Tomato black ring virus

virus

Lettuce Ringspot Virus, Bean Ringspot Virus, Beet Ringspot Virus, Celery Yellow Vein Virus, Lettuce Ringspot Virus,Potato Bouquet Virus, Potato Pseudo-Aucuba Virus,Tomato Black Ring Nepovirus

India, Japan, Turkey, throughout Europe

Not known to occur

China, Korea, Mexico, Thailand

2022-11-03

Wide host range reported. Requires the Dagger nematode to transmit this virus

Wide host range, however many are experimental only. Important crops listed below.

No

RICHISTA, TBRV00-5

Pathway not proven. No evidence that seed is a pathway. Older literature lists seed as a possible pathway but research was done on Celery yellow vein virus and it is unclear as to whether this nepovirus is the same as TBRV.

RICHISTA, TBRV00-5

Alfalfa mosaic virus

virus

Alfalfa virus 1 and 2, Lucerne mosaic virus, Marmor medicaginis, Potato calico virus, Tomato necrotic tip curl, Alfalfa yellow spot

Worldwide

Widespread

Sudan, Mexico

2022-09-13

Wide host range

No

AMV000-1

CABI verifies this crop as a host. No references on seed as a pathway found.

AMV000-1

Celery latent virus

virus

Celery western watent virus, Celery latent potyvirus

Europe: Belgium, Italy, Netherlands

Not known to occur

Mexico

2024-09-23

Celery latent virus is known to be sap and seed transmissible.

Celery

Yes

CELV00-2, CELV00-3, CELV00-4

Seed transmission of this virus in celery has been demonstrated.

CELV00-2, CELV00-3, CELV00-4

Indicator plants

CELV00-3

Indicator plants used in research only. This method has not been standardized or validated.

Use virus free seed stock

Candidatus liberibacter solanacearum

bacterium

Liberibacter psyllaurous, Liberibacter solancearum, Candidatus Liberibacter psyllaurous

Africa: Morocco, Tunisia; Asia: Israel, Lebanon, Turkey; Europe: Austria, Belgiu, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Norway, Portugal, Serbia, Spain, Sweden, UK; North America: Canada, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, USA; Oceania:l New Zealand, Norfolk Island; South America: Ecuador,.

AZ, CA, CO, ID, KS, MT, NE, NV, NM, ND, OR, TX, UT, WA, WY.

China, Thailand, Korea

2024-11-09

The Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum (Lso) bacterium primarily spreads through psyllid insect vectors. It’s generally not transmitted through seeds in Solanaceae species, though it has been reported to spread through carrot seeds. In Europe, Lso infects crops like carrots and celery, where it’s transmitted by psyllid species.

Main: pepper, tomato, potato; Other: carrot, eggplant

No

CABICPC

This bacterium requires the Bactericera trigonica or Trioza apicalis psyllid for transmission. There is no evidence that seed is a pathway.

CABICPC

Rhodococcus fascians

bacterium

Corynebacterium fascians, Bacterium fascians, Phytomonas fascians, Pseudobacterium fascians, Rhodococcus rubropertinctus

Europe, North America, Central America, Australia, New Zealand, Iran, Russia, Egypt, Colombia

Widespread

Brazil, Thailand

2023-08-21

Though found in many US states, the pathogen is usually restricted and localized. Probably Worldwide, though not reported. Disease outbreaks are sporadic and usually related to poor sanitation. Bulbs, floral and greenhouse crops most susceptible to disease outbreaks. No reports of seed as a pathway in vegetables and agronomic crops.

Primarily a pest of ornamentals, woody ornamentals and floowers. Vegetables and agronomic crops reported susceptible to the bacterium are listed below. Transmits primarily through propagation.

No

CORBFA-3

Listed as a potential host, not common. No references found indicating seed is a pathway.

CORBFA-3

Candidatus phytoplasma asteris

phytoplasma

Aconitum proliferation, Aconitum virescence, Alberta aster yellows, alfalfa stunt, Alstroemeria decline, American aster yellows, Anemone virescence, apple sessile leaf, apricot chlorotic leaf roll, azalea little leaf, banana elephantiasis, basil little leaf, Bermuda grass white leaf, black currant reversion, black pepper yellows, blueberry stunt, broccoli phyllody, Bunias phyllody, cactus virescence, cactus witches'-broom, Calendula virescence, canola yellows, Cardaria phyllody, carrot proliferation, carrot yellows, cassava phyllody phytoplasma, cassava witches' broom, Catharanthus little leaf, Catharanthus virescence, chayote witches'-broom, cherry bunch leaf, cherry little leaf, chlorantie, Chrysanthemum witches'-broom, Chrysanthemum yellows, Cirsium stunt, Cirsium yellows, clover phyllody, columbine virescence, coorg black pepper yellows, cosmos phyllody, Cyclamen virescence, dandelion yellows, Delphinium virescence, dill yellows, Diplotaxis virescence, dogfennel yellows, dogwood stunt, dwarf western aster yellows, eastern aster yellows, Echinacea phyllody, eggplant dwarf, eggplant little leaf, Epilobium phyllody, Erigeron yellows, European aster yellows, false ragweed, Festuca yellows, Gaillardia yellows, Gladiolus virescence, grapevine yellows, grey dogwood stunt, hyacinth yellows, Hydrangea phyllody and virescence, Ipomoea obscura witches' broom, Italian cabbage yellows, Italian lettuce yellows, kale phyllody, larkspur virescence, lazy daisy yellows, lettuce yellows, lilac little leaf, Limonium proliferation, Limonium yellows, Lotus yellows, maize bushy stunt, mallow yellows, marguerite yellows, marigold phyllody, marigold virescence, Maryland aster yellows, Mitsuba witches' broom, monarda yellows, mulberry dwarf, multiplier disease, New England aster yellows, New Jersey aster yellows, oat proliferation, Oenothera virescence, olive witches'-broom, onion phyllody, onion virescence, onion yellows, Papaver virescence, parsley yellows, Paulownia witches' broom, peach red leaf disease, pear proliferation and decline, periwinkle little leaf, periwinkle witches' broom and virescence, periwinkle yellows, Phytoplasma asteris, plantain virescence, Poa stunt, poplar witches' broom, poplar yellows, Portulaca yellows, potato purple top, prickly lettuce yellows, Primula yellows, pumpkin yellows, purple coneflower yellows, Quercus proliferation, ragweed yellows, Ranunculus phyllody, rape phyllody, rape virescence, rose witches'-broom, ryegrass yellows, safflower phyllody, Salix proliferation, sandal spike, Saponaria proliferation, Schizanthus proliferation, severe western aster yellows, soybean purple stem, Spirea stunt, Stellaria yellows, strawberry green petal, strawberry phylloid fruit, strawberry stunting, Symphytum proliferation, Tacaco witches'-broom, Tagetes witches' broom, Thalictrum proliferation, tomato big bud, tomato yellows, turnip virescence, Veronica phyllody, watercress witches'-broom, western aster yellows, wild radish yellows

Worldwide

Widespread

-

2024-11-09

Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris is naturally transmitted by a wide range of leafhopper, Macrosteles fascifrons is reported to be the principal vector. Seed is not a pathway.

Wide host range, primarily herbaceous dicots, though strains infect monocots and woody ornamentals

No

CABICPC

Seed is not a known pathway.

CABICPC

Phoma apiicola

fungus

Subplenodomus apiicola

Temperate North America, Europe, Australia, Asia

MI, NY, CA, OH, WI

Chile

2022-05-26

celery, celeriac in nature

No

PHOMAP-2, PHOMAP-3, PHOMAP-4

Pathway not proven. References cite older literature that indicates pycnidia are occasionally found on seed in laboratory tests, but pathogen is primarily soil borne. No reports of seed transmission were found.

PHOMAP-2, PHOMAP-3, PHOMAP-4

Pycnidia usually can be observed under stereoscope. Pycnidia often mistaken with Phoma herbarum.

Hot water (48 F for 30 mins) or fungicide seed treatments

PHOMAP-4

Crop rotation also suggested

Alternaria dauci

fungus

Alternaria brassicae var. dauci, Alternaria porri f.sp. dauci, Alternaria carotae, Macrosporium dauci, Macrosporum carotae, Polydesmus exitiosus var. dauci, Sporidesmium exitiosum var. dauci

Worldwide

Widespread

Mexico

2021-08-26

This pathogen is not quaranted anywhere in the world (ALTEDA-1). This pathogen has been reported in MX.

The main host of Alternaria dauci. is carrot. Other umbielliferous crops are susceptible in nature, celery, parsley, parsnip. Other crops, cabbage, tomato, lettuce, radish and cucumber, were attacked in laboratory studies, but not considered natural hosts.

No

No references found indicating seed is a pathway in celery

Colletotrichum acutatum

fungus

Glomerella acutata

Worldwide

Widespread

Chile, Mexico

2022-02-08

Colletotrichum acutatum has not been considered to be a quarantine pest by EPPO or any other regional plant protection organization. This pathogen has been reported in Mexico. Seed is not known to be a pathway.

Reported in many hosts including pepper, celery and common bean, but economically important in only strawberries

No

COLLAC-1

Not an important host of this pathogen. Seed is not considered a pathway in any host.

COLLAC-1

Mycocentrospora acerina

fungus

Centrospora acerina, Cercospora acerina

China, Japan, Chile, Bulgaria, France , Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, United Kingdom

WA, AK, CA, GA, NC

Brazil, China

2022-04-13

celery, carrot, lettuce, caraway. Weeds are common hosts

No

There has been no research or literature found indicating seed is a pathway for this pathogen on this host.

Verticillium nigrescens

fungus

China, Japan, Canada, Italy, Australia, New Zealand. (Most likely a worldwide saprophyte.)

GA, MS, MO

Brazil

2022-10-09

Not considered a highly virulent fungal pathogen. Often found as a saprophyte or weakly pathogenic at most. This fungus should not be regulated on seed.

Soybean and cotton are main hosts, but even on these hosts it is a weak pathogen. Has been isolated from other hosts, though primarily as a saprophyte or weakly pathogenic

No

No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Reported as a weak pathogen on this host

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. apii

fungus

Fusarium angustum, Fusarium apii, Fusarium bulbigenum, Fusarium orthocera, Fusarium orthoceras var. apii

North America: Canada, USA; South America: Argentina.

CA, NY, TX

China

2024-09-12

The wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. apii is significant, with symptoms like growth retardation, stunting, yellowing and wilting of foliage, root damage with orange-brown vascular tissue in advanced stages, and soft rot on the crown. It is a soilborne pathogen.

celery, parsley

No

FUSAAP-3, FUSAAP-4

No references found indicating seed is a pathway. References listed above established celery as a host.

FUSAAP-3, FUSAAP-4

Verticillium albo-atrum

fungus

Verticillium albo-atrum var. caespitosum, Verticillium albo-atrum var. tuberosum

Worldwide, primarily in cool temperate climates and in potato producing areas

Widespread, especially in northern states

China, Thailand

2022-11-11

Many reports of Verticillium albo-atrum in crops reported prior to 1970 may have actually been Verticillium dahlia. Only lucerne, potatoes, tomatoes and hops are considered important hosts. This pathogen has been reported in China

Wide host range. An important pathogen of potatoes.

No

VERTAA-9, VERTAA-10

Pathway not proven. Only one reference found indicating see may be a pathway, but no data was presented, and no other literature found indicating that seed is a pathway.

VERTAA-9, VERTAA-10

Verticillium dahliae

fungus

Verticillium ovatum, Verticillium trachiephilum

Worldwide

Widespread

China

2022-11-11

Prevalent in China

Wide host range (ornamentals, vegetables, agronomic). Isolated from some small grains but not pathogenic on small grains

No

VERTDA-16

Verticillium dahliae has been reported on celery, but verticillium wilt is usually caused by Verticillium albo-atrum and celery is not an important host. No references found indicating seed is a pathway.

VERTDA-16

Broad bean wilt virus

virus

Broad bean wilt fabavirus, Catalpa chlorotic leaf spot virus, Nasturtium ringspot virus, Nasturtium white spot virus, Pea streak virus, Patchouli mild mosaic virus, Patchouli mild mottle virus, Petunia ringspot virus, Tropaeolum ringspot virus, Plantago II virus

Africa: Egypt, Ethiopia, Morocco, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Tunisia; Asia: Bangladesh, China, India, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Jordan, North Korea, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Syria, Taiwan, Turkey; Europe: Bulgaria, Czechia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, United Kingdom; North America, USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand; South America: Argentina.

FL, MN, NY, OH, SC, VT, WI

Mexico

2024-09-03

Broad bean wilt virus has only shown possible seed transmission in faba beans through artificial inoculation. It is not known to be common in nature. The virus is transmissible by sap inoculation and by several aphid species in the non-persistent.

Broad bean wilt virus has been reported in natural infections of 180 species of 41 plant families and thus has a very extensive natural host range. Main host families are: Apiaceae, Brassicaceae, Fabaceae, and Solanaceae.

No

CABICPC, DPVWEB

Seed is not known to be a pathway.

CABICPC, DPVWEB

Tobacco mosaic virus

virus

TMV U1, type, Vulgare or Common strain tobacco mosaic tobamovirus, VMT (Virus mosaique de tabac)

Worldwide

Widespread

Mexico

2023-08-21

Broad host range. Cultivated species listed below.

No

VIDEPVO

No references found indicating the virus is systemic in this host. No evidence that seed is a pathway.

VIDEPVO

Strawberry latent ringspot virus

virus

Aesculus line pattern virus, Ruhbarb virus 5, Strawberry latent ringspot nepovirus

Worldwide, primarily reported from Europe, Canada, Mexico, Australia, New Zealand. Limited reports in Asia and Africa

CA, MD, NE, OH, OR

Brazil

2022-09-13

Requires the Xiphinema diversicaudatum nematode to transmit virus

Many, primarily ornamentals, fruit and flowers. Vegetables that are natually susceptible are listed below. All other vegetables reported to be hosts were by artificai inoculation only

No

SLRSV0-2, SLRSV0-4

Pathway not proven. Seed transmission shown only when plants were artificially inoculated. No evidence that seed is a pathway in nature. Seed as a pathway inferred due to other nepoviruses being seed borne in unrelated crops

SLRSV0-2, SLRSV0-4

Tomato spotted wilt virus

virus

Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus, Tomato spotted wilt virus group

Worldwide

Widespread

2023-08-21

Seed is not a pathway for Tospoviruses, including Tomato spotted wilt virus

Wide host range. Over 800 plant species are known hosts. Primarily ornamentals,flowers. No evidence that small grains or corn are hosts.

No

TSWV00-1, TSWV00-3

Seed is not a pathway for Tospoviruses, including Tomato spotted wilt virus

TSWV00-1, TSWV00-3

Arabis mosaic virus

virus

Arabis mosaic nepovirus, Ash ring and line pattern virus, Forsythia yellow net virus, Hop nettlehead virus,Jasmine yellow blotch virus, Raspberry yellow dwarf virus, Rhabarber mosaik virus (rhubarb mosaic virus), Rhubarb mosaic virus

Worldwide

CT, FL, MI, MN, MO, NE, NY, OH, SC

Mexico, China, Korea, Brazil, Thailand

2022-10-08

This virus has been reported in Mexico, China (CABI, 2017), but natural spread may be limited to EU (Murant, 1974).

Wide host range including many vegetable, agronomic and fruit species

No

ARMV00-1, ARMV00-3, ARMV00-5

There is no evidence that seed is a pathway for this crop.

ARMV00-1, ARMV00-3, ARMV00-5

Beet curly top virus

virus

Beet curly top geminivirus, beet curly top hybrigeminivirus, potato green dwarf virus, sugarbeet curly top virus, sugarbeet curly-leaf virus, sugarbeet virus 1, tomato yellow virus, tomato yellows virus, western yellow blight virus

Africa: Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt; Asia: India, Iran, Japan, Turkey; Europe: Cyprus, Italy; North America: Canada, Costa Rica, Mexico, USA; South America: Argentina, Bolivia, Uruguay.

Widespread

Korea

2024-06-19

BCTV is spread locally by insect vectors and internationally through infected host material or vectors. It is not known to be a seed transmitted virus in any host. It is More common in the western US where vectors are more common.

celery, table beet, sugarbeet, pepper, cucumber, cucurbits, common bean, tomato, cowpeas

No

BCTV00-5, CABICPC

Seed is not known to be a pathway in any host of Beet curly top virus

BCTV00-5, CABICPC

Pseudomonas cichorii

bacterium

Bacterium cichorii, Bacterium endiviae, Bacterium formosanum, Chlorobacter cichorii, Phytomonas cichorii, Phytomonas endiviae,Pseudomonas endiviae Kotte, Pseudomonas formosanum, Pseudomonas papaveris, Pseudomonas papaveris

Worldwide

Widespread, localized outbreaks

Thailand

2022-12-01

Pseudomonas cichorii has been shown to survive on artificially inoculated lettuce seeds. Many references have reported P. cichorii as seed transmitted, but despite field observation of early infections in hosts, there is no experimental data on transmission by seed.

Primarily lettuce, endive and other Asteraceae species.

No

No references found indicating seed is a pathway.

Peanut stunt virus

virus

black locust true mosaic virus, clover blotch virus, groundnut stunt virus, peanut common mosaic virus, peanut stunt cucumovirus, robinia mosaic virus

Morocco, Sudan, Asia, Bulgaria, France, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Spain

Southeast, Midwest states, WA

Brazil

2023-04-05

Common virus in peanuts. Can be seedborne in peanuts at low levels.

Primarily a virus of Fabaceae family, tomato, celery,

No

CABICPC

Celery is not commonly known as a host of PSV. No references found indicating seed is a pathway.

CABICPC