America: Canada. Australia.
CA
Many countries
2023-12-19
Primarily found externally on the seed coat. Mechanical transmission primary the means of spread. Natural infections of Cucurbita pepo (squash and pumpkin) are not known to occur.
watermelon, gerkin, melon, cucumber, bottlegourd, rootstock, Prunus and Gladiolus spp. in experimentation
Yes
CGMMV-2,ISF RPLD
Seed is known to be a pathway. Melon seeds are commonly tested for Cucumber green mottle virus.
ELISA
CGMMV-2,ISF RPLD
ELISA
CGMMV-3,NSHS USDA
This method is a standard method of the NSHS
Thermotheropy-3 days at 72 C; Chemotheropy-10% trisodium phosphate
CGMMV-2,CABI CPC
Test seed after treatment to determine effectiveness
Hollings M, Komuro, Y, Tochihara, H, 1975. Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus Datasheet 154. Descriptions of Plant Viruses. http://dpvweb.net/dpv/
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Detection of Squash Mosaic Virus, Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus and Melon Necrotic Spot Virus in cucurbit seed. International Seed Testing Association. International Rules for Seed Testing 7-026: Seed Health Testing Methods. 2024 https://www.seedtest.org/en/international-rules-for-seed-testing/seed-health-methods-product-1014.html
United Stated Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Protection Service National Seed Health System (USDA-APHIS NSHS) www.seedhealth.org
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli
bacterium
Acidovorax citrulli, Pseudomonas avenae subsp. citrulli, Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes subsp. citrulli
Worldwide
Midwest and Southeast States, CA, OR
2023-04-10
Wild cucurbit species and cucurbit volunteers are known hosts. Occassional reports, but unsubstantiated infections in pepper and tomato
watermelon, melon, squash, pumpkin, cucumber, root stock.
Yes
PSDMAC-1,PSDMAC-6,
Seed as a pathway well documented and accepted for this pathogen
Seedling Grow out and PCR tests are NSHS standard tests (PSDMAC-4)
PSDMAC-1,PSDMAC-6,
Seedling Grow out, PCR tests, Immunomagnetic separation-PCR wash
PSDMAC-1,PSDMAC-4,
PSDMAC-6,
Clean seed programs including exclusion, cultural practices, sanitation and cooper sprays when needed, decreased seed infestations but did not eradicate.
Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Pest List Database 2016. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli Seed Health Testing Method Mz 10.1 National Seed Health System www.seedhealth.org
Xanthomonas cucurbitae
bacterium
Xanthomonas campestris pv. cucurbitae, Bacterium cucurbitae, Phytomonas cucurbitae, Pseudomonas cucurbitae
China, India, Nepal, Japan, Brunei, France, Italy, Egypt, Seychelles, Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Trinidad and Tobago, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Russia
Widespread
Mexico, Korea, Nepal
2023-09-07
When symptoms are present, confirm the causal agent with laboratory diagnoses. Symptoms of this disease may be suppressed, indistinguishable from other diseases or inconspicuous under unfavorable climatic conditions or plant physiological stress, requiring thorough laboratory analysis. Prolonged periods of latency resulting in asymptotic plants has not been documented for this pathogen, though the period from infection to symptom expression may vary with climatic conditions, plant genetics, physiological stress and plant pathogen strain. Literature showing that random sampling of apparently healthy plants to detect latent populations of this pathogen has not been found.
Cucurbits
No
XANTCU-2,XANTCU-7,ISF RPLD,
The pathogen has been reported on melons, in the laboratory and is often included as a host, but seed as a pathway has not been proven. Cucumis melo may not be a host. Movement of the pathogen to seedlings was not shown to occur in controlled experiments. Seed as a pathway for transmission of Xanthomonas cucurbitae appears to be minor or insignificant. Currently seed as a pathway has only been shown on species of Cucurbita (pumpkin).
XANTCU-2,XANTCU-7,ISF RPLD,
CABI CPC,
Use good seed growing practices. Grow in disease free areas and in arid climates. No overhead irrigation. Copper sprays when needed
Babadoost, 2016. Personnel communication University of Illinois:
Babadoost, 2012. Bacterial spot of Cucurbits. Report on Plant disease. No. 949, December 2012. University of Illinois Extension. (http://extension.cropsci.illinois.edu/fruitveg/pdfs/949_bacterial_spot.pd)
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans
bacterium
Bacillus lachrymans, Bacterium burgeri, Bacterium lachrymans, Chlorobacter lachrymans, Phytomonas lachrymans, Pseudomonas burgeri, Pseudomonas lachrymans, Pseudomonas lachrymans f. cucumis
Worldwide, everywhere cucurbits are grown.
Widespread
MX
2021-04-26
This pathogen occurs in MX
Cucurbitaceae family
No
PSDLMA-12,RICH ISTA,
Pathway not proven. Some melons can be a host of this pathogen. No evidence of seed as a pathway found. Often inferred as seed borne because it is seedborne in cucumber.
PSDLMA-12,RICH ISTA,
Pseudomonas syringae pv aptata
bacterium
Bacterium aptatum, Chlorobacter aptatus, Phytomonas aptata, Pseudomonas aptata
Asia, Australia, Europe, India, Iran, North and South Korea, New South Wales, Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom
CA, MA, OR, PA, UT, VA, WA
China
2021-04-26
swiis chard, sugar beets
No
No evidence that seed is a pathway
Rhodococcus fascians
bacterium
Corynebacterium fascians, Bacterium fascians, Phytomonas fascians, Pseudobacterium fascians, Rhodococcus rubropertinctus
Europe, North America, Central America, Australia, New Zealand, Iran, Russia, Egypt, Colombia
Widespread
Brazil, Thailand
2023-08-21
Though found in many US states, the pathogen is usually restricted and localized. Probably Worldwide, though not reported. Disease outbreaks are sporadic and usually related to poor sanitation. Bulbs, floral and greenhouse crops most susceptible to disease outbreaks. No reports of seed as a pathway in vegetables and agronomic crops.
Primarily a pest of ornamentals, woody ornamentals and floowers. Vegetables and agronomic crops reported susceptible to the bacterium are listed below. Transmits primarily through propagation.
No
CORBFA-2,
Melon is not a common host for this pathogen. No references found indicating seed is a pathway
CORBFA-2,
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Ralstonia solanacearum
bacterium
Too many to list, see CABI CPC for a complete list
Worldwide
Widespread
China
2022-08-30
Most important economic crop is potato. Host range is extremely wide.
No
RLSTSO-1,
Melon is not considered an important host of the pathogen. Seed is not known to be a pathway.
RLSTSO-1,
Ralstonia solanacearum In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Colletotrichum orbiculare
fungus
Colletotrichum lagenarium, Glomerella lagenarium
Worldwide, wherever cucurbits are grown.
Widespread, wherever cucurbits are grown
Mexico, Chile
2022-11-11
Cucurbitaceae family
No
COLLLA-1,COLLLA-2,COLLLA-3,COLLLA-5,COLLLA-6,
Pathway not proven. Though seed is often listed as a pathway, there has been no research or literature found showing seed is a pathway for this pathogen on this host.
COLLLA-1,COLLLA-2,COLLLA-3,COLLLA-5,COLLLA-6,
Blotter Incubation
COLLLA-6,
Though not seed borne, Blotter assays using methods described for Didymella bryoniae (gummy stem blight) are commonly used in the seed industry.
COLLLA-3,
Although not proven to be seedborne in cucurbits, a seed treatment is recommended.
Colletotrichum orbiculare In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc."
Koike ST, Tidwell TE, Fogle DG, Patterson CL, 1991. Anthracnose of greenhouse-grown watermelon transplants caused by Colletotrichum orbiculare in California. Plant Disease, 75:644
Madaan RL, Grover RK, 1979. Chemical control of Colletotrichum lagenarium causing anthracnose and scab of bottle gourd. Indian Phytopathology, 32:210-215
Vakalounakis, DJ. 1996. In, Compendium of Cucurbit Diseases. Eds. Zitter, TA, Hopkins DL and Thomas CE. APS Press, Minniapolis, MN
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org. Nyon Switzerland
Alternaria cucumerina
fungus
Alternaria brassicae var. nigrescens, Macrosporium cucumerinum, Alternaria loofahae
Worldwide
Widespread
Mexico
2022-09-21
Distribution information from USDA GRIN
Cucurbitaceae family
No
ALTECU-2,
Pathway not proven. According to Thomas,1996, artificially infested seed has resulted in seedling infection, but infection was low. Spread from naturally infested seed has not been demonstrated.
ALTECU-2,
Seed treatments are often inferred as effective, but no data exists and seed has not been proven to be a pathway.
ALTECU-4,
A quality systems approach in production of the seeds with crop inspections, careful selection of healthy fruits and seed conditioning and cleaning should be used to ensure seed quality and reduce unwanted seed contaminants.
Globisporangium splendens
fungus
Pythium splendens
Worldwide
Widespread
China, Mexico
2022-03-17
Primarily spread through propagative material. Primarily soil borne in nature. Seed is not known to be a pathway for any host.
Wide host rainge, primarily flowers and ornamentals
No
PYTHSL-1,PYTHSL-2,
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
PYTHSL-1,PYTHSL-2,
Cladosporium cucumerinum
fungus
Cladosporium cucumeris, Cladosporium scabies, Macrosporium cucumerinum, Macrosporium melophthorum, Scolicotrichum melophthorum
Worldwide
FL. ME, MI, NY, NC, OK, OR, TX, WA
China
2022-11-11
Widespread in many cool, temperate regions of the world. This pathogen is known to occur in China.
cucumber, pumpkin, gourd,melon, watermelon
No
CLADCU-1,CLADCU-2,CLADCU-3,
Pathway not proven. Though seed is often listed as a pathway, there has been no research or literature found showing seed is a pathway for this pathogen on this host. Seed pathway may be inferred because the pest can be associated with seed in Cucurbita spp. and C. sativus.
CLADCU-1,CLADCU-2,CLADCU-3,
No test specific for C. melo was found. Freezing blotter has been used for Cucurbita spp.
Seed surface-disinfestation with 0.5% sodium hypochlorite for 10 min to decrease all fungal contamination
CLADCU-1,
Cladosporium cucumerinum In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Zitter, T.A. Scab 2016. The American Phytopathologogical Society APSnetfeatures. (http://www.apsnet.org/publications/apsnetfeatures/Pages/Scab.aspx) St. Paul, MN
Monosporacus cannonballus
fungus
Monosporascus eutypoides
Worldwide
AZ, CA, TX, KS
China
2021-04-28
This pathogen has been reported in China. Soilborne in hot, arid climates.
Restricted to melon, watermelon, bottle gourd
No
MSPSCB-2
Seed is not known to be a pathway for this pathogen.
MSPSCB-2
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Verticillium albo-atrum
fungus
Verticillium albo-atrum var. caespitosum, Verticillium albo-atrum var. tuberosum
Worldwide, primarily in cool temperate climates and in potato producing areas
Widespread, especially in northern states
China, Thailand
2022-11-11
Many reports of Verticillium albo-atrum in crops reported prior to 1970 may have actually been Verticillium dahlia. Only lucerne, potatoes, tomatoes and hops are considered important hosts. This pathogen has been reported in China
Wide host range. An important pathogen of potatoes.
No
VERTAA-2,VERTAA-3,
On reference found indicating melon is attacked by this fungus. No evidence that seed is a pathway for this crop. Verticillium dahlia is the primary pathogen of verticillium wilt in cucurbits.
VERTAA-2,VERTAA-3,
Verticillium dahliae
fungus
Verticillium ovatum, Verticillium trachiephilum
Worldwide
Widespread
China
2022-11-11
Prevalent in China
Wide host range (ornamentals, vegetables, agronomic). Isolated from some small grains but not pathogenic on small grains
No
VERTDA-16,VERTDA-26,
Verticillium dahliae is a ubiquitous soil borne fungus and is the causal agent of wilt of melon. No references found indicating seed as a pathway for Verticillium dahliae in melon.
VERTDA-16,VERTDA-26,
Tobacco ringspot virus
virus
Anemone necrosis virus, Annulus tabaci, Blueberry necrotic ringspot virus, Nicotiana virus 12, Soybean bud blight virus, Tobacco Brazilian streak virus, Tobacco ringspot nepovirus, Tobacco ringspot virus No. 1
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea, China
2022-09-22
Nepovirus. Requires the Xiphinema americanum nematode for transmission. This pest has been reported to be in Korea.
Extensive host range includes many weed, fruit and ornamental plant species. The vegetables and agronomic crops listed below are important
No
TORSXX-4,TORSXX-5,TORSXX-9,
Pathway not proven. Only one reference found implementing seed as a pathway, but all research was in enclosed houses and the laboratory. No evidence of seed being a pathway in nature found. A seed pathway is often inferred (TORSXX-9), but no evidence is presented.
TORSXX-4,TORSXX-5,TORSXX-9,
McLean, DM 1962. Seed Transmission of Tobacco Ring Spot Virus in Cantaloupe. Phytopathology 52:21
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database, www.pestlist.worldseed.org, Nyon, Switzerland
Murant. 1983. Seed and Pollen Transmission of Nematode-borne viruses. Seed Sci and Technol. 11:973-987
Eggplant mottled dwarf virus
virus
Tomato vein yellowing virus, Eggplant mottled dwarf nucleorhabdovirus, Hibiscus vein yellowing virus, Pelargonium vein clearing virus, Pittosporum vein clearing virus, Pittosporum vein yellowing virus, Tomato vein clearing virus
North Africa, Afghanistan, Iran, Israel, Europe, Australia and Japan
Not known to occur
Mexico, Korea
2023-08-21
This virus is not known to be seed borne (CABI CPC)
Primarily eggplant. Other solanacious and cucurbit crops, and ornamentals that are propagated have been reported as minor hosts.
No
EMDV00-1,EMDV00-2,
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
EMDV00-1,EMDV00-2,
Cucumber leaf spot virus
virus
Cucumber fruit streak virus
Iran, Bulgaria, Poland
Not known to occur
China, Nepal
2022-11-11
Cucumber leaf spot virus is transmitted by the soil fungus Olpidium radicale
Primarily cucumber in nature. Reported in squash and melon; 19 experimental hosts, most producing local lesions only.
No
CLSV00-5,CLSV00-7,ISF RPLD,
Most references do not consider this crop a host of the virus or it has been reported as a host in laboratory host range studied only. No references found indicating that seed is a pathway.
CLSV00-5,CLSV00-7,ISF RPLD,
Bananej, K., Kianfar, N., Vahdat, A., Winter, S., and Menzel, W. 2014 "Molecular and serological identification of Cucumber leaf spot virus in Iran." Journal of Phytopathology 162 (3) 205-208
Gallitelli, D., Vovlas, C. and Avgelis, A., 1983. Some properties of cucumber fruit streak virus. Journal of Phytopathology, 106:149-162.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Melon necrotic spot virus
virus
Worldwide
CA
Mexico
2023-08-21
Only systemic in Cucumis melo (melon). Local lesions produced in Cucumis sativus (cucumber), Citrullus lanatus (watermelon), Cucurbita moschata (pumpkin), Lagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd), Vigna unguiculata (cowpea), Vigna unguiculata ssp. Sesquipedalis (yardlong bean).
Yes
MNSV00-3,MNSV00-4,MNSV00-5,
Seed as a pathway established and accepted.
ELISA
MNSV00-3,MNSV00-4,MNSV00-5,
RT-PCR, ELISA
MNSV00-2,NSHS USDA,
ELISA is the accepted method of the National Seed Health System and International Seed Testing Association
Hot water
MNSV00-2,
Campbell, R. (1996). "Vector-Assisted Seed Transmission of Melon Necrotic Spot Virus in Melon". Phytopathology 86 (12): 1294
GONZALEZ-GARZA, R., D. J. GUMPF, A. M. KISHABA, and G. W. BOHN. 1979. Identification, seed transmission, and host range pathogenicity to a California isolate of melon necrotic spot virus. Phytopathology 69:340-345.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org. Nyon Switzerland
Herrera Vásquez, J. A.; Córdoba Selés, M. C.; Cebrián, M. C.; Fernández, A. A.; Jordá, C. (2009) Seed transmission of melon necrotic spot virus (MNSV) and efficacy of seed-disinfection treatments. Plant Pathology Jun 2009, Volume 58, Number 10.1111/ppa.2009.58.issue-3: , 436-442
United Stated Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Protection Service National Seed Health System (USDA-APHIS NSHS) www.seedhealth.org
Squash mosaic virus
virus
Cantaloupe mosaic virus, Melon mosaic virus, Muskmelon mosaic virus, Watermelon virus, Cucurbit ring mosaic virus, Muskmelon mosaic comovirus, Muskmelon necrotic mosaic virus, Pumpkin mosaic virus, Squash mosaic comovirus
Worldwide
Widespread in cucurbit production areas
Korea, Mexico
2021-04-27
Spread by Diabrotica beetles
All Cucurbitaceae crops, Chenopodium spp., Amaranthaceae, Apiaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Fabaceae and Hydrophyllaceae
Yes
SQMV00-2,SQMV00-3,SQMV00-9,SQMV00-10,
Seed transmission in Cucumis melo is well documented and accepted. Melons are the most economically effected crop.
ELISA, positive confirmation by Grow out is the standard method of the NSHS
SQMV00-2,SQMV00-3,SQMV00-9,SQMV00-10,
ELISA, Grow out
NSHS USDA,
This method is the standard method of the NSHS.
Freitag JH, 1956. Beetle transmission, host range and properties of squash mosaic virus. Phytopathology, 46:73-81
Kendrick JB, 1934. Cucurbit mosaic transmitted by muskmelon seed. Phytopathology, 24:820-823
Nelson, MR, and Kunhtsen HK, 1973, Squash mosaic virus variability: epidemiological consequences of differences in seed transmission frequency between strains. Phytopathology 63:918-920
International Seed Federation Pest List Database. http://www.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
United Stated Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Protection Service National Seed Health System (USDA-APHIS NSHS) www.seedhealth.org
Phomopsis sclerotioides
fungus
Diaporthe sclerotioides
India, Malaysia, British Columbia, Northern Europe, United Kingdom
Not known to occur
Korea
2022-05-26
Primarily in greenhouse grown production. Soil borne organism (PHOPSC-3)
squash, pumpkin, watermelon, melon, cucumber
No
PHOPSC-3,PHOPSC-5,
No evidence that seed is a pathway. Primarily found in greenhouse soils.
PHOPSC-3,PHOPSC-5,
Bruton BD and Biles CL. 2017. Phomosis Black Root Rot of Cucumber. In, Compendium of Cucurbit Diseases and Pests, Second Edition. Keinath AP, Wintermantel WM and Zitter TA, eds. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.
Richardson, M.J. 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-Borne Diseases. Fourth Edition. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Pleospora herbarum
fungus
Too many to list, most commonly used names include Alternaria putrefaciens, Clasterosporium putrefaciens, Sporidesmium putrefaciens, Stemphyllium botryosum, Stemphylium herbarum.
Worldwide
Widespread
2023-08-21
Primarily a post harvest pathogen
Wide host range
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway
Fusarium solani f.sp. cucurbitae
fungus
Europe. Iraq, Japan, New Zealand, Brazil, Canada, South Africa
CA, OR, WA, NY, AR, NC
Mexico, Korea
2022-11-22
Primarily squash and pumpkin. Reported in melon.
No
FUSASC-2,
Seed is not known to be a pathway. No references found.
FUSASC-2,
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org. Nyon, switzerland
Fusarium redolens
fungus
Fusarium oxysporum var. redolens
China, Japan, Turkey, New Zealand, Czech Republic, Finland
Not known to occur
Korea
2021-04-07
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
An economic pathogen of carnation. Though reported on other vegetable and grain crops, it is not considered an economic pathogen of many hosts or its economic importance is not known. Only hosts with peer reviewed publications are listed below. Other crops often listed in various countries harmful pest lists or inventories without evidence presented.
No
FUSARE-2,
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Only reference found indicating that the pathogen may infect the host.
FUSARE-2,
Farr, D.F. and Rossman, A.Y. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. 2018, http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/
Cucumber vein yellowing virus
virus
Bottle gourd mosaic virus
India, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, Egypt, Sudan, Tunisia, Cyprus, Portugal, Spain
Not known to occur
Korea
2023-08-21
Not known to be seed transmitted. Whitefly transmitted virus.
watermelon, melon, cucumber, squash, pumpkin
No
CVYV00-1,
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
CVYV00-1,
Cucumber Vein Yellowing Virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus
virus
Mexico, Southern Europe, North Africa, Asia
AL, AZ, CA, FL, GA, SC, TX
Korea, Nepal
2022-02-15
Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) transmitted virus. Seed is not known to be a pathway.
watermelon, melon, cucumber, squash, pumpkin.
No
CABI CPC,
Seed is not known to be a pathway. The natural spread of CYSDV occurs through its vector, Bemisia tabaci.
CABI CPC,
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Beet curly top virus
virus
Beet curly top geminivirus, beet curly top hybrigeminivirus, potato green dwarf virus, sugarbeet curly top virus, sugarbeet curly-leaf virus, sugarbeet virus 1, tomato yellow virus, tomato yellows virus, western yellow blight virus
Africa: Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt; Asia: India, Iran, Japan, Turkey; Europe: Cyprus, Italy; North America: Canada, Costa Rica, Mexico, USA; South America: Argentina, Bolivia, Uruguay.
Widespread
Korea
2024-06-19
BCTV is spread locally by insect vectors and internationally through infected host material or vectors. It is not known to be a seed transmitted virus in any host. It is More common in the western US where vectors are more common.
celery, table beet, sugarbeet, pepper, cucumber, cucurbits, common bean, tomato, cowpeas
No
BCTV00-5,CABI CPC,ISF RPLD
Seed is not known to be a pathway in any host of Beet curly top virus
BCTV00-5,CABI CPC,ISF RPLD
Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus
virus
Tomato leaf curl New Delhi begomovirus, ToLCNDV
Algeria, Morocco, Seychelles, Tunisia, Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Iran, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Estonia, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Spain
Not known to occur
Korea
2021-04-22
Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus is transmitted by the whitefly. Seed transmission of ToLCNDV has not been reported.
tomato, eggplant, soybean, potato, cucurbits
No
TLCV-1,
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
TLCV-1,
Tobacco leaf curl virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Golovinomyces orontii
fungus
Erysiphe orontii, Erysiphe polyphaga, Erysiphe tabaci, Oidium begoniae, Oidium violae
Worldwide
AZ, CA, GA, ID, MA, MO ,TX, WA
Korea
2021-04-20
Korea lists this pathogen as Erysiphe orontii.
sugarbeet, pepper, watermelon, melon, cucumber, pumpkin, pea, tomato, potato
No
OIDIBE-1,
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Wind-borne conidia most common means of dispersal.
OIDIBE-1,
OIDIBE-1,
Seed treatment to control powdery mildew on seedlings from wind blown spores during the first 1.5 weeks of growth.
Golovinomyces orontii In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Boeremia exigua var. exigua
fungus
Phoma exigua, Phoma exigua var. exigua, many others
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2021-04-01
This pathogen has been reported in Korea under other synonyms. This is an ubiquitous soil fungi affecting many crops. Weak pathogen. Common bean and possible sugarcane only hosts shown where seed may be a pathway. Only important vegetable and grain crops listed below.
Wide host range
No
PHOMHE-2,RICH ISTA,
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. A weak pathogen but widespread in soils throughout the world. Richardson (RICH ISTA) does not list this pathogen as seed borne.
PHOMHE-2,RICH ISTA,
Alternaria alternata
fungus
Alternaria tenuis, Alternaria tenuissima, many others
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-09-13
Korea listed this pathogen as Alternaria spp. A. alternata, A. tenuis and A. tenuissima have all been reported in Korea. A. alternata has often been found on seed in laboratory testing. There is little evidence of seed transmission. This fungus is ubiquitous and often of minor importance in its hosts.
Wide host range
No
ALTEAL-3,ALTEAL-8,ALTEAL-9,ALTEAL-4,
Pathway not proven. A specific f. sp. (A. alternata f.sp. cucurbitae) infects melon. Although references (ALTEAL-8 and ALTEAL-9) indicate seed may be come infected and be a source of inoculum, it appears most likely that the fungus is a surface contaminant of seed. Seed may be a source of long range inoculum but does not present data or cite a specific reference.
ALTEAL-3,ALTEAL-8,ALTEAL-9,ALTEAL-4,
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org. Nyon, switzerland
Cruz-Chouque, D., Blanco, R. and Tello, J.C. (1999). Spectrum of seed-associated fungi on Cucumis melo L. before its conservation into a germplasm bank. I International Symposium on Cucurbits. Acta Horticulturae ISHS, 492, 201-206
Vakalounakis DJ. 2017. Alternaria leaf spot. In, Compendium of Cucurbit Diseases and Pests, Second Ed. Keinath AP, Wintermantel WM and Zitter TA, eds. The American Pathological Society, St. Paul, MN, USA.
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Didymella bryoniae
fungus
Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum, Ascochyta citrullinaAscochyta cucumis, Ascochyta melonis, Cercospora citrullinaCercospora cucurbitae, Didymella melonis, Didymosphaeria bryoniae, Didymosphaeria effusa, Didymosphaeria melonisMycosphaerella citrullina, Mycosphaerella melonis,Phoma cucurbitacearum, Phyllosticta citrullina, Sphaerella bryoniae, Sphaeria bryoniae
Worldwide
FL, GA, NY, NC, SC
Nepal
2023-09-08
Cucumber, watermelon, melon, squash and pumpkin
Yes
CABI CPC,ISF RPLD,ARS GRIN,
Seed is a known pathway.
CABI CPC,ISF RPLD,ARS GRIN,
blotter, PCR
NSHS USDA,
Both blotter and PCR are the temporary standard of the NSHS.
chemical, cultural
CABI CPC,DIDYBR-1,DIDYBR-2,
Seed treatment with fungicides has shown to be effective. D. bryoniae can survive on seeds, weeds, and plant debris from previously infected cucurbit crops. It is recommended to use only disease-free seed, and evaluate seed production through field inspections.
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Farr, DF and Rossman AY 2015. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/
United Stated Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Protection Service National Seed Health System (USDA-APHIS NSHS) www.seedhealth.org
Miller SA, Rowe CR, Riedel MR, 2001. The Ohio State University Gummy Stem Blight and Black Rot of Cucurbits HYG-3126-96.
Hopkins, D. L., Thompson, C. M., Hilgren, J., & Lovic, B. (2003). Wet seed treatment with peroxyacetic acid for the control of bacterial fruit blotch and other seedborne diseases of watermelon. Plant Disease, 87(12), 1495–1499. Retrieved September, 2023, from https://doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.12.1495
Erwinia tracheiphila
bacterium
Bacillus tracheiphilus, Bacillus tracheiphilus f.sp. cucumis,Bacterium tracheiphilum, Erwinia amylovora var. tracheiphila
Democratic Republic of the Congo, South Africa, Asia, Lithuania, Canada,
AL, NM
Nepal
2023-09-11
There are no records of E. tracheiphila being seed- or pollen-borne, nor is it known to be spread in soil, water, or by wind. The bacteria is dependent on the striped cucumber beetle Acalymma vittata and the spotted cucumber beetle Diabrotica undecimpunctata howardi for dispersal. (CABI)
cucurbit spp.
No
CABI CPC,ERWITR-1,ERWITR-3,
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
CABI CPC,ERWITR-1,ERWITR-3,
CABI CPC,ERWITR-4,ERWITR-5,ERWITR-6,
Management of the disease relies on controlling two vector species. Insecticide applications have proven to be effective in reducing cucumber beetles as well as using a Permiter Trap Crop (PTC) or border crops to intercept pests. Aggressively controlling beetles in early-planted crops can help late-plantings.
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Rojas, E., & Gleason, M. L. (2012). Epiphytic survival of erwinia tracheiphila on muskmelon (cucumis melo l.). Plant Disease, 96(1), 62–66. Retrieved September, 2023, from https://doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-11-0277
Olawole, O. I., Gleason, M. L., & Beattie, G. A. (2022). Expression and functional analysis of the type iii secretion system effector repertoire of the xylem pathogen erwinia tracheiphila on cucurbits. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions®, 35(9), 768–778. Retrieved September, 2023, from https://doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-01-22-0002-r
Rojas, E., Batzer, J. C., Beattie, G. A., Fleischer, S. J., Shapiro, L. R., Williams, M. A., Bessin, R., Bruton, B. D., Boucher, T., Jesse, L. H., & Gleason, M. L. (2015). Bacterial wilt of cucurbits: Resurrecting a classic pathosystem. Plant Disease, 99(5), 564–574. Retrieved September, 2023, from https://doi.org/10.1094/pdis-10-14-1068-fe
Rojas, E., & Gleason, M. L. (2012). Epiphytic survival of erwinia tracheiphila on muskmelon (cucumis melo l.). Plant Disease, 96(1), 62–66. Retrieved September, 2023, from https://doi.org/10.1094/pdis-04-11-0277
Rojas, E., Gleason, M. L., Batzer, J. C., & Duffy, M. (2011). Feasibility of delaying removal of row covers to suppress bacterial wilt of muskmelon (cucumis melo). Plant Disease, 95(6), 729–734. https://doi.org/10.1094/pdis-11-10-0788
Zucchini yellow fleck virus
virus
zucchini yellow fleck potyvirus
Israel, France, Greece, Italy
Not known to occur
Nepal
1969-12-31
ZYFV has been reported on squash and winter melon (C. melo var. inodorus) in the Mediterranean basin. Melon has been shown experimentally to be susceptible to infection by the virus. (ISF RPL).
melon, cucumber
No
CABI CPC,ISF RPLD,ZYFV00-2,ZYFV00-1,ZYFV00-3,
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
CABI CPC,ISF RPLD,ZYFV00-2,ZYFV00-1,ZYFV00-3,
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Antignus, Y., Levy, D., & Cohen, S. (1995). Characterisation of a variant of zucchini yellow fleck virus (zyfv), a potyvirus causing a wilt disease of melons in israel. Annals of Applied Biology, 126(1), 111–120. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7348.1995.tb05007.x
Lecoq, H., & Desbiez, C. (2012). Viruses of cucurbit crops in the mediterranean region. In Advances in virus research (pp. 67-126). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-394314-9.00003-8
Tomassoli, L., Tiberini, A., & Meneghini, M. (2010). zucchini yellow fleck virusis an emergent virus on melon in sicily (italy). Journal of Phytopathology, 158(4), 314–316. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.2009.01620.x
Ditylenchus emus
nematode
n/a
n/a
no evidence found
Brazil
-0001-11-30
Very little information is available on this pest.
melon
uncertain
DITYEM-1,DITYEM-2
D. emus was listed on the APHIS PRA May 7, 2021 as a pest associated with Cucumis melo. The article cited by Tenete et al., 2004, notes D. emus was intercepted on imported seeds used for research; however, there is no notation of seed transmission.
DITYEM-1,DITYEM-2
Snake melon asteroid mosaic virus
virus
snake cucumber; C. melo var. flexuosus
Sudan
n/a
-0001-11-30
The snake melon asteroid mosaic virus was found in Sudan only on a few cucurbit species. It is easily mechanically transmissible in greenhouses by seed at a low rate and by the red melon beetle.
melon
uncertain
SMAMV-1
Seed transmission has only been shown in greenhouse expirements on one variety of snake melon and was at a very low rate. No field grown melon seed sources were evaluated for SMAMV. SMAMV-1 was the only reference found, no others were available to indicate seed as a pathway.
SMAMV-1
cultural, biological
Maintaining good sanitation methods and controlling the melon beetle will help reduce incidences of SMAMV.
Lecoq, H., Dafalla, G., Delécolle, B., Wipf-Scheibel, C., & Desbiez, C. (2011). Snake melon asteroid mosaic virus, a tentative new member of the genussobemovirusinfecting cucurbits. Plant Disease, 95(2), 153–157. https://doi.org/10.1094/pdis-06-10-0447
Melon rugose mosaic virus
virus
Tymovirus melonis
Asia: Sudan, Yemen
n/a
-0001-11-30
Only one reference was found, which advises seed transmission occurred in experiments through mechanical inoculation. No other references note seed is a pathway for MRMV00.
melon
uncertain
ISF RPLD,MRMV00-1
Seed was transmitted at a very low rate through mechanical inoculation. No references indicate MRMV is seed transmitted in melon.
ISF RPLD,MRMV00-1
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Mahgoub, H. A., Wipf-Scheibel, C., Delécolle, B., Pitrat, M., Dafalla, G., & Lecoq, H. (1997). Melon rugose mosaic virus: Characterization of an isolate from sudan and seed transmission in melon. Plant Disease, 81(6), 656–660. https://doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.6.656
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