Tomato black ring virus

virus

Lettuce Ringspot Virus, Bean Ringspot Virus, Beet Ringspot Virus, Celery Yellow Vein Virus, Lettuce Ringspot Virus,Potato Bouquet Virus, Potato Pseudo-Aucuba Virus,Tomato Black Ring Nepovirus

India, Japan, Turkey, throughout Europe

Not known to occur

China, Korea, Mexico, Thailand

2022-11-03

Wide host range reported. Requires the Dagger nematode to transmit this virus

Wide host range, however many are experimental only. Important crops listed below.

No

No references found indicating spinach is a host for this virus.

Rhodococcus fascians

bacterium

Corynebacterium fascians, Bacterium fascians, Phytomonas fascians, Pseudobacterium fascians, Rhodococcus rubropertinctus

Europe, North America, Central America, Australia, New Zealand, Iran, Russia, Egypt, Colombia

Widespread

Brazil, Thailand

2023-08-21

Though found in many US states, the pathogen is usually restricted and localized. Probably Worldwide, though not reported. Disease outbreaks are sporadic and usually related to poor sanitation. Bulbs, floral and greenhouse crops most susceptible to disease outbreaks. No reports of seed as a pathway in vegetables and agronomic crops.

Primarily a pest of ornamentals, woody ornamentals and floowers. Vegetables and agronomic crops reported susceptible to the bacterium are listed below. Transmits primarily through propagation.

No

CORBFA-2

Though listed as a host in CABI CPC, no references found verifying that spinach is a host for this bacterium.

CORBFA-2

Candidatus phytoplasma asteris

phytoplasma

Aconitum proliferation, Aconitum virescence, Alberta aster yellows, alfalfa stunt, Alstroemeria decline, American aster yellows, Anemone virescence, apple sessile leaf, apricot chlorotic leaf roll, azalea little leaf, banana elephantiasis, basil little leaf, Bermuda grass white leaf, black currant reversion, black pepper yellows, blueberry stunt, broccoli phyllody, Bunias phyllody, cactus virescence, cactus witches'-broom, Calendula virescence, canola yellows, Cardaria phyllody, carrot proliferation, carrot yellows, cassava phyllody phytoplasma, cassava witches' broom, Catharanthus little leaf, Catharanthus virescence, chayote witches'-broom, cherry bunch leaf, cherry little leaf, chlorantie, Chrysanthemum witches'-broom, Chrysanthemum yellows, Cirsium stunt, Cirsium yellows, clover phyllody, columbine virescence, coorg black pepper yellows, cosmos phyllody, Cyclamen virescence, dandelion yellows, Delphinium virescence, dill yellows, Diplotaxis virescence, dogfennel yellows, dogwood stunt, dwarf western aster yellows, eastern aster yellows, Echinacea phyllody, eggplant dwarf, eggplant little leaf, Epilobium phyllody, Erigeron yellows, European aster yellows, false ragweed, Festuca yellows, Gaillardia yellows, Gladiolus virescence, grapevine yellows, grey dogwood stunt, hyacinth yellows, Hydrangea phyllody and virescence, Ipomoea obscura witches' broom, Italian cabbage yellows, Italian lettuce yellows, kale phyllody, larkspur virescence, lazy daisy yellows, lettuce yellows, lilac little leaf, Limonium proliferation, Limonium yellows, Lotus yellows, maize bushy stunt, mallow yellows, marguerite yellows, marigold phyllody, marigold virescence, Maryland aster yellows, Mitsuba witches' broom, monarda yellows, mulberry dwarf, multiplier disease, New England aster yellows, New Jersey aster yellows, oat proliferation, Oenothera virescence, olive witches'-broom, onion phyllody, onion virescence, onion yellows, Papaver virescence, parsley yellows, Paulownia witches' broom, peach red leaf disease, pear proliferation and decline, periwinkle little leaf, periwinkle witches' broom and virescence, periwinkle yellows, Phytoplasma asteris, plantain virescence, Poa stunt, poplar witches' broom, poplar yellows, Portulaca yellows, potato purple top, prickly lettuce yellows, Primula yellows, pumpkin yellows, purple coneflower yellows, Quercus proliferation, ragweed yellows, Ranunculus phyllody, rape phyllody, rape virescence, rose witches'-broom, ryegrass yellows, safflower phyllody, Salix proliferation, sandal spike, Saponaria proliferation, Schizanthus proliferation, severe western aster yellows, soybean purple stem, Spirea stunt, Stellaria yellows, strawberry green petal, strawberry phylloid fruit, strawberry stunting, Symphytum proliferation, Tacaco witches'-broom, Tagetes witches' broom, Thalictrum proliferation, tomato big bud, tomato yellows, turnip virescence, Veronica phyllody, watercress witches'-broom, western aster yellows, wild radish yellows

Worldwide

Widespread

-

2024-11-09

Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris is naturally transmitted by a wide range of leafhopper, Macrosteles fascifrons is reported to be the principal vector. Seed is not a pathway.

Wide host range, primarily herbaceous dicots, though strains infect monocots and woody ornamentals

No

CABICPC

Seed is not a known pathway.

CABICPC

Verticillium nigrescens

fungus

China, Japan, Canada, Italy, Australia, New Zealand. (Most likely a worldwide saprophyte.)

GA, MS, MO

Brazil

2022-10-09

Not considered a highly virulent fungal pathogen. Often found as a saprophyte or weakly pathogenic at most. This fungus should not be regulated on seed.

Soybean and cotton are main hosts, but even on these hosts it is a weak pathogen. Has been isolated from other hosts, though primarily as a saprophyte or weakly pathogenic

No

VERTNI-3

Found on seed of spinach accessions, but not proven to be pathogenic. No references found indicating seed is a pathway in seed production.

VERTNI-3

Freezing blotter

VERTNI-3

Freezing blotter method used to isolate this fungus from spinach seed in research. This method has not been standardized or validated.

Verticillium dahliae

fungus

Verticillium ovatum, Verticillium trachiephilum

Worldwide

Widespread

China

2022-11-11

Prevalent in China

Wide host range (ornamentals, vegetables, agronomic). Isolated from some small grains but not pathogenic on small grains

Yes

VERTDA-5, VERTDA-26

Seed is a known pathway for Verticillium dahliae in spinach and the recommended management strategy is to evaluate seed productions by field inspection or seed testing of a representative sample of each seed lot.

Both methods are standard methods of the NSHS

VERTDA-5, VERTDA-26

Freezer Blotter, Agar methods

VERTDA-7, VERTDA-26

These methods have been validated and standardized.

Yes, disinfestation with 1.2 chlorine or hot water, though the later affected seed quality

VERTDA-5

Phytophthora erythroseptica var. erythroseptica

fungus

Phytophthora himalayensis, Phytophthora erythroseptica

Worldwide, especially where potatoes are grown

Widespread in potato growing regions

China

2023-08-21

This pathogen has not been repoted in China. True seed is not known to be a pathway.

This is an important pathogen of potato. Affects a few other important crops, but not known to be a serious pathogen of other crops. Most crops not known to be a host in nature.

No

PHYTER-1

Not a host. Spinach, as a host has only been established under artificial inoculation, infection in nature not reported. True seed is not known to be a pathway.

PHYTER-1

Phytophthora fragariae

fungus

Phytophthora fragariae var. oryzobladis

Worldwide

Widespread

China

2022-12-01

Only the leaf blight of rice strain reported in China (PHYTFR-2)

In nature only strawberry and rice (leaf blight strain)

No

PHYTFR-2

A host by artificial inoculation only.

PHYTFR-2

Broad bean wilt virus

virus

Broad bean wilt fabavirus, Catalpa chlorotic leaf spot virus, Nasturtium ringspot virus, Nasturtium white spot virus, Pea streak virus, Patchouli mild mosaic virus, Patchouli mild mottle virus, Petunia ringspot virus, Tropaeolum ringspot virus, Plantago II virus

Africa: Egypt, Ethiopia, Morocco, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Tunisia; Asia: Bangladesh, China, India, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Jordan, North Korea, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Syria, Taiwan, Turkey; Europe: Bulgaria, Czechia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, United Kingdom; North America, USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand; South America: Argentina.

FL, MN, NY, OH, SC, VT, WI

Mexico

2024-09-03

Broad bean wilt virus has only shown possible seed transmission in faba beans through artificial inoculation. It is not known to be common in nature. The virus is transmissible by sap inoculation and by several aphid species in the non-persistent.

Broad bean wilt virus has been reported in natural infections of 180 species of 41 plant families and thus has a very extensive natural host range. Main host families are: Apiaceae, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, and Solanaceae.

No

CABICPC, ISFRPLD, DPVWEB

Seed is not known to be a pathway.

CABICPC, ISFRPLD, DPVWEB

Lettuce mosaic virus

virus

Lactuca virus 1 lettuce, Mosaic potyvirus lettuce virus 1, Marmor lactucae

Worldwide, where lettuce is grown.

CA, CO, FL, ID, NY, OH, OR, PA, SC, WA, WI

Mexico

2022-03-22

Lettuce mosaic virus is known to infect a wide range of plants, primarily in the Asteraceae family but seed as a pathway is only known in lettuce.

lettuce, spinach, pea, chicory, endive, chickpea, safflower

No

LMV000-13

No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Spinach is not a common host of the virus.

LMV000-13

Sowbane mosaic virus

virus

Apple latent virus 2, Chenopodium mosaic virus, Chenopodium seed-borne mosaic virus, Sowbane mosaic sobemovirus

Japan, Turkey, Canada, Australia, Morocco, Eastern Europe, France, Italy

CA, MD

China

2021-04-27

Only seed from some species of the genus Chenopodium have been shown to be a pathway. Of little economic importance in spinach or table beet crops.

Primarily chenopodium weeds, spinach, beet, quinoa

No

SOMV00-2, SOMV00-5, SOMV00-6, SOMV00-7, SOMV00-1

Pathway not proven. References indicating seed may be a pathway used artificially inoculated seed or seed contamination was shown in only one cultivar. There is not enough evidence to determine if seed is a pathway for this virus in this host. Only seed from some species of the genus Chenopodium have been shown to be a pathway

SOMV00-2, SOMV00-5, SOMV00-6, SOMV00-7, SOMV00-1

Peronospora farinosa f.sp. spinaciae

fungus

Botrytis effusa, Botrytis farinosa, Peronospora effusa,Peronospora spinaciae

Worldwide, primarily in cool temperate areas wherever spinach is grown.

Widespread

Brazil

2021-05-03

This pathogen has been reported in Brazil

spinach

Yes

PEROFS-3, PEROFS-4

Seed as a pathway is well established and accepted.

NSHS has two standard wash methods.

PEROFS-3, PEROFS-4

Wash Test, Grow out

PEROFS-4, PEROFS-5

Wash test is a standard method of the NSHS. Commercially available growout testing also available.

Yes, fungicides have been shown effective

PEROFS-3

Pleospora herbarum

fungus

Too many to list, most commonly used names include Alternaria putrefaciens, Clasterosporium putrefaciens, Sporidesmium putrefaciens, Stemphyllium botryosum, Stemphylium herbarum.

Worldwide

Widespread

2023-08-21

Primarily a post harvest pathogen

Wide host range

Yes

PLEOHE-3, PLEOHE-4

Seed is a known pathway in spinach.

Freezing blotter incubation is the standard method of the NSHS

PLEOHE-3, PLEOHE-4

Freezing blotter incubation

PLEOHE-3, PLEOHE-5

Fungicide seed treatments

PLEOHE-2, PLEOHE-4, PLEOHE-3

Arabis mosaic virus

virus

Arabis mosaic nepovirus, Ash ring and line pattern virus, Forsythia yellow net virus, Hop nettlehead virus,Jasmine yellow blotch virus, Raspberry yellow dwarf virus, Rhabarber mosaik virus (rhubarb mosaic virus), Rhubarb mosaic virus

Worldwide

CT, FL, MI, MN, MO, NE, NY, OH, SC

Mexico, China, Korea, Brazil, Thailand

2022-10-08

This virus has been reported in Mexico, China (CABI, 2017), but natural spread may be limited to EU (Murant, 1974).

Wide host range including many vegetable, agronomic and fruit species

No

ARMV00-7

No references found with evidence that spinach as a host of Arabis mosaic virus.

ARMV00-7

Spinach latent virus

virus

Yugoslavia, New Zealand, Netherlands, Hungary

CA, VA

Brazil, Korea

2021-04-27

Occurs as a seed-borne infection of spinach, in which it induces no symptoms.

Spinach in nature. Artificially inoculated into common bean, beet, quinoa, cucumber, tomato

Yes

SPLV00-1, SPLV00-2

Seed can be a pathway for Spinach latent virus in spinach. It is symptomless and of little or no importance in spinach production.

SPLV00-1, SPLV00-2

Nested PCR

SPLV00-1

This test has not been verified or standardized and is no longer in use.

No references found on risk mitigation or seed treatment

Beet necrotic yellow vein virus

virus

Beet rhizomania virus

Worldwide

CA, CO, ID, MI, MN, MT, NE, NM, ND, OR, TX, WA, WY

Korea

2021-06-25

Primarily causing rhizomania in sugar beet. Transmitted by the fungal vector Polymyxa betae. Seed is not known to be a pathway. Widespread in sugar beet production areas.

sugar beet, table beet, swiss chard, spinach

No

CABICPC, DPVWEB

Spinach seed is not known to be a pathway for Bean necrotic yellow vein virus.

CABICPC, DPVWEB

Beet mild yellowing virus

virus

beet mild yellowing luteovirus, beet western yellows virus

Africa: Eritrea, Ethiopia, Sudan, Tunisia; Asia: China, Iran, Syria, Taiwan, Turkey, Yemen; Europe: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK; North America: USA; Oceania: Australia; South America: Chile.

CA

Korea

2024-08-21

Aphid transmitted virus. Not transmitted by seed or pollen.

Main: beet, chard, sugarbeet, spinach.

No

CABICPC, BMYV00-7

Seed is not known to be a pathway.

CABICPC, BMYV00-7

Beet curly top virus

virus

Beet curly top geminivirus, beet curly top hybrigeminivirus, potato green dwarf virus, sugarbeet curly top virus, sugarbeet curly-leaf virus, sugarbeet virus 1, tomato yellow virus, tomato yellows virus, western yellow blight virus

Africa: Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt; Asia: India, Iran, Japan, Turkey; Europe: Cyprus, Italy; North America: Canada, Costa Rica, Mexico, USA; South America: Argentina, Bolivia, Uruguay.

Widespread

Korea

2024-06-19

BCTV is spread locally by insect vectors and internationally through infected host material or vectors. It is not known to be a seed transmitted virus in any host. It is More common in the western US where vectors are more common.

celery, table beet, sugarbeet, pepper, cucumber, cucurbits, common bean, tomato, cowpeas

No

BCTV00-5, CABICPC

Seed is not known to be a pathway in any host of Bean curly top virus

BCTV00-5, CABICPC

Beet western yellows virus

virus

Brassica virus 5, Malva yellows virus, Radish yellows virus, Turnip mild yellows virus, Turnip yellows virus luteovirus

Africa: Eritrea, Ethiopia, Tunisia; Asia: China, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Lebanon, Pakistan, South Korea, Syria, Thailand, Turkey, Yemen; Europe: Czechia, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Spain, UK; North America: USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand.

CA, IL, OR, WA

Korea

2024-08-21

Transmission is by aphid vectors, particularly the green peach aphid.

Main: Brassica spp., radish, spinach. Other: sugarbeet, chickpea, pepper.

No

BWYV00-3, CABICPC, ISFRPLD, DPVWEB

Seed is not known to be a pathway.

BWYV00-3, CABICPC, ISFRPLD, DPVWEB

Impatiens necrotic spot virus

virus

Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus, Impatiens strain

Africa: Egypt, Uganda; Asia: China, Iran, Japan, South Korea; Europe: Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Czechia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Gurnsey, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Poland, Portugal, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, UK; North America: Canada, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Mexico, Panama, USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand; South America: Chile, Colombia.

Widespread

Korea

2024-09-07

The virus is closely related to Tomato spotted wilt virus and a member of the Tospovirus group of viruses which are thrip transmitted. Seed transmission is unlikely and not reported for any host.

Wide host range. Main: Impatiens. Other: many ornamentals and vegetables.

No

INSV00-1, INSV00-2

Thrip transmitted in nature. Seed is not known to be a pathway.

INSV00-1, INSV00-2

Difficult to control. Field control must consider the virus and the vector for success.

Tobacco rattle virus

virus

Aster ringspot virus, belladonna mosaic virus, paeony mosaic virus, paeony ringspot virus, peony mosaic virus, peony ringspot virus, potato corky ringspot virus, potato stem mottle virus, ratel virus, spinach yellow mottle virus, Tabakmauche Virus, Tabakstreifen und Kra, tobacco rattle tobravirus, tulip white streak virus

Worldwide

AK, CA, CO, FL, ID, IL, IN, MA, MI, MN, NE, NC, ND, OH, OR, PA, UT, WA, WI

Korea

2024-09-08

Tobacco Rattle Virus is soil-borne and transmitted between plants by the nematode species Trichodorus and Paratrichodorus. Seed is only known to be a pathway in some weed species.

TRV occurs on numerous crops in many countries and has been detected on over 100 mono- and dicotyledonous plant species.

No

CABICPC, RICHISTA, DPVWEB

Spinach is a host for Tobacco rattle virus and may cause yellow mottle symptoms. No references found indicating that seed is a pathway.

CABICPC, RICHISTA, DPVWEB

Erysiphe betae

fungus

Erysiphe communis, Erysiphe communis f. betae, Erysiphe communis f.sp. polygonorum, Erysiphe polygoni, Erysiphe polygoni f.sp. betae, Microsphaera betae, Oidium erysiphoides

Worldwide

AZ, CA, CO, ID, KS, MI, MT, ND, NE, NM, OR, TX, UT, WA, WY.

Korea

2024-09-11

Seed is not known to be a pathway. Conidia is wind-borne.

Main: sugar beet, carrot; Other: swiss chard, table beet, spinach

No

CABICPC

Seed is not known to be a pathway.

CABICPC

Pythium vexans

fungus

Pythium complectens, Phytopythium vexans, Pythium allantocladon, Pythium ascophallon, Pythium piperinum, Ovatisporangium vexans, Pythium euthyphyphon, Pythium polycladon

Africa, Asia, Europe, Guatemala, Caribbean, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, Chile, South Korea, New Zealand, Canada

HI, OK, CA, NC, MD, VA, DE, PA, NJ, WA, TN, LA, WI, IA

Korea

2023-08-21

Primarily affecting seedlings and roots and is transmitted mainly through infested soil. Seed is not known to be a pathway for any host. Zoospores of this fungus can swim in open water for a short distance. This pathogen has been reported in S. Korea. Korea lists this pathogen as Phytopythium vexans

Wide host range

No

PYTHVE-1, PYTHVE-3

Seed is not known to be a pathway for any host.

PYTHVE-1, PYTHVE-3

Tobacco leaf curl virus

virus

tobacco cabbaging virus, tobacco curly leaf virus, tobacco frenching virus, tobacco leaf curl begomovirus, tobacco leaf curl bigeminivirus, tobacco leaf curl geminivirus, tobacco leaf curl virus 1, tomato yellow dwarf virus

Africa: Burkino Faso, CAmeroon, Comoros, Congo, Egypt, Ghana, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe; Asia: Cambodia, China, Georgia, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Philippines, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Yemen; Europe: Denmark, Romania, Spain, Switzrland; North America: Cuba, Jamaica, Panama, Puerto Rico, USA; Oceania: Papua New Guinea; South America: Colombia, Venezuela.

KY

Korea

2024-10-22

TLCV occurs widely in tropical and sub-tropical regions, but is also reported in temperate regions. The main vector for transmission is the whitefly(Bemisia tabaci). Seed is not known to be a pathway for this virus.

tobacco, pepper, tomato, spinach

No

CABICPC, DPVWEB

Seed is not known to be a pathway.

CABICPC, DPVWEB

Nacobbus aberrans

nematode

Anguillulina aberrans, Nacobbus batatiformis, Nacobbus bolivianus, Nacobbus serendipiticus, Nacobbus serendipiticus bolivianus, Pratylenchus aberrans

Egypt, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Peru, Mexico

AR, CO, KS, MT, NE, SD, UT, WY

Korea

2023-08-21

Seed is not known to be a pathway for this nematode in any host.

potato, vegetables

No

NACOBA-1, NACOBA-2

Seed is not known to be a pathway for this nematode in any host. ISF Pest List Database (2020) does not consider spinach a host for this pathogen.

NACOBA-1, NACOBA-2

Cladosporium cladosporioides

fungus

Cladosporium graminum, Cladosporium herbarumMycosphaerella schoenoprasi, Mycosphaerella tulasnei, Mycosphaerella tassiana, Penicillium cladosporioides,Hormodendrum cladosporioides, Monilia humicola

Worldwide

Widespread

Korea

2022-11-11

This pathogen is considered primarily a post harvest pathogen that does not cause disease in most of it's hosts (CLADCL-1). The fungus has been isolated from seed in some hosts, but does not transmit or cause disease in most cases.

Wide host range

No

CLADCL-1

No references found indicating seed is a pathway. This fungus is primarily a post harvest fungus and field debris may provide survival habitat for the fungus.

CLADCL-1

Alternaria alternata

fungus

Alternaria tenuis, Alternaria tenuissima, many others

Worldwide

Widespread

Korea

2022-09-13

Korea listed this pathogen as Alternaria spp. A. alternata, A. tenuis and A. tenuissima have all been reported in Korea. A. alternata has often been found on seed in laboratory testing. There is little evidence of seed transmission. This fungus is ubiquitous and often of minor importance in its hosts.

Wide host range

No

ALTEAL-34, ALTEAL-35, ALTEAL-4

Pathway not proven. Spinach can be a host and this pathogen can be found on seed in laboratory tests. Primarily found on seed that has not been conditioned or cleaned for commercial sales (i.e. farmer saved or local sources). No evidence of seed transmission, though seed quality may be affected.

ALTEAL-34, ALTEAL-35, ALTEAL-4

Agar plating

ALTEAL-35

This test has not been standardized or validated.

Cladosporium variabile

fungus

Heterosporium variabile

Not reported.

AZ, CA, NC

Brazil

2023-04-27

Severe cases have been found in spinach seed. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed.

spinach

Yes

ISFRPLD

Seed can be a pathway. Severe cases can kill all leaves and infect seed. Infected volunteer spinach can serve as a source of inoculum.

ISFRPLD

Blotter - solid or liquid media methods

ISFRPLD

A seed test using a freeze blotter method is commercially available. This method has not been standardized or validated.

Physical, Chemical (seed coating and seed disinfection)

ISFRPLD

Seed treatment with fungicides is effective against the fungus. Commercial cleaning and sanitization of spinach seed would reduce the potential for this organism being associated with the seed.