Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus

virus

Bottlegourd Indian mosaic virus, Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus, Cucumber mottle virus, Cucumber virus 2, 3 or 4, Cucumis virus 2, Tobacco mosaic virus watermelon strain

Asia: China, Georgia, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, Myanmar, Pakistan, Sudan, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Syria, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey. Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Spain, Sweden, UK. America: Canada. Australia.

CA

Many countries

2023-12-19

Primarily found externally on the seed coat. Mechanical transmission primary the means of spread. Natural infections of Cucurbita pepo (squash and pumpkin) are not known to occur.

watermelon, gerkin, melon, cucumber, bottlegourd, rootstock, Prunus and Gladiolus spp. in experimentation

No

CGMMV-2,CABI CPC,ISF RPLD

Pathway uncertain. Cucurbita spp. is a host of this virus. No references found indicating seed is a natural pathway in Cucurbita spp., though it is known to be seed transmitted in cucumber, rootstock and watermelon. Seeds are often tested.

ELISA

CGMMV-2,CABI CPC,ISF RPLD

ELISA

CGMMV-3,NSHS USDA

This method is a standard method of the NSHS

Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli

bacterium

Acidovorax citrulli, Pseudomonas avenae subsp. citrulli, Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes subsp. citrulli

Worldwide

Midwest and Southeast States, CA, OR

2023-04-10

Wild cucurbit species and cucurbit volunteers are known hosts. Occassional reports, but unsubstantiated infections in pepper and tomato

watermelon, melon, squash, pumpkin, cucumber, root stock.

Yes

PSDMAC-1,PSDMAC-6,

Seed as a pathway well documented and accepted for this pathogen. Outbreaks in Cucurbita spp. tend to be less frequent.

Seedling Grow out and PCR tests are NSHS standard tests (PSDMAC-4)

PSDMAC-1,PSDMAC-6,

Seedling Grow out, PCR, Immunomagnetic separation-PCR wash

PSDMAC-1,

PSDMAC-6,

Clean seed programs including exclusion, cultural practices, sanitation and copper sprays when needed, decreased seed infestations but did not eradicate.

Xanthomonas cucurbitae

bacterium

Xanthomonas campestris pv. cucurbitae, Bacterium cucurbitae, Phytomonas cucurbitae, Pseudomonas cucurbitae

China, India, Nepal, Japan, Brunei, France, Italy, Egypt, Seychelles, Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Trinidad and Tobago, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Russia

Widespread

Mexico, Korea, Nepal

2023-09-07

When symptoms are present, confirm the causal agent with laboratory diagnoses. Symptoms of this disease may be suppressed, indistinguishable from other diseases or inconspicuous under unfavorable climatic conditions or plant physiological stress, requiring thorough laboratory analysis. Prolonged periods of latency resulting in asymptotic plants has not been documented for this pathogen, though the period from infection to symptom expression may vary with climatic conditions, plant genetics, physiological stress and plant pathogen strain. Literature showing that random sampling of apparently healthy plants to detect latent populations of this pathogen has not been found.

Cucurbits

Yes

XANTCU-3,XANTCU-4,XANTCU-2,ISF RPLD,XANTCU-8,

The pathogen has been detected on or in seed but movement to seedlings was not shown to occur in controlled experiments. Seed as a pathway for transmission of Xanthomonas cucurbitae appears to be minor or insignificant (XANTCU-2). The bacteria can remain pathogenic in pumpkin seeds for at least 24 months. (XANTCU-8)

XANTCU-3,XANTCU-4,XANTCU-2,ISF RPLD,XANTCU-8,

Incubation, Seed wash

ISF RPLD,

These methods have not been validated or standardized.

CABI CPC,

Use good seed growing practices. Grow in disease free areas and in arid climates. No overhead irrigation. Copper sprays when needed. Seed treatments are needed to eradicate the pathogen carried on and/or in the seeds. (XANTCU-8)

Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans

bacterium

Bacillus lachrymans, Bacterium burgeri, Bacterium lachrymans, Chlorobacter lachrymans, Phytomonas lachrymans, Pseudomonas burgeri, Pseudomonas lachrymans, Pseudomonas lachrymans f. cucumis

Worldwide, everywhere cucurbits are grown.

Widespread

MX

2021-04-26

This pathogen occurs in MX

Cucurbitaceae family

No

PSDMLA-1,PSDLMA-7,PSDLMA-11,PSDLMA-12,

Pathway not proven. Squash, pumpkin and gourd maybe hosts of this pathogen, but usually are resistant to infection. Pseudomonas lachyrmans was isolated from one squash variety involved in a disease outbreak in Italy (PSDLMA-7). Article needs translation to verify methods. No evidence of seed as a pathway found. Often inferred as seed borne because it is seedborne in cucumber.

PSDMLA-1,PSDLMA-7,PSDLMA-11,PSDLMA-12,

Candidatus phytoplasma asteris

phytoplasma

Aconitum proliferation, Aconitum virescence, Alberta aster yellows, alfalfa stunt, Alstroemeria decline, American aster yellows, Anemone virescence, apple sessile leaf, apricot chlorotic leaf roll, azalea little leaf, banana elephantiasis, basil little leaf, Bermuda grass white leaf, black currant reversion, black pepper yellows, blueberry stunt, broccoli phyllody, Bunias phyllody, cactus virescence, cactus witches'-broom, Calendula virescence, canola yellows, Cardaria phyllody, carrot proliferation, carrot yellows, cassava phyllody phytoplasma, cassava witches' broom, Catharanthus little leaf, Catharanthus virescence, chayote witches'-broom, cherry bunch leaf, cherry little leaf, chlorantie, Chrysanthemum witches'-broom, Chrysanthemum yellows, Cirsium stunt, Cirsium yellows, clover phyllody, columbine virescence, coorg black pepper yellows, cosmos phyllody, Cyclamen virescence, dandelion yellows, Delphinium virescence, dill yellows, Diplotaxis virescence, dogfennel yellows, dogwood stunt, dwarf western aster yellows, eastern aster yellows, Echinacea phyllody, eggplant dwarf, eggplant little leaf, Epilobium phyllody, Erigeron yellows, European aster yellows, false ragweed, Festuca yellows, Gaillardia yellows, Gladiolus virescence, grapevine yellows, grey dogwood stunt, hyacinth yellows, Hydrangea phyllody and virescence, Ipomoea obscura witches' broom, Italian cabbage yellows, Italian lettuce yellows, kale phyllody, larkspur virescence, lazy daisy yellows, lettuce yellows, lilac little leaf, Limonium proliferation, Limonium yellows, Lotus yellows, maize bushy stunt, mallow yellows, marguerite yellows, marigold phyllody, marigold virescence, Maryland aster yellows, Mitsuba witches' broom, monarda yellows, mulberry dwarf, multiplier disease, New England aster yellows, New Jersey aster yellows, oat proliferation, Oenothera virescence, olive witches'-broom, onion phyllody, onion virescence, onion yellows, Papaver virescence, parsley yellows, Paulownia witches' broom, peach red leaf disease, pear proliferation and decline, periwinkle little leaf, periwinkle witches' broom and virescence, periwinkle yellows, Phytoplasma asteris, plantain virescence, Poa stunt, poplar witches' broom, poplar yellows, Portulaca yellows, potato purple top, prickly lettuce yellows, Primula yellows, pumpkin yellows, purple coneflower yellows, Quercus proliferation, ragweed yellows, Ranunculus phyllody, rape phyllody, rape virescence, rose witches'-broom, ryegrass yellows, safflower phyllody, Salix proliferation, sandal spike, Saponaria proliferation, Schizanthus proliferation, severe western aster yellows, soybean purple stem, Spirea stunt, Stellaria yellows, strawberry green petal, strawberry phylloid fruit, strawberry stunting, Symphytum proliferation, Tacaco witches'-broom, Tagetes witches' broom, Thalictrum proliferation, tomato big bud, tomato yellows, turnip virescence, Veronica phyllody, watercress witches'-broom, western aster yellows, wild radish yellows

Worldwide

Widespread

-

2024-11-09

Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris is naturally transmitted by a wide range of leafhopper, Macrosteles fascifrons is reported to be the principal vector. Seed is not a pathway.

Wide host range, primarily herbaceous dicots, though strains infect monocots and woody ornamentals

No

CABI CPC

Seed is not a known pathway.

CABI CPC

Ralstonia solanacearum

bacterium

Too many to list, see CABI CPC for a complete list

Worldwide

Widespread

China

2022-08-30

Most important economic crop is potato. Host range is extremely wide.

No

RLSTSO-1,

Squash, pumpkin and gourd are not considered an important hosts of the pathogen. Seed is not known to be a pathway.

RLSTSO-1,

Colletotrichum orbiculare

fungus

Colletotrichum lagenarium, Glomerella lagenarium

Worldwide, wherever cucurbits are grown.

Widespread, wherever cucurbits are grown

Mexico, Chile

2022-11-11

Cucurbitaceae family

No

COLLLA-1,COLLLA-2,COLLLA-3,COLLLA-5,COLLLA-6,

Pathway not proven. Though seed is often listed as a pathway, there has been no research or literature found showing seed is a pathway for this pathogen on this host.

COLLLA-1,COLLLA-2,COLLLA-3,COLLLA-5,COLLLA-6,

Blotter incubation

COLLLA-6,

Though not seed borne, Blotter assays using methods described for Didymella bryoniae (gummy stem blight) are commonly used in the seed industry.

COLLLA-3,

Although not proven to be seedborne in cucurbits, a seed treatment is recommended.

Alternaria cucumerina

fungus

Alternaria brassicae var. nigrescens, Macrosporium cucumerinum, Alternaria loofahae

Worldwide

Widespread

Mexico

2022-09-21

Distribution information from USDA GRIN

Cucurbitaceae family

No

ALTECU-3,

Pathway not proven. According to Thomas, 1996, artificially infested seed has resulted in seedling infection, but infection was low. Spread from naturally infested seed has not been demonstrated.

ALTECU-3,

Seed treatments are often inferred as effective, but no data exists and seed has not been proven to be a pathway.

ALTECU-4,

A quality systems approach in production of the seeds with crop inspections, careful selection of healthy fruits and seed conditioning and cleaning should be used to ensure seed quality and reduce unwanted seed contaminants.

Cladosporium cucumerinum

fungus

Cladosporium cucumeris, Cladosporium scabies, Macrosporium cucumerinum, Macrosporium melophthorum, Scolicotrichum melophthorum

Worldwide

FL. ME, MI, NY, NC, OK, OR, TX, WA

China

2022-11-11

Widespread in many cool, temperate regions of the world. This pathogen is known to occur in China.

cucumber, pumpkin, gourd,melon, watermelon

No

CLADCU-1,CLADCU-2,CLADCU-3,CLADCU-4,CLADCU-7,

Pathway not proven. Though seed is often listed as a pathway, there is little evidence that seed is a pathway for this host. Seed-borne inoculum appears to be of minor importance and it is often found in soil debris. Cladosporium spp. on pumpkin seed, has been reported, but it is unclear if the it was identified to species and assumed Cladosporium cucumerinum was the species observed. Seed transmission was not proven and was externally associated with the seed.

CLADCU-1,CLADCU-2,CLADCU-3,CLADCU-4,CLADCU-7,

Freezing blotter

CLADCU-4,

Used to identify Cladosporium spp. on seed, but did not identify the Cladosporium to species. This method has not been validated or standardized.

Seed surface-disinfestation with 0.5% sodium hypochlorite for 10 min to decrease all fungal contamination

CLADCU-1,

Verticillium albo-atrum

fungus

Verticillium albo-atrum var. caespitosum, Verticillium albo-atrum var. tuberosum

Worldwide, primarily in cool temperate climates and in potato producing areas

Widespread, especially in northern states

China, Thailand

2022-11-11

Many reports of Verticillium albo-atrum in crops reported prior to 1970 may have actually been Verticillium dahlia. Only lucerne, potatoes, tomatoes and hops are considered important hosts. This pathogen has been reported in China

Wide host range. An important pathogen of potatoes.

No

VERTAA-2,VERTAA-9,

On reference found indicating Cucurbit spp. may be attacked by this fungus.. No references found indicating seed is a pathway.

VERTAA-2,VERTAA-9,

Verticillium dahliae

fungus

Verticillium ovatum, Verticillium trachiephilum

Worldwide

Widespread

China

2022-11-11

Prevalent in China

Wide host range (ornamentals, vegetables, agronomic). Isolated from some small grains but not pathogenic on small grains

No

VERTDA-16,

Verticillium dahliae has been reported on squash, pumpkin, but they are not an important hosts. No references found indicating seed is a pathway.

VERTDA-16,

Phytoplasma australiense

fungus

Candidatus phytoplasma australiense, Phormium yellow leaf phytoplasma, Australian grapevine yellows phytoplasma, Pawpaw dieback phytoplasma. *Tran-Nguyen 2008

Australia, New Zealand

Not known to occur

China

2021-04-19

This pathogen has not been reported in China

Primarily grapevines, strawberry, alfalfa, pumpkin, giant pumpkin.

No

No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Pumpkin has been identified as a minor host of the pathogen.

Tobacco ringspot virus

virus

Anemone necrosis virus, Annulus tabaci, Blueberry necrotic ringspot virus, Nicotiana virus 12, Soybean bud blight virus, Tobacco Brazilian streak virus, Tobacco ringspot nepovirus, Tobacco ringspot virus No. 1

Worldwide

Widespread

Korea, China

2022-09-22

Nepovirus. Requires the Xiphinema americanum nematode for transmission. This pest has been reported to be in Korea.

Extensive host range includes many weed, fruit and ornamental plant species. The vegetables and agronomic crops listed below are important

No

TORSXX-5,

Seed as a pathway is not known to occur. Only Cucurbita spp. known to be infected by this virus is marrow.

TORSXX-5,

Cucumber leaf spot virus

virus

Cucumber fruit streak virus

Iran, Bulgaria, Poland

Not known to occur

China, Nepal

2022-11-11

Cucumber leaf spot virus is transmitted by the soil fungus Olpidium radicale

Primarily cucumber in nature. Reported in squash and melon; 19 experimental hosts, most producing local lesions only.

No

CLSV00-6,CLSV00-5,CLSV00-7,

Most references do not consider this crop a host of the virus or it has been reported as a host in laboratory host range studied only. No references found indicating that seed is a pathway.

CLSV00-6,CLSV00-5,CLSV00-7,

Melon necrotic spot virus

virus

Worldwide

CA

Mexico

2023-08-21

Only systemic in Cucumis melo (melon). Local lesions produced in Cucumis sativus (cucumber), Citrullus lanatus (watermelon), Cucurbita moschata (pumpkin), Lagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd), Vigna unguiculata (cowpea), Vigna unguiculata ssp. Sesquipedalis (yardlong bean).

No

MNSV00-5,DVP WEB,

Considered a local lesion host only and only in host range experiments. Not systemic or reported in nature.

MNSV00-5,DVP WEB,

Squash mosaic virus

virus

Cantaloupe mosaic virus, Melon mosaic virus, Muskmelon mosaic virus, Watermelon virus, Cucurbit ring mosaic virus, Muskmelon mosaic comovirus, Muskmelon necrotic mosaic virus, Pumpkin mosaic virus, Squash mosaic comovirus

Worldwide

Widespread in cucurbit production areas

Korea, Mexico

2021-04-27

Spread by Diabrotica beetles

All Cucurbitaceae crops, Chenopodium spp., Amaranthaceae, Apiaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Fabaceae and Hydrophyllaceae

Yes

SQMV00-10,SQMV00-9,

Seed transmission in pumpkin is known to occur, though infrequently. It is not clear if seed from pumpkin varieties of C pepo can be a pathway or if seed transmission is in other pumpkin species.

ELISA, positive confirmation by Grow out is the standard method of the NSHS

SQMV00-10,SQMV00-9,

ELISA, Grow out

NSHS USDA,

This is the standard method of the NSHS.

Tomato ringspot virus

virus

blackberry (Himalaya) mosaic virus, Euonymus chlorotic ringspot virus, Euonymus ringspot virus, grape yellow vein virus, grapevine yellow vein virus, Nicotiana 13 virus, peach stem pitting virus, prune brown line virus, Prunus stem pitting virus, red currant mosaic virus, tobacco ringspot virus 2, tomato ringspot nepovirus, ToRSV, winter peach mosaic virus

Africa: Egypt, Nigeria, Togo; Asia: China, India, Iran, Japan, Jodan, Lebanon, Oman, Pakistan, South Korea, Taiwan, Turkey; Europe: Belarus, Croatia, France, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, UK; North America: Canada, Puerto Rico, USA; Oceania: Fiji, New Zealand; South America: Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela.

Widespread

Korea, Mexico, Thailand

2022-11-07

Natural spread is confined to areas where there are moderate to high populations of nematode vectors belonging to the genus Xiphinema. Requires the nematode to spread. Seed transmission only shown in strawberry and raspberry in nature.

Wide host range, primarily ornamentals and fruit trees and berries. Vegetable crops infected are listed below. Not known to infect grains and grasses

No

TORSV0-4,TORSV0-5,

One reference found indicating seed may be a pathway but no other references were found to substantiate. Seed is not known to be a pathway in nature. No conclusive evidence of natural seed transmission exists.

TORSV0-4,TORSV0-5,

ELISA

TORSV0-1,

This test has not been validated or standardized. Commercial testing is available.

Tomato spotted wilt virus

virus

Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus, Tomato spotted wilt virus group

Worldwide

Widespread

2023-08-21

Seed is not a pathway for Tospoviruses, including Tomato spotted wilt virus

Wide host range. Over 800 plant species are known hosts. Primarily ornamentals,flowers. No evidence that small grains or corn are hosts.

No

TSWV00-1,TSWV00-2,TSWV00-3

Seed is not a pathway for Tospoviruses, including Tomato spotted wilt virus

TSWV00-1,TSWV00-2,TSWV00-3

Phomopsis sclerotioides

fungus

Diaporthe sclerotioides

India, Malaysia, British Columbia, Northern Europe, United Kingdom

Not known to occur

Korea

2022-05-26

Primarily in greenhouse grown production. Soil borne organism (PHOPSC-3)

squash, pumpkin, watermelon, melon, cucumber

No

PHOPSC-3,PHOPSC-5,

No evidence that seed is a pathway. Primarily found in greenhouse soils.

PHOPSC-3,PHOPSC-5,

Pleospora herbarum

fungus

Too many to list, most commonly used names include Alternaria putrefaciens, Clasterosporium putrefaciens, Sporidesmium putrefaciens, Stemphyllium botryosum, Stemphylium herbarum.

Worldwide

Widespread

2023-08-21

Primarily a post harvest pathogen

Wide host range

No

No references found indicating seed is a pathway

Fusarium solani f.sp. cucurbitae

fungus

Europe. Iraq, Japan, New Zealand, Brazil, Canada, South Africa

CA, OR, WA, NY, AR, NC

Mexico, Korea

2022-11-22

Primarily squash and pumpkin. Reported in melon.

Yes

FUSASC-2,FUSASC-3,FUSASC-4,

Seed can be a pathway in Cucurbita spp., but only when symptoms are found on the fruit.

FUSASC-2,FUSASC-3,FUSASC-4,

Agar incubation

FUSASC-4,

This test has not been validated or standardized

Fungicide seed treatments

FUSASC-1,FUSASC-2,

Crop rotation (4 years). Harvesting fruit without symptoms prevents seed lot contamination.

Arabis mosaic virus

virus

Arabis mosaic nepovirus, Ash ring and line pattern virus, Forsythia yellow net virus, Hop nettlehead virus,Jasmine yellow blotch virus, Raspberry yellow dwarf virus, Rhabarber mosaik virus (rhubarb mosaic virus), Rhubarb mosaic virus

Worldwide

CT, FL, MI, MN, MO, NE, NY, OH, SC

Mexico, China, Korea, Brazil, Thailand

2022-10-08

This virus has been reported in Mexico, China (CABI, 2017), but natural spread may be limited to EU (Murant, 1974).

Wide host range including many vegetable, agronomic and fruit species

No

ARMV00-1,ARMV00-3,ARMV00-5,ARMV00-7,

There is no evidence that seed is a pathway for this crop.

ARMV00-1,ARMV00-3,ARMV00-5,ARMV00-7,

Cucumber vein yellowing virus

virus

Bottle gourd mosaic virus

India, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, Egypt, Sudan, Tunisia, Cyprus, Portugal, Spain

Not known to occur

Korea

2023-08-21

Not known to be seed transmitted. Whitefly transmitted virus.

watermelon, melon, cucumber, squash, pumpkin

No

CVYV00-1,

Seed is not known to be a pathway.

CVYV00-1,

Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus

virus

Mexico, Southern Europe, North Africa, Asia

AL, AZ, CA, FL, GA, SC, TX

Korea, Nepal

2022-02-15

Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) transmitted virus. Seed is not known to be a pathway.

watermelon, melon, cucumber, squash, pumpkin.

No

CABI CPC,

Seed is not known to be a pathway. The natural spread of CYSDV occurs through its vector, Bemisia tabaci.

CABI CPC,

Beet curly top virus

virus

Beet curly top geminivirus, beet curly top hybrigeminivirus, potato green dwarf virus, sugarbeet curly top virus, sugarbeet curly-leaf virus, sugarbeet virus 1, tomato yellow virus, tomato yellows virus, western yellow blight virus

Africa: Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt; Asia: India, Iran, Japan, Turkey; Europe: Cyprus, Italy; North America: Canada, Costa Rica, Mexico, USA; South America: Argentina, Bolivia, Uruguay.

Widespread

Korea

2024-06-19

BCTV is spread locally by insect vectors and internationally through infected host material or vectors. It is not known to be a seed transmitted virus in any host. It is More common in the western US where vectors are more common.

celery, table beet, sugarbeet, pepper, cucumber, cucurbits, common bean, tomato, cowpeas

No

BCTV00-1,BCTV00-5,

Seed is not known to be a pathway in any host of Beet curly top virus

BCTV00-1,BCTV00-5,

Kyuri green mottle mosaic virus

virus

KGMMV , Kyuri green mottle mosaic tobamovirus

Japan, Korea, Indonesia

Not known to occur

Korea

2022-11-29

Seed as a pathway for Kyrui green mottle mosaic virus has been suggested for cucurbits. There were no references found confirming seed as a pathway in Cucurbita spp. Kyrui green mottle mosaic virus is closely related to Zucchini green mottle mosaic virus and Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus. Kyrui green mottle mosaic virus is a known soil borne problem in Japan. The reported presence for Kyrui green mottle mosaic virus is limited primarily to Japan, one area of Korea and one report in Indonesia.

squash, pumpkin

No

KGMMV0-1,

Pathway not proven. Seed as a pathway for Kyrui green mottle mosaic virus has been suggested for cucurbits. There were no references found confirming seed as a pathway in Cucurbita spp.

KGMMV0-1,

ELISA

KGMMV0-1,

A seed test method using ELISA is available in some commercial labs.

Zucchini green mottle mosaic virus

virus

ZGMMV

Korea

Not known to occur

Korea

2021-05-18

This pathogen has only been reported in Korea

squash, pumpkin

Yes

ZGMMV0-1,

Seed as a pathway for zucchini green mottle mosaic is documented and accepted.

ZGMMV0-1,

A PCR test was developed for research purposes but has not gained acceptance due to a lack of controls when used (ISF RPLD).

Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus

virus

Tomato leaf curl New Delhi begomovirus, ToLCNDV

Africa: Algeria, Morocco, Seychelles, Tunisia; Asia: Bangladesh, China, India, Indonesia, Iran, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey; Europe: France, Greece, Italy, Portugal,Slovakia, Spain,.

Not known to occur

Korea

2024-11-09

Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus is transmitted by the whitefly. Seed transmission of ToLCNDV has not been reported.

ToLCNDV affects a wide spectrum of plant species. Main are the Cucurbitaceae and Solanaceae families.

No

CABI CPC

Seed is not known to be a pathway.

CABI CPC

Gibberella avenacea

fungus

Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium avenaceum f.sp. fabae, Fusarium avenaceum subsp. aywerte, Fusarium roseum var. avenaceum

Worldwide, primarily in temperate regions.

Widespread

Thailand

2022-11-22

One of many Fusaria, Gibberella's that may contaminate kernels.

Primarily a grain and clover pathogen with a wide host range.

No

GIBBAV-2,GIBBAV-4,

Pathway not proven. Some references (GIBBAV-4) list seed as a pathway for this pathogen, no references with supporting data were found.

GIBBAV-2,GIBBAV-4,

Nacobbus aberrans

nematode

Anguillulina aberrans, Nacobbus batatiformis, Nacobbus bolivianus, Nacobbus serendipiticus, Nacobbus serendipiticus bolivianus, Pratylenchus aberrans

Egypt, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Peru, Mexico

AR, CO, KS, MT, NE, SD, UT, WY

Korea

2023-08-21

Seed is not known to be a pathway for this nematode in any host.

potato, vegetables

No

NACOBA-1,NACOBA-2,

Seed is not known to be a pathway for this nematode in any host.

NACOBA-1,NACOBA-2,

Xiphinema diversicaudatum

nematode

Dorylaimus diversicaudatus, Dorylaimus elongatus apud, Longidorus diversicaudatus, Xiphinema diversicaudatum, Xiphinema amarantum, Xiphinema basiri apud, Xiphinema israeliae apud, Xiphinema paraelongatum, Xiphinema sahelense apud, Xiphinema seredouense

Africa: Morocco, South Africa; Asia: India, Turkey; Europe: Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Czechia, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Urkaine, UK; North America: USA. Oceania: New Zealand.

CA

Korea

2024-09-09

Found primarily in pasture and woodland areas. May spread nepoviruses. Seed is not known to be a pathway for dagger nematodes.

Wide host range

No

XIPHDI-1,CABI CPC

Seed is not known to be a pathway.

XIPHDI-1,CABI CPC

Golovinomyces orontii

fungus

Erysiphe orontii, Erysiphe polyphaga, Erysiphe tabaci, Oidium begoniae, Oidium violae

Worldwide

AZ, CA, GA, ID, MA, MO, SC, TX, WA

Korea

2024-09-07

Korea lists this pathogen as Erysiphe orontii. Seed is not a pathway. Wind-borne conidia most common means of dispersal.

Main: sugarbeet, pepper, watermelon, melon, cucumber, pumpkin, pea, tomato, eggplant, potato.

No

CABI CPC

No references found indicating seed is a pathway.

CABI CPC

CABI CPC

Seed treatment to control powdery mildew on seedlings from wind blown spores during the first 1.5 weeks of growth.

Boeremia exigua var. exigua

fungus

Ascochyta asteris, Ascochyta cyphomandrae, Ascochyta hydrangeae, Ascochyta nicotianae, Ascochyta phaseolorum, Ascochyta sonchi, Phoma exigua f.sp. exigua, Phoma exigua var. exigua, Phoma herbarum, Phoma herbarum f. brassicae, Phoma herbarum f. hyoscyami, Phoma herbarum f. schoberiae, Phoma herbarum var. dulcamaricola, Phoma linicola, Phoma solanicola, Phoma solanophila, Phoma tuberosa, Phyllosticta decidua, Phyllosticta hortorum, Phyllosticta mulgedii, Phyllosticta sambuci, Phyllosticta vincae-majoris, Phyllosticta vincae-minoris

Worldwide. CABI: B. exigua var. exigua is almost certainly ubiquitous worldwide, but many records fail to specify the variety that it is not possible to provide particular country/state information. There are undoubtedly many records under the many synonyms and these require re-examination.

Widespread

Korea

2024-09-04

This pathogen has been reported in Korea under other synonyms. This is a weak pathogen capable of persisting in soil and also transmitted by rainsplash-dispersed conidia. Common bean and possible sugarcane are the only hosts shown where seed may be a pathway.

B. exigua var. exigua is a ubiquitous weak or secondary pathogen on more than 200 different plant genera. Main hosts are in the Fabaaceae and Solanaceae familes.

No

CABI CPC,RICH ISTA

No references found indicating seed is a pathway. A weak pathogen but widespread in soils throughout the world.

CABI CPC,RICH ISTA

Pratylenchus brachyurus

nematode

Anguillulina brachyura, Pratylenchus leiocephalus, Pratylenchus pratensis, Pratylenchus steineri, Tylenchus brachyurus

Worldwide

Widespread

Korea

2022-06-28

Seed is not known to be a pathway. Common in tropics (PRATBR-1)

Wide host range

No

PRATBR-2,PRATBR-3

Seed is not known to be a pathway for this nematode in any host.

PRATBR-2,PRATBR-3

Didymella bryoniae

fungus

Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum, Ascochyta citrullinaAscochyta cucumis, Ascochyta melonis, Cercospora citrullinaCercospora cucurbitae, Didymella melonis, Didymosphaeria bryoniae, Didymosphaeria effusa, Didymosphaeria melonisMycosphaerella citrullina, Mycosphaerella melonis,Phoma cucurbitacearum, Phyllosticta citrullina, Sphaerella bryoniae, Sphaeria bryoniae

Worldwide

FL, GA, NY, NC, SC

Nepal

2023-09-08

Cucumber, watermelon, melon, squash and pumpkin

Yes

CABI CPC,ISF RPLD,DIDYBR-5,DIDYBR-6,

Seed is a known pathway.

CABI CPC,ISF RPLD,DIDYBR-5,DIDYBR-6,

Blotter, PCR

NSHS USDA,

Both blotter and PCR are the temporary standard of the NSHS.

Chemical, cultural

CABI CPC,DIDYBR-1,DIDYBR-2,

Seed treatment with fungicides has shown to be effective. D. bryoniae can survive on seeds, weeds, and plant debris from previously infected cucurbit crops. It is recommended to use only disease-free seed, and evaluate seed production through field inspections.