Triticum aestivum
wheat
65 Related Pests
Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens
bacterium
Bacterium atrofaciens, Phytomonas atrofaciens, Pseudomonas atrofaciens
Africa: Morocco, South Africa, Zimbabwe; Asia: Iran; Europe: Bulgaria, Germany, Italy, Romania, Russia; Ukraine; North America: Canada, USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand.
AR, CO, IL, MN, MT, NY, ND, PA, VA,
China
2024-10-16
Not considered an important disease in the US.
Main: oats, barley, tomato, wheat
uncertain
PSDMAT-2, PSDMAT-3, PSDMAT-4, PSDMAT-5, PSDMAT-6, PSDMAT-7, PSDMAT-8
Seed as a pathway is commonly accepted in wheat, though no literature confirming seed transmission was found.
PSDMAT-2, PSDMAT-3, PSDMAT-4, PSDMAT-5, PSDMAT-6, PSDMAT-7, PSDMAT-8
Boewe; 1960. Diseases of Wheat, Oat, Barely and Rye. Illinois Natural History Survey 48.
Wiese MV. 1991. Basal Glume Rot, In, Compedium of Wheat Diseases, Eds. Wiese, M.V. APS Press, St. Paul, MN
Bradbury, J.F. 1986. Guide to Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. CAB International Mycological Institute. United Kingdom
Hirano, S. S., & Upper, C. D. (1990). Population biology and epidemiology of Pseudomonas syringae.
Butsenko, L., Pasichnyk, L., Kolomiiets, Y., Kalinichenko, A., Suszanowicz, D., Sporek, M., & Patyka, V. (2020). Characteristic of Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens Isolated from Weeds of Wheat Field. Applied Sciences, 11(1), 286.
Toben, H., Mavridis, A., & Rudolph, K. W. E. (1989). Basal glume rot (Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens) on wheat and barley in FRG and resistance screening of wheat 1. EPPO Bulletin, 19(1), 119-125.
Matveeva, I. E. V., Pekhtereva, E. S., Polityko, V. A., Ignatov, A. N., Nikolaeva, E. V., & Schaad, N. W. (2003). Distribution and virulence of Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens, causal agent of basal glume rot, in Russia. In Pseudomonas syringae and related pathogens: Biology and Genetic (pp. 97-105). Springer Netherlands.
Candidatus phytoplasma asteris
phytoplasma
Aconitum proliferation, Aconitum virescence, Alberta aster yellows, alfalfa stunt, Alstroemeria decline, American aster yellows, Anemone virescence, apple sessile leaf, apricot chlorotic leaf roll, azalea little leaf, banana elephantiasis, basil little leaf, Bermuda grass white leaf, black currant reversion, black pepper yellows, blueberry stunt, broccoli phyllody, Bunias phyllody, cactus virescence, cactus witches'-broom, Calendula virescence, canola yellows, Cardaria phyllody, carrot proliferation, carrot yellows, cassava phyllody phytoplasma, cassava witches' broom, Catharanthus little leaf, Catharanthus virescence, chayote witches'-broom, cherry bunch leaf, cherry little leaf, chlorantie, Chrysanthemum witches'-broom, Chrysanthemum yellows, Cirsium stunt, Cirsium yellows, clover phyllody, columbine virescence, coorg black pepper yellows, cosmos phyllody, Cyclamen virescence, dandelion yellows, Delphinium virescence, dill yellows, Diplotaxis virescence, dogfennel yellows, dogwood stunt, dwarf western aster yellows, eastern aster yellows, Echinacea phyllody, eggplant dwarf, eggplant little leaf, Epilobium phyllody, Erigeron yellows, European aster yellows, false ragweed, Festuca yellows, Gaillardia yellows, Gladiolus virescence, grapevine yellows, grey dogwood stunt, hyacinth yellows, Hydrangea phyllody and virescence, Ipomoea obscura witches' broom, Italian cabbage yellows, Italian lettuce yellows, kale phyllody, larkspur virescence, lazy daisy yellows, lettuce yellows, lilac little leaf, Limonium proliferation, Limonium yellows, Lotus yellows, maize bushy stunt, mallow yellows, marguerite yellows, marigold phyllody, marigold virescence, Maryland aster yellows, Mitsuba witches' broom, monarda yellows, mulberry dwarf, multiplier disease, New England aster yellows, New Jersey aster yellows, oat proliferation, Oenothera virescence, olive witches'-broom, onion phyllody, onion virescence, onion yellows, Papaver virescence, parsley yellows, Paulownia witches' broom, peach red leaf disease, pear proliferation and decline, periwinkle little leaf, periwinkle witches' broom and virescence, periwinkle yellows, Phytoplasma asteris, plantain virescence, Poa stunt, poplar witches' broom, poplar yellows, Portulaca yellows, potato purple top, prickly lettuce yellows, Primula yellows, pumpkin yellows, purple coneflower yellows, Quercus proliferation, ragweed yellows, Ranunculus phyllody, rape phyllody, rape virescence, rose witches'-broom, ryegrass yellows, safflower phyllody, Salix proliferation, sandal spike, Saponaria proliferation, Schizanthus proliferation, severe western aster yellows, soybean purple stem, Spirea stunt, Stellaria yellows, strawberry green petal, strawberry phylloid fruit, strawberry stunting, Symphytum proliferation, Tacaco witches'-broom, Tagetes witches' broom, Thalictrum proliferation, tomato big bud, tomato yellows, turnip virescence, Veronica phyllody, watercress witches'-broom, western aster yellows, wild radish yellows
Worldwide
Widespread
-
2024-11-09
Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris is naturally transmitted by a wide range of leafhopper, Macrosteles fascifrons is reported to be the principal vector. Seed is not a pathway.
Wide host range, primarily herbaceous dicots, though strains infect monocots and woody ornamentals
No
CABICPC
Seed is not a known pathway.
CABICPC
Tilletia indica
fungus
Neovossia indica
India, Pakistan, Nepal, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey, Lebanon, Afghanistan, Mexico, Kenya, South Africa, Brazil
Isolated outbreaks in SW USA: AZ, NM, TX, CA
China
2023-08-21
Regulated pest in many countries, including the USA. The pathogen has been eradicated from NM, TX and CA.
Restricted to wheat Triticum spp and Triticale spp
Yes
NEOVIN-1, NEOVIN-2, NEOVIN-7
No direct evidence of seed transmission. Teliospores primarily external.
Size selective sieving
NEOVIN-1, NEOVIN-2, NEOVIN-7
Visual examination, Seed wash, Size selective sieving, PCR
NEOVIN-1, NEOVIN-2, NEOVIN-3
Size selective sieving most commonly used and accepted in US and EU.
Carboxin + thiram and Chlorothalonil (Goates, PC 2015); Disinfectants; Tri-X, SDS and Tween 20, Gupta, et. al. 2003. Hot Water Soaks (Beniwal, et.al. 2000)
NEOVIN-1, NEOVIN-6, NEOVIN-7, NEOVIN-4
Tilletia indica In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc."
Peterson GL, Bonde MR, Phillips JG, 2000. Size-selective sieving for detecting teliospores ofTilletia indica in wheat seed samples. Plant Disease 84:999-1007
Gupta V, et. al. 2003. Detergent washing technique for the efficient extraction of teliospores of Tilletia indica from contaminated wheat seeds. Seed Science and Technology 31:95-101
Inman, A, et. al. 2008 Survival of Tilletia indica teliospores under European soil conditions. Plant Pathology 57:290-300
Beniwal MS, Pankaj Chawla, Rajender Singh, Chawla P, Singh R, 2000. Effect of soaking of bunted seeds in water on teliospore germination of Neovossia indica. Indian-Phytopathology 53:219-220.
Goates, B.. 2015 Personal Communication. Univeristy of Idaho Moscow, ID USA
Pyricularia oryzae
fungus
Magnaportha oryzae, Magnaportha grisea
Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia
The Triticum pathotype of this pathogen is not known to occur in the US.
Mexico
2023-08-21
The rice strain of this pathogen is worldwide in distribution. Information for this fungus primarily from PYRIGR-1 and PYRIGR-2
wheat, rice
Yes
PYRIGR-2, PYRIGR-3
Seed is known to be a pathway for this fungus.
PYRIGR-2, PYRIGR-3
PCR
PYRIGR-3
This test is used by the USDA APHIS.
No chemicals yet registered in the US
PYRIGR-3
Seed treatments are not registered for use in the US. In Bolivia, Benlate® and Carbendazim+Thiram® have given excellent control
Globisporangium splendens
fungus
Pythium splendens
Worldwide
Widespread
China, Mexico
2025-08-05
Globisporangium splendens is a damaging root pathogen with a broad host range, favored by warm, wet conditions. It is particularly problematic in greenhouses and irrigated fields, where it can spread rapidly and cause significant losses if not properly managed. It spreads through infested soil, water, tools, and infected plant debris. Seed is not known to be a pathway for any host.
Wide host rainge, primarily flowers and ornamentals
No
PYTHSL-2, PYTHSL-3, CABI CPC, PYTHSL-4
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
PYTHSL-2, PYTHSL-3, CABI CPC, PYTHSL-4
Waterhouse GM, Waterston JM, 1966. Pythium splendens. CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria, No. 120. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
Guo, L. Y., and W. H. Ko. 1993. Distribution of Mating Types and the Nature of Survival of Pythium splendens in soil. Soil biology & biochemistry 25; 839-842.
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
van der Plaats-Niterink, A. J. (1981). Monograph of the genus Pythium (Vol. 21, p. 242). Baarn: Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures.
Tilletia controversa
fungus
Tilletia brevifaciens, Tilletia tritici-anifican
Africa: Algeria, Libya, Tunisia; Asia: Afghanistan, Armenia, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan; Europe: Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Luxembourg, Moldova, Montenegro, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine; North America: Canada, USA.
CA, CO, ID, IN, KS, MI, MT, NY, OR, UT, WA, WY
China
2025-08-14
Dwarf bunt, caused by Tilletia controversa, is a soilborne and seedborne disease of wheat that poses major quality and trade concerns. Its brown-black teliospores can persist in soil for up to 10 years and are easily spread between fields via contaminated soil, machinery, or infected seed. Infected kernels are replaced with foul-smelling order, even at low infection levels, resulting in significant quality loss.
Main: wheat, wheatgrass, barley, rye; Other: grasses (Poaceae species)
Yes
TILLCO-11, TILLCO-13, TILLCO-14, TILLCO-15, TILLCO-17, TILLCO-3, TILLCO-5, TILLCO-7, TILLCO-9, CABI CPC, TILLCO-19
Winter wheat is most susceptible. Detection in seed was very low. Pathogen is associated with seed and at most, external. Research was done with wheat for grain and not for seed crops.
TILLCO-11, TILLCO-13, TILLCO-14, TILLCO-15, TILLCO-17, TILLCO-3, TILLCO-5, TILLCO-7, TILLCO-9, CABI CPC, TILLCO-19
Seed wash, Teliospore identification, PCR
TILLCO-12, TILLCO-16, TILLCO-4
These tests have not been validated or standardized
chemical
TILLCO-11, TILLCO-5, TILLCO-7
Difenoconazole, bitertanol + fuberidazole fungicides. Difenoconazole completely effective. Seed treatments protect germinating seedlings from soil-borne pathogen infections, too.
Chastain TG, 1991. High-temperature sodium hypochlorite effects on viability of Tilletia controversa teliospores and wheat seed. Crop Science, 31:1327-1330
Duran, R., and Fischer, G.W. 1961. The Genus Tilletia. Washington State University, Pullman WA, 138 pages.
Goates, B.J., and Peterson, G.L. 1999. Relationship between soilborne and seedborne inoculum density and the incidence of dwarf bunt of wheat. Plant Disease. 83: 819-824.
Hoffmann, J.A. & Waldher, J.T. 1964. Additions to the host range of dwarf bunt. Plant Dis. Rep., 48: 575-577.
J. R. Hardison, J. P. Meiners, J. A. Hoffmann and J. T. Waldher. 1959. Susceptibility of Gramineae to Tilletia controversa. Mycologia 51; 656-664
Grey, Mathre, Hoffman, Powelson and Fernandez, 1986. Importance of seedborne Tilletia controversa for infection of winter wheat and its relationship to international commerce. Plant Disease 70:122-125
Sitton JW, Line RF, Waldher JT, Goates BJ, 1993. Difenoconazole seed treatment for control of dwarf bunt of winter wheat. Plant Disease, 77:1148-1151
Johnsson L, 1991. Experiments with seed-borne and soil-borne dwarf bunt (Tilletia contraversa Kuhn) in winter wheat in Sweden. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz, 98:162-167
Carris, L. M., and L. A. Castlebury. 2008. Is rye bunt,Tilletia secalis , present in North America? North American Fungi 3:147-159
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Muhae-Ud-Din, G., Chen, D., Liu, T., Chen, W., & Gao, L. (2020). Characterization of the wheat cultivars against Tilletia controversa Kühn, causal agent of wheat dwarf bunt. Scientific Reports, 10(1), 9029.
Nian SJ, Yuan Q, Yin YP, Cai J, Wang ZK, 2009. Detection of Tilletia controversa Kühn by real time quantitative PCR. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 42:4403-4410.
Kietriber M, 1984. Working Sheet No. 53 (Wheat, Dwarf Bunt). ISTA Handbook of Seed Health Testing. Zurich, Switzerland: International Seed Testing Association.
Dewey WG, Hoffmann JA, 1975. Susceptibility of barley to Tilletia controversa. Phytopathology, 65:654-657
Phoma glomerata
fungus
Aposphaeria fibricola, Coniothyrium glomerata,
Phoma alternariacearum, Phoma fibricola
China, India, Syria, S Africa, Brazil, Greece, Hungary, Italy
Not known to occur.
China
2022-05-26
A strain of Phoma found on wheat in N. Dakota had been reported to be Phoma glomerata (PHOMGL-3), but it differed from type strains of the fungi. ARS GRIN lists 168 species that this fungi has been found on, but considers the fungus opportunistic and associated with other blights and rots. This pathogen has been reported in China.
Primarily a pathogen of grapevine, pines, peach and a few ornamentals. Reported in association with other diseases (opportunistic or decaying) on alfalfa, soy bean, some small grains, rape seed and tomato.
No
PHOMGL-2, PHOMGL-3, PHOMGL-7
Pathway not proven. Considered an endophyte of wheat required long periods of leaf wetness before symptom development. Possible Phoma glomerata was observed on wheat seed in one reference, but there was no data presented on transmission or affect on seed.
PHOMGL-2, PHOMGL-3, PHOMGL-7
Crous, P.W., Petrini, O., Marais, G.F. et al. 1995. Occurance of Fungal Endophytes in Cultivars of Triticum aesativum in S. Africa. Mycoscience 36: 105.
Hosfer, RM. 1975. Phoma glomerata, a New Pathogen of Wheat and Triticales, Cultivar Resistance Related to Wet Period. Phytopathology 65;1236-1239
JE Machacek, WJ Cherewick, HW Mead, WC Broadfoot. 1951. A study of some seed-borne diseases of cereals in Canada. II. Kinds of fungi and prevalence of disease in cereal seed.
Scientific Agriculture 31; 193-206
Phytophthora erythroseptica var. erythroseptica
fungus
Phytophthora himalayensis, Phytophthora erythroseptica
Worldwide, especially where potatoes are grown
Widespread in potato growing regions
China
2023-08-21
This pathogen has not been repoted in China. True seed is not known to be a pathway.
This is an important pathogen of potato. Affects a few other important crops, but not known to be a serious pathogen of other crops. Most crops not known to be a host in nature.
No
PHYTER-1, PHYTER-3, PHYTER-4
Not a host. Grains as a host has only been established under artificial inoculation, infection in nature not reported. True seed is not known to be a pathway.
PHYTER-1, PHYTER-3, PHYTER-4
Phytophthora erythroseptica var. erythroseptica In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Whelan J, Loughnane JB, 1969. Non-solanaceous hosts of Phytophthora erythroseptica. Sci. Proc. R. Dublin Soc. Ser. B, 171-177
Erwin DC, Ribeiro OK, 1996. Phytophthora Diseases Worldwide. St Paul, Minnesota, USA: American Phytopathological Society Press
Alternaria triticina
fungus
Bangladesh, China, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, Nepal, Pakistan, Turkey, Yemen, Egypt, Nigeria, Mexico, Argentina, France, Greece, Italy, Macedonia, Portugal, Eastern Europe
Not known to occur
Korea
2023-08-21
Wheat, only host of pathogenic significance, occasionally reported on oat, rye, barley, triticale.
Yes
ALTETR-2, ALTETR-3, ALTETR-4
The seed transmission of this pathogen appears to be well established in China and India
ALTETR-2, ALTETR-3, ALTETR-4
Agar plating
ALTETR-7, ALTETR-9
This assay has not been validated or standardized for clinical use
Fungicides and hot water treatment
ALTETR-9, ALTETR-1
Clean seed production practices. Resistant varieties are available.
Prabhu AS, Prasada R, 1967. Evaluation of seedborne infection caused by Alternaria triticina in wheat. Proceedings of the International Seed Testing Association, 32:647-654.
Prabhu AS, Prasada R, 1966. Pathological and epidemiological studies on leaf blight of wheat caused by Alternaria triticina. Indian Phytopathology, 19:95-111
Dash SK, Narain A, 1989. Seed transmission of Alternaria triticina in wheat in Orissa. Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology, 19:157-160
Mathur SB, Kongsdal O, 2003. Common laboratory seed health testing methods for detecting fungi. Bassendorf, Switzerland: International Seed Testing Association, 425 pp.
Raut JG, Guldhe SM, Wangikar PD, 1983. Seed-borne infection of Alternaria triticina in wheat and its control. Indian Phytopathology, 36:274-277
Alternaria triticina In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Hymenula cerealis
fungus
Cephalosporium gramineum, Phialophora cerealis
Africa: Egypt, South Africa; Asia: India, Japan, South Korea; Europe: Austria, Denmark, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, UK; North America: Canada, Mexico, USA.
CO,GA, ID, IL, KS, MD, MI, MO, MT, NY, OH, OR, TX, VA, WA, WV, WY
China
2024-12-05
Infections primarily result from spores produced on debris at the surface, which are washed into the soil, though seed transmission in wheat can occur at a low level.
Wheat is the only host of pathogenic significance. Has been reported on rye, barley, grasses but none are considered to be important hosts.
Yes
HYMECE-2, HYMECE-3
Transmission from infected seed well below 1%. Previous researchers concluded that transmission of the pathogen from seed to plant occurred, none conclusively demonstrated that it occurred in the absence of soilborne inoculum.
HYMECE-2, HYMECE-3
PCR, Blotter incubation
HYMECE-2, HYMECE-3, HYMECE-4
These tests has not been validated or standardized
Cultural
HYMECE-5
Delayed sowing, crop rotation, destruction of crop debris, liming of soil and fertilizer management.
Murray TD, 2006. Seed transmission of Cephalosporium gramineum in winter wheat. Plant Disease, 90:803-806.
Arneson E, Stiers DL, 1977. Cephalosporium gramineum: a seedborne pathogen. Plant Disease Reporter, 61:619-621.
Klos KLE, Vásquez-Siller LM, Wetzel HC, Murray TD, 2011. PCR-based detection of Cephalosporium gramineum in winter wheat. Plant Disease 96:437-442.
Quincke, M. C., Murray, T. D., Peterson, C. J., Sackett, K. E., & Mundt, C. C. (2014). Biology and control of Cephalosporium stripe of wheat. Plant pathology, 63(6), 1207-1217.
Phaeosphaeria avenaria f. sp. triticae
fungus
Stagnospora avenae f.sp. triticae, Septoria avenae f.sp. triticea, Leptosphaeria avenaria f. sp. triticea
Canada, Germany, Austria, Brazil, Poland, Argentina, Temperate wheat growing areas
NY, ND, SD, WA, AZ, ID, MT, OK
China
2023-08-21
wheat, limited range of grasses (primarily Agropyron spp., Elymus spp.)
No
RICHISTA, PHSPAT-2, PHSPAT-3, PHSPAT-5
Pathway not proven. Although the pathogen has been found on laboratory seed tests, it is unclear if the pathogen described in these tests is the Septoria form of the pathogen. Seed transmission has not been proven in nature. One reference indicates that there is little proof that spread occurs from seed. The pathogen is often confused with Stagonospora nodorum and is not as common.
RICHISTA, PHSPAT-2, PHSPAT-3, PHSPAT-5
Blotter incubation
PHSPAT-2
This test has not been standardized or validated.
Johnson, T. 1947. A Form of Leptosphaeria avenaria on Wheat in Canada. Canadian Journal of Research 25: 259-270,
Krueger, J., and Hoffmann, G. M. 1978. Differenzierung von Septoria nodorum Berk. und Septoria avenae Frank f. sp. triticea T. Johnson. Z. Pflanzenkrankh. Pflanzenschutz 85:645-650.
Bergstrom, GC. Stagonospora nodorum Blotch and Stagonospora avenae Blotch. In, Compendium of Wheat Diseases and Pests, Third Edition. Eds., W. W. Bockus, R. L. Bowden, R. M. Hunger, W. L. Morrill, T. D. Murray and R. W. Smiley. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN
Wheat streak mosaic virus
virus
Wheat streak mosaic potyvirus
Worldwide
Widespread in wheat regions
China, Korea, Chile
2023-08-25
The wheat curl mite (Aceria tosichella,K.), is the only known vector for Wheat streak mosaic virus. When symptoms are present, confirm the causal agent with laboratory diagnoses. Symptoms of this disease may be similar to other viral diseases or inconspicuous under unfavorable climatic conditions or plant physiological stress, requiring thorough laboratory analysis. Latency resulting in asymptotic plants, though documented (WSMV00-4), is not common. Expression may vary with climatic conditions, plant genetics, physiological stress, and plant pathogen strain. Literature showing that random sampling of apparently healthy plants to detect latent populations of this pathogen has not been found.
Primarily a virus of wheat. Other grasses and grains, such as oats, rye, barley, and millet may act as reservoirs for the virus. Not common in maize, though it has been reported in some cultivars.
Yes
WSMV00-2
Seed transmission by this virus is documented and accepted. The virus is transmitted at low levels.
WSMV00-2
ELISA and PCR tests
WSMV00-2
These tests were used in research and have not been validated or standardized.
Resistant varieites are available.
Jones RAC, Coutts BA, Mackie AE, Dwyer GI, 2005. Seed transmission of Wheat streak mosaic virus shown unequivocally in wheat. Plant Disease, 89:1048-1050.
High plains virus
virus
Wheat mosaic virus, Wheat high plains virus, Maize seed stripe virus, High plains wheat mosaic emaravirus
Argentina, Australia, Canada (AB), Chile, Iran, Ukraine,
Pacific Northwest, Midwest, FL
Chile, Korea
2023-08-29
Mite transmitted virus
oats, barley, wheat, rye, corn
No
WHPV00-7
No evidence that seed is a pathway in this host. Only corn seed is known to be a pathway.
WHPV00-7
Seifers, D.L., 2010. High Plains Disease. In, Compendium of Wheat Diseases and Pests, Third Edition, Eds. W. W. Bockus, R. L. Bowden, R. M. Hunger, W. L. Morrill, T. D. Murray and R. W. Smiley. The American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, MN USA
Maize chlorotic dwarf virus
virus
Maize chlorotic dwarf machlovirus, Maize chlorotic dwarf Maize chlorotic dwarf virus group, Maize chlorotic dwarf ribotungrovirus, Maize chlorotic dwarf waikavirus, Ohio corn stunt agent
North America: USA
AL, AR, DE, GA, IL, IN, KY, LA, LA, MD, MS, MO, NC, OH, PA, SC, TN, TX, VA
China
2025-09-12
Maize chlorotic dwarf virus is transmitted by leafhoppers (predominantly Graminella nigrifrons). The virus overwinters in perennial hosts such as Johnsongrass, providing a reservoir for infection in subsequent growing seasons. Transmission occurs through leafhopper feeding. There is no evidence that seed is a pathway.
Main: corn; Other: foxtail, sorghum, johnsongrass
No
MCDV00-2, CABI CPC, DPV WEB, MCDV00-3
Established as a host. No evidence that seed is a pathway. Transmitted by leafhoppers only.
MCDV00-2, CABI CPC, DPV WEB, MCDV00-3
Brunt, AA, Crabtree, K., Dallwitz, MJ, Gibbs, AJ, Watson, L. and Zurcher, EJ. (eds.). Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database, Version: 16th 1997. http://bio-mirror.im.ac.cn/mirrors/pvo/vide/refs.htm
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Description of Plant Viruses ; http://dpvweb.net/dpv/
Nault, L.R., Gordon, D.T., Robertson, D.C. and Bradfute, O.E., 1976. Host range of maize chlorotic dwarf virus. Plant Disease Reporter, 60(5), pp.374-377.
Maize streak virus
virus
Sugarcane streak virus, Cereal African streak virus, Maize mottle virus,
Maize streak monogeminivirus
India, Indonesia, Yemen, widespread in Africa
Not known to occur.
Korea
2023-08-21
No evidence that seed is a pathway for this virus. Transmitted by leafhoppers only. Maize streak virus is a quaratine pest in the USA
corn, sugarcane, oat, barley, rye, sorghum, wheat, grasses (Poaceae family)
No
MSV000-1, MSV000-2, MSV000-3
No evidence that seed is a pathway. Transmission by leafhoppers only.
MSV000-1, MSV000-2, MSV000-3
Maize Streak Virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Richardson, MJ. 1990. An Anotated List of Seed-Borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association. Zurich, Switzerland
Brunt, AA, Crabtree, K., Dallwitz, MJ, Gibbs, AJ, Watson, L. and Zurcher, EJ. (eds.). Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database, Version: 16th 1997. http://bio-mirror.im.ac.cn/mirrors/pvo/vide/refs.htm
Pleospora herbarum
fungus
Too many to list, most commonly used names include Alternaria putrefaciens, Clasterosporium putrefaciens, Sporidesmium putrefaciens, Stemphyllium botryosum, Stemphylium herbarum.
Worldwide
Widespread
2023-08-21
Primarily a post harvest pathogen
Wide host range
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
Pseudomonas syringae pv. coronafaciens
bacterium
Bacterium coronafaciens, Chlorobacter coronafaciens, Phytomonas coronafaciens, Pseudomonas coronafaciens, Pseudomonas coronafaciens pv. zeae
Africa: Ethiopia, Kenya, Morocco, Zimbabwe; Asia: China, Japan, South Korea, Uzbekistan; Europe: Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, UK; North America: Canada, USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand; South America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile.
AK, AR, MN, WI
Korea, Thailand
2024-12-20
Pseudomonas syringae pv. coronafaciens is spread by wind and rain. Infection occurs in wounds. Seed transmission has not been recorded and is questionable as the pathogen is already well-distributed worldwide.
Main: oats, rye; Other: barley, wheat, corn, other wild grasses
No
No references found indicating that seed is a pathway. Wheat is another a main host of this pathogen.
Rathayibacter tritici
bacterium
Clavibacter tritici
Asia, Africa, Australia, Cyprus
Not known to occur
Korea
2023-08-21
Bacterium is carried in the Anguina tritici nematode galls. No evidence of the bacterium in seed.
wheat, barley, foxtail
No
RATHTR-1
Bacterium is carried in the nematode Anguina tritici galls and not directly in or on the seed.
RATHTR-1
Cleaning and conditioning seed to remove nematode galls.
RATHTR-1
Removal of the nematode gall prevents spread of this pathogen
Rathayibacter tritici. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. tessellarius
bacterium
Corynebacterium michiganense subsp. tessellarius, Clavibacter michiganense subsp. tessellarius, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. tessellarius
Asia: Iran; North America: USA
IA, IL, NE
Korea
2025-08-05
There are limited sources on Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. tessellarius and its spread. Research shows it is seedborne, survives in crop debris, and is responsible for bacterial mosaic disease in wheat. Though not widely studied, most reports come from Iran, where the disease is widespread.
Main: wheat
uncertain
CLABMT-2, CABI CPC, CLABMT-3, EPPO, CLABMT-4
Only one reference found (CLABMT-3) indicating seed may be a pathway, but no data based on scientific methods were given.
CLABMT-2, CABI CPC, CLABMT-3, EPPO, CLABMT-4
Selective media were described in CABI, but there was no indication that these media were used in seed health testing.
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Carlson, RR, and Vidaver, AK. 1982. Bacterial mosaic, a new corynebacterial disease of wheat. Plant Disease 66: 76-79
OEPP/EPPO Global Database - European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization
Nasiri, M., Faghihi, M. M., Rahimian, H., & Osdaghi, E. (2024). Clavibacter tessellarius causing bacterial mosaic of wheat establishes in the Old World. Plant Pathology, 73(6), 1363-1371.
Botryosphaeria zeae
fungus
Macrophoma zeae, Physalospora zeae
Africa: South Africa; Europe: France; North America: USA; Oceania: Australia
IL, IN
Korea
2025-08-01
Botryosphaeria zeae causes gray ear rot of maize, typically under warm, humid conditions during and after flowering. The fungus overwinters on crop debris and infected residue, and spreads primarily through airborne spores and rain splash that infect ears via wounds or silk tissues.
corn, wheat
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway for this pathogen. Wheat is a minor host for this pathogen and only reported in South Africa.
Pseudomonas fuscovaginae
bacterium
Pseudomonas fluorescens biovar II
Most tropical rice production areas in Asia, (Japan, Korea, Philippines, etc.), Central America, South America, Mexico, Australia, Russia, Yugoslavia
Not known to occur
2023-08-21
rice, wheat, other small grains and poaceae grasses
No
No references found indicating wheat seed is a pathway. This pathogen is primarily found on rice in tropical productions, though wheat has been established as a host.
Fusarium redolens
fungus
Fusarium oxysporum var. redolens, Fusarium redolens var. solani, Fusarium solani var. redolens
Africa: Algeria, Tunisia; Asia: China, Iran, Japan, Pakistan, Turkey; Europe: Czechia, Finland, Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, UK; North America: Canada, USA,; Oceania: New Zealand.
MT, ND.
Korea
2024-09-04
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Fusarium redolens is soil-borne.
An economic pathogen of carnation. Though reported on other vegetable and grain crops, it is not considered an economic pathogen of many hosts or its economic importance is not known.
No
No references found indicating that seed is a pathway.
Cochliobolus spicifer
fungus
Bipolaris spicifera, Brachycladium spiciferum,Curvularia spicifera, Drechslera spicifera,Drechslera tetramera, Helminthosporium spiciferum
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-11-11
Primarily a leaf pathogen of grass. Only reported in sorghum in Kansas (COCHSI-2)
Wide, but primarily causing disease in grasses in nature. If not listed below, the presence of this pathogen on a host seems to be unimportant or a scientific curiosity.
No
COCHSI-3, COCHSI-4, COCHSI-6
Pathway not proven. Drechslera tetramers, a synonym of Cochliobolus spicifer has been reported form seed samples in the laboratory. No other references were found. Cochliobolus.spicifer is not listed as seedborne in Richardson, (COCHSI-3). Cochliobolus spicifer is not considered an important pathogen of wheat.
COCHSI-3, COCHSI-4, COCHSI-6
Blotter or Freezing blotter
COCHSI-6
Methods have not been verified and were used in research only.
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Zillinsky FJ, 1983. Common Diseases of Small Grain Cereals: A Guide to Identification. CIMMYT; International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Mexico City, Mexico.
Fakhrunnisa M.H., Hashimi AND Ghaffar A., 2006. Seed-borne Mycoflora of Wheat, Sorghum and Barley. Pak. J. Bot., 38(1): 185-192
Urocystis agropyri
fungus
Polycystis agropyri (Preuss), Tuburcinia agropyri-campestris, Tuburcinia occulta var. agropyri, Tuburcinia tritici, Turbucinia agropyri, Uredo agropyri, Urocystis occulta, Urocystis agropyri-campestris,Urocystis preussii, Urocystis tritici
Worldwide
Widespread
Brazil
2023-08-21
Usually only associated with seed lots as lose teliospores. A quarantine pest of wheat in the USA.
Wide grass host range. Only economically important in wheat.
Yes
UROCAG-1, UROCAG-4
Teliospores usually contaminate seed lots. Not commonly internally seed borne, but spores may also found on the seed coat. Quarantine regulations in many countries are being lifted with resistant varieties, seed treatments and cultural control.
AOSA or ISTA Physical Purity
UROCAG-1, UROCAG-4
Visual examination
UROCAG-3, AOSA/SCST, ISTA
Physical purity testing using ASOA or ISTA rules should determine if seed lots are contaminated.
Yes, Thiram thiophanate methyl or a combination of tetramethy,l thiuram disulphide and carboxin (Shekhawat et al., 2011) most recent findings. Other seed treatments found were obsolete
UROCAG-1, UROCAG-4
Flag smut of wheat has ceased to be a problem in the regions where seed treatment with systemics and crop rotationis routine practice for its control.
Urocystis agropyri In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Wiese MV. 1977. Compendium of Wheat Diseases. APS Press, St. Paul MN. pp106
Mathur SB, Kongsdal O, 2003. Common laboratory seed health testing methods for detecting fungi. International Seed Testing Association, Bassendorf, Switzerland: 425 pp.
AOSA Rules for Seed Testing; www.analyzeseeds.com
International Rules for Seed Testing. International Seed Testing Association; www.seedtest.org
Phaeosphaeria avenaria f.sp. avenaria
fungus
Leptosphaeria avenaria, Leptosphaeria avenaria f.sp. avenae, Leptosphaeria avenaria f.sp. avenaria, Phaeosphaeria avenaria, Parastagonospora avenae, Septoria avenae, Septoria avenae f.sp. avenae, Septoria avenaria, Septoria avenaria f. sp. avenae, Stagonospora avenae
Worldwide
Widespread
China
2023-08-21
Parastagonospora avenae is the preferred name in the ARS GRIN.
Primarily oats, wheat, rye and barley to a lessor extent
No
PHSPAV-3
No references found indicating that seed is a pathway. This pathogen is relatively unimportant in wheat.
PHSPAV-3
Zillinsky FJ, 1983. Common Diseases of Small Grain Cereals: A Guide to Identification. CIMMYT; International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Mexico City, Mexico.
Bipolaris sacchari
fungus
Drechslera sacchari, Helminthosporium sacchari,Helminthosporium ocellum, Cercospora sacchari,Bipolaris stenospila, Helminthosporium stenospilum,Drechslera stenospila, Bipolaris ocella, Helminthosporium ocellum, Drechslera ocella
Worldwide, especially in tropic and subtropic regions
AL, FL, GA, HI, LA, MD
Korea
2022-10-09
sugarcane, millet
No
DRECSA-4
Although Giri, et.al., 2001, claim to have isolated Bipolaris sacchari from wheat seed in India, there are no other references indicating that this fungus is a pathogen of wheat in nature or is found on seed. Seeds were from local production and it is unknown whether these seeds were cleaned or conditioned as a seed crop. CABI, 2018, considers this pathogen to be of low economic importance.
DRECSA-4
Giri GK; Gade RM; Patil CU, 2001. Seed borne Bipolaris sorokiniana in wheat and its chemical control. Journal of Soils and Crops, 11:109-112
Fusarium poae
fungus
Fusarium sporotrichiella, Fusarium sporotrichiella var. poae, Fusarium tricinctum f.sp. poae, Sporotrichum poae, Sporotrichum anthophilum.
Worldwide in temperate regions
Widespread, primarily in northern states
Korea
2022-04-06
One of many Fusarium spp. isolated from grains and grasses in temperate regions of the world.
pea, grains, corn, grasses. Reported on several vegetables under some conditions. Vegetables are not listed below as the fungus is primarily opportunistic and secondary.
No
FUSAPO-3
Pathway not proven. Though Fusarium poae is one of many species of fusaria reported on this host and if seed is not properly handled, conditioned and stored, conidia may be found on seeds. The fungus is commonly soil borne and there were no references found indicating that seed is an important means of spread.
FUSAPO-3
Common seed production practices, careful harvest, seed cleaning, conditioning, seed treatment and proper storage should decrease any risk from this pathogen.
Lenc, L.; Czecholiński, G.; Wyczling, D.; Turów, T.; Kazacute˜mierczak, A. 2015. Fusarium head blight (FHB) and Fusarium spp. on grain of spring wheat cultivars grown in Poland.Journal of Plant Protection Research 55:266-277.
Fusarium culmorum
fungus
Fusarium culmorum f. 1, Fusarium culmorum var. leteius, Fusarium culmorum var. majus, Fusarium roseum, Fusarium roseum cv. culmorum, Fusarium roseum f.sp. cerealis cv. culmorum, Fusisporium culmorum
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-11-22
A common soil inhabitant and strong sapropic ability on many crops. Usually causing disease problems on grains and grasses, especially with other pathogenic diseases or in saturated soils. Also produces mycotoxins.
Primarily grains and grasses. Reported on a wide range of hosts, but usually as a probable saprophyte. Only primary hosts listed below.
Yes
FUSACU-1, FUSACU-3, FUSACU-9
Infection of seed and grain of barley by Fusarium culmorum is well established and accepted. Fusarium culmorum in wheat grain produces mycotoxins.
FUSACU-1, FUSACU-3, FUSACU-9
Blotter Incubation
FUSACU-5
Though blotter incubation assays are commonly used for fungal contamination of seed, no references were found indicating this test has been validated or standardized.
Seed Treatments (biological and chemical)
FUSACU-1
Resistant varieties are available. Seed treatments most effective for planting seed.
Fusarium culmorum In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Roberti, R., Flori, P., Pisi, A., Brunelli, A. and Cesari, A. 2000. Evaluation of biological seed treatment of wheat for the control of seed-borne Fusarium culmorum. J. Plant Dis. Prot. 107: 484–493.
Limonard, T. (1966). A modified blotter test for seed health. Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology, 72, 319–321.
Heterodera avenae
nematode
Bidera avenae, Bidera ustinovi, Heterodera major, Heterodera schachtii, Heterodera ustinovi
Worldwide
CA, CO, ID, MT, OH, OR, UT, WA
Korea
2024-09-14
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
Main: oats, barley, rye, wheat; Other: grasses, corn
No
CABICPC, HETDMA-2
Seed is not a pathway for cyst nematodes.
CABICPC, HETDMA-2
Rice stripe virus
virus
Rice stripe tenuivirus
Asia, Russia
Not known to occur
Korea
2023-08-21
Transmitted by leafhoppers and plant hoppers. Difficult to transmit mechanically and it is not seed transmitted.
Primarily rice. Reported naturally on wheat, corn and millet
No
RSV00-1, RSV00-2
Seed is not a pathway for rice stripe virus.. Transmitted in a persistent manner by leafhoppers and plant hoppers. Wheat is not an important host of rice stripe virus.
RSV00-1, RSV00-2
Rice stripe virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Brunt, AA, Crabtree, K., Dallwitz, MJ, Gibbs, AJ, Watson, L. and Zurcher, EJ. (eds.). Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database, Version: 16th 1997. http://bio-mirror.im.ac.cn/mirrors/pvo/vide/refs.htm
Gibberella avenacea
fungus
Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium avenaceum f.sp. fabae, Fusarium avenaceum subsp. aywerte, Fusarium roseum var. avenaceum
Worldwide, primarily in temperate regions.
AZ, CA, CO, CT, ID, MT, NV, NY, ND, TX, WA, WY
Thailand
2025-10-23
One of many Fusaria, Gibberella's that may contaminate kernels.
Wide host range. Main: Fabaceae and Poaceae family, as well as some Brassicaceae and Cucurbitaceae.
Yes
GIBBAV-1, GIBBAV-9, GIBBAV-10
The pathogen is commonly isolated from seed, though seed transmission is unclear. Duben and Fehrmann (1980) demonstrated transmission using artificially inoculated seed. No reports of natural seed transmission were found. Inoculum from field sources is more important in disease development.
GIBBAV-1, GIBBAV-9, GIBBAV-10
A blotter test has been described for corn (GIBBAV-8, NSHS,USDA). Most research utilized this method.
Seed treatments
GIBBAV-1
Common seed fungicides have been effective.
Gibberella avenacea In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Duben J; Fehrmann H, 1980. Occurrence and pathogenicity of Fusarium species on winter wheat in the German Federal Republic III. Relation between infection of the haulm base and the ear. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz, 87:1-12
Duthie JA; Hall R; Asselin AV, 1986. Fusarium species from seed of winter wheat in eastern Canada. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 8:282-288
Pseudomonas syringae pv. lapsa
bacterium
Chlorobacter lapsus, Phytomonas lapsa, Pseudomonas lapsa
Egypt, Nigeria, China, India, Pakistan, Germany
CA
Thailand
2022-12-01
sugarcane, sorghum, corn, wheat
No
PSDMSL-3
Pathway not proven. Seeds became discolored with infection, however, the research does not indicate that bacteria was recovered or that seed may be a pathway.
PSDMSL-3
Amanifar, N. 2019. First Report of Pseudomonas syringae pv. lapsa Causing Leaf Streak and Black Chaff of Winter Wheat in Southwest Iran, Plant Disease 104:276
Gibberella zeae
fungus
Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium roseum, Fusarium roseum f.sp. cerealis, Fusarium roseum var. graminearum, Gibbera saubinettii, Gibberella saubinetii, Sphaeria zeae Schwein.
Worldwide
Widespread
Thailand
2022-11-22
One of many Fusariium spp. and Gibberella spp. that may contaminate kernels.
Primarily a cereal grain pathogen with a wide host range.
Yes
GIBBZE-6, GIBBZE-10
Natural seed transmission has been demonstrated
GIBBZE-6, GIBBZE-10
Culture plating, Grow out, Blotter paper
GIBBZE-7
These tests have not been validated or standardized.
Fungicide seed treatments, culture control
GIBBZE-1, GIBBZE-8, GIBBZE-9
Duthie JA; Hall R, 1987. Transmission of Fusarium graminearum from seed to stems of winter wheat. Plant Pathology, 36:33-37
Nelson, BD. 2015. Fusarium Seed Rot and Fusarium Species Associated with Seed. In, Compendium of Soybean Diseases and Pests, Fifth Edition.eds. Hartman GL, Rupe JC, Sikora EJ, Domier LL, Davis JA and Steffey KL. APS Press, St. Paul MN, USA
Halfon-Meiri A; Kulik MM; Schoen JF, 1979. Studies on Gibberella zeae carried by wheat seeds produced in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Seed Science and Technology, 7(3):439-448
Gibberella zeae. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Forcelini CA; Reis EM, 1988. Control of Helminthosporium sativum, Septoria nodorum, Fusarium graminearum and Erysiphe graminis f.sp. tritici by fungicide treatment of wheat seeds. Fitopatologia Brasileira, 13:28-31
Diehl JA; Reis EM, 1983. Effect of wheat seed treatment with fungicides on the control of Fusarium graminearum.. Fitopatologia Brasileira, 8:363-366
Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae
bacterium
Many
Worldwide
Widespread
Thailand, China, Korea
2022-12-01
Seed is known to be a pathway on several crops. Thailand lists this pathogen as prohibited on corn. China lists this pathogen (Pseudomonas oryzicola) as prohibited on rice.
Wide host range. Important vegetable and agronomic crops listed below.
No
PSDMSY-5, PSDMSY-13, PSDMSY-14, PSDMSY-19
Environmental sources and soil sources with early wet conditions contribute to disease outbreaks. Yield loss due to this pathogen is incomplete. The general role of seed or seed transmission in establishing disease is uncertain (PSDMSY-19)
PSDMSY-5, PSDMSY-13, PSDMSY-14, PSDMSY-19
Seed wash and agar plating
PSDMSY-19
Confirmation of pathogen with traditional biological tests and PCR included. This test has not been validated or standardized.
Resistant varieties are known.
Wiese MV. 1991. Bacterial Leaf Blight, In, Compedium of Wheat Diseases, Eds. Wiese, M.V. APS Press, St. Paul, MN
Rashid AQMB, 1995. Detection of seed-borne Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae in wheat. Plant Varieties & Seeds, 8:47-54
Otta JD, 1977. Occurrence and characteristics of isolates of Pseudomonas syringae on winter wheat. Phytopathology, 67:22-26
S. Asaad, D. C. Sands, and S. K. Mohan, 2017. CHAPTER 4: Detection of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae in Wheat Seeds. In, Detection of Plant-Pathogenic Bacteria in Seed and Other Planting Material, Second Edition Eds. M. Fatmi, R. R. Walcott, and N. W. Schaad. The American Phytopathological Society Press, St. Paul, MN
Barley stripe mosaic virus
virus
Barley stripe mosaic hordeivirus, Barley false stripe virus, Barley mild stripe virus, Barley mosaic virus, Barley yellow stripe, Oat stripe mosaic virus
Worldwide
Widespread
Thailand
2025-02-07
Thailand prohibited pathogen list refers to the pathogen as Barley stripe mosaic hordeivirus. It is on the EPPO A2 quarantine list. Seed transmitted and mechanically transmitted to other grains.
Main: barley; Other: wheat, durum
Yes
BSMV00-3, BSMV00-4, BSMV00-5
Seed as a pathway has been established and accepted. The disease appears to be of little economic concern and is rarely found in commercial fields of wheat.
BSMV00-3, BSMV00-4, BSMV00-5
Immunodiffusion
BSMV00-6
iImmunodiffusion serological assays used to research seed transmission. This method has not been standardized or validated.
Certified seed
BSMV00-4, BSMV00-7
Plants readily express symptoms and no evidence of latency. Seed certification and crop rotation have been effective.
McNeal FH; Berg MA; Carroll TW, 1976. Barley stripe mosaic virus data from six infected spring wheat cultivars. Plant Disease Reporter, 60:730-733
Wiese, 1977. Barley stripe mosaic, In Compendium of Wheat Diseases. APS Press, St. Paul MN.
Wang Z; Li W; Zhao M; Feng G; Ni S; Qin W; Li G; Xie H, 1981. Studies on the barley stripe mosaic virus. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 21(4):446-448
La YJ and Park YK, 1979. Serological detection of barley stripe mosaic virus infection in the seeds of barley and wheat cultivars grown in Korea. Korean Journal of Plant Protection, 18:29-33.
Zillinsky, FJ., 1983. Common Diseases of Small Grain Cereals; A Guide to Identification. CIMMYT, Mexico City, MX
Chloris striate mosaic virus
virus
Chloris striate mosaic geminivirus, Chloris striate mosaic intergeminivirus, Wheat (Australian) striate mosaic virus
Australia
Not known to occur
Thailand
2024-09-05
Leafhoppoer transmission only. No evidence that seed is a pathway for this virus.
poaceae grasses, wheat, oat, barley, corn
No
DPVWEB
No evidence that seed is a pathway.
DPVWEB
Pyrenophora teres
fungus
Drechslera teres, Helminthosporium teres
Worldwide
AK, ID, ND
Thailand
2024-10-13
Main: barley; Other: oats, wheat, corn
No
CABICPC
Wheat seed is not known to be a pathway.
CABICPC
Sclerospora graminicola
fungus
Peronospora graminicola, Peronospora setariae, Protomyces graminicola,Sclerospora graminicola var. setariae--italicae, Ustilago urbani
Africa, Asia, Europe, Canada, Mexico, Fiji, Argentina
Widespread in Southeastern US, not reported in Western US
Thailand
2023-08-21
This is an important disease of pearl millet, especially in the tropic climates. Other hosts seem to be unimportant or incidental.
pearl millet, millet. sugarcane, corn, foxtail millet, duram wheat, sorghum, several wild grasses
No
No references found indicating wheat seed is a pathway. Wheat is not an important host for this pathogen and has only been reported once in Italy (ARS GRIN).
Sclerophthora macrospora
fungus
Phytophthora macrospora, Phytophthora oryzae, Sclerospora macrospora, Sclerospora oryzae, Nozemia macrospora, Sclerospora kriegeriana
Worldwide
AZ, AR, FL, IL, LA, MS, ND, RI, TN, TX
Thailand
2023-08-21
corn, rice, oat, barley, rye, sorghum, sugarcane
Yes
SCPHMA-4, SCPHMA-9
Seedlings from infected wheat seed became infected under laboratory conditions. However, this disease is economically unimportant (SCPHMA-10).
SCPHMA-4, SCPHMA-9
A direct visual method is described for corn.
SCPHMA-10
Seed free from host debris s an important sanitation procedure.
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Bains SS; Jhooty JS, 1985. Seed transmission of Sclerophthora macrospora in wheat. Seed Research, 13(2):154-156
Wiese, MV. 1977. Compendium of Wheat Diseases. APS Press, The American Phytopathological Society.St. Paul, MN
Cochliobolus victoriae
fungus
Bipolaris victoriae, Drechslera victoriae, Helminthosporium victoriae, Helminthosporium sativum var. victoriae
Africa: Zambia, Zimbabwe; Asia: India, Iran, Malaysia, Nepal, Saudi Arabia; Europe: Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, Switzerland, UK; North America: Canada, USA; Oceania: Australia; South America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil.
CA, FL, GA, ID, IA, LA, MD, MA, MN, MT, NE, NY, TX, WI.
Korea
2024-09-05
Cochliobus victoriae is primarily seed-transmitted in oats, however spread between plants in wet and windy conditions. It is shown to survive in soils for at least ten years, more in wetter soils.
Main: Poaceae family including oats and grasses. Others hosts: rice, barley, and wheat.
No
RICHISTA
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
RICHISTA
Pyrenophora tritici-repentis
fungus
Drechslera tritici-repentis, Drechslera tritici-vulgaris, Helminthosporium gramineum f.sp. tritici-repentis, Helminthosporium tritici-repentis, Helminthosporium tritici-vulgaris, Pleospora culmorum, Pleospora sarcosystis, Pleospora trichostoma, Pleospora trichostoma f.sp. tritici-repentis, Pyrenophora sarcocystis, Pyrenophora trichostoma, Pyrenophora tritici-vulgaris, Pleospora tritici-repentis
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2024-12-21
Main: wheat; Other: barley, rye, grasses.
Yes
Seed contamination has been shown to affect seed quality and germination in laboratory tests. Transmission of the fungus was demonstrated, but only to cotyledon stage of the plant or was done with artificially inoculated plants. Reduction to seedling vigor has been demonstrated but seed borne inoculum appears insignificant in disease development.
Blotter test
This test has not been standardized or validated.
Fungicide seed treatments
Effectiveness varied with different fungicides and amount of fungicides applied. Resistant varieties are available.
Cochliobolus hawaiiensis
fungus
Drechslera hawaiiensis, Helminthosporium hawaiiense, Bipolaris hawaiiensis, Curvularia hawaiiensis, Pseudocochliobolus hawaiiensis
Africa: Sudan; Asia: Bangladesh, India, Iran, Pakistan, United Arab Emirates; North America: USA.
Fl, MS
Korea
2025-06-18
Cochliobolus hawaiiensis (more commonly Curvularia hawaiiensis)causes leaf spot and blight in crops. It spreads via wind, rain splash, and contaminated tools, surviving on plant debris and thriving in humid conditions. Seed has not been reported as a pathway
corn, wheat, rice, sorghum, grasses
No
COCHHA-3
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
COCHHA-3
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Pseudocochliobolus pallescens
fungus
Cochliobolus pallescens, Curvularia leonensis, Curvularia pallescens
Africa, Southeast Asia, Caribbean, South America, Pakistan, Australia, Denmark, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Togo, Canada, Mexico
DC, IA
Korea
2023-08-21
pepper, corn, bean, fava bean, wheat , rice, sorghum, sugarcane, soybean, potato, buckwheat,
No
CURVPA-2
Pathway not proven. Above reference cites one article that indicates seed may be a pathway. This references could not be verified. There were no other references found indicating seed is a pathway.
CURVPA-2
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Pythium vexans
fungus
Pythium complectens, Phytopythium vexans, Pythium allantocladon, Pythium ascophallon, Pythium piperinum, Ovatisporangium vexans, Pythium euthyphyphon, Pythium polycladon
Africa, Asia, Europe, Guatemala, Caribbean, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, Chile, South Korea, New Zealand, Canada
HI, OK, CA, NC, MD, VA, DE, PA, NJ, WA, TN, LA, WI, IA
Korea
2023-08-21
Primarily affecting seedlings and roots and is transmitted mainly through infested soil. Seed is not known to be a pathway for any host. Zoospores of this fungus can swim in open water for a short distance. This pathogen has been reported in S. Korea. Korea lists this pathogen as Phytopythium vexans
Wide host range
No
PYTHVE-1, PYTHVE-3
Seed is not known to be a pathway for any host.
PYTHVE-1, PYTHVE-3
Exserohilum pedicellatum
fungus
Helminthosporium pedicellatum, Setosphaeria pedicellata, Trichometasphaeria pedicellatum, Bipolaris pedicellata, Drechslera pedicellata
Poland , South Africa, Australia, Egypt, India, Pakistan, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Australia, Iraq, Brazil
CA, HI, IA, MS, NY, OH, TX, MN
Korea
2022-11-22
Korea lists this pathogen as Setosphaeria pedicellata
wheat, corn , barley, rice, oat
No
TRMSPE-1
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
TRMSPE-1
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Setosphaeria rostrata
fungus
Exserohilum rostratum, Helminthosporium rostratum, Bipolaris rostrata, Drechslera rostrata, Exserohilum antillanum, Exserohilum gedarefense, Variant spelling Exserohilum gedarefensis, Helminthosporium halodes, Bipolaris halodes, Exserohilum halodes, Drechslera halodes, Helminthosporium halodes var. elaeicola, Helminthosporium halodes var. tritici, Helminthosporium leptochloae, Helminthosporium longirostratum, Exserohilum longirostratum, Exserohilum macginnisii, Setosphaeria prolata, Exserohilum prolatum, Drechslera prolata
Worldwide
Widespread, especially east of the Continental Divide
Korea
2023-08-21
Primarily grasses and grains, reported on other over 200 plant species, including several vegetable crops, but these seem to be experimental curiosity or occasional findings that are not confirmed. Only important grains listed below
No
DRECRO-3
Pathway not proven. Seed infection has been demonstrated but seed transmission has not been shown to occur.
DRECRO-3
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Indian peanut clump virus
virus
Indian peanut clump pecluvirus, IPCV
India, Pakistan
Not known to occur
-
2024-09-15
Primarily affects peanut and cereal grains. Requires the Polymyxa graminis to infect. Seed as a pathway has only been shown in peanut and millet (IPCV00-2)
wheat, corn, rice, barley, sorghum, peanut, millet
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Wheat may be an incidental host because it can be infected by the Polymyxa vector.
Peanut clump virus
virus
Peanut clump furovirus, PCV, Peanut clump pecluvirus
Africa: Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad, Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Gabon, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Sudan; Asia: India, Pakistan.
Not known to occur
Korea
2025-09-05
Peanut Clump Virus is primarily transmitted through the soil-borne fungus Polymyxa graminis, which infects plant roots. It can also be mechanically transmitted and is only known to be seed transmitted in Arachis hypogaea (groundnut).
Main: groundnut, foxtail millet, Other: Wheat, sugarcane,
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Wheat can be a host and can be infected by the Polymyxa graminis vector.
Dilophospora alopecuri
fungus
Dilophospora graminis, Dilophospora holci, Sphaeria alopecuri, Lidophia graminis
Asia: India, Iraq; Oceania: Australia.
Widespread
Korea
2024-12-21
Fungus is associated with Aguina nematode seed galls, but not associated with seeds. Sporatically found in US states.
Main: barley, ryegrass, wheat.
No
RICH ISTA, USDA-FD, DILOAL-3
This fungus is associated with seed galls formed by Anguina nematodes and not found associated directly with the seed.
RICH ISTA, USDA-FD, DILOAL-3
Removing nematode seed galls prevents issues with the disease caused by this pathogen.
Richardson, MJ. 1990. An Annotated List of Seedborne Diseases. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich Switzerland.
USDA Fungal Database, https://fungi.ars.usda.gov
Barbetti, M. J., & Riley, I. T. (2006). Field application of Dilophospora alopecuri to manage annual ryegrass toxicity caused by Rathayibacter toxicus. Plant disease, 90(2), 229-232.
Pratylenchus fallax
nematode
Turkey, Canada
WI, ND, OR
Korea
2025-08-13
Pratylenchus fallax is a root-lesion nematode that damages plant roots and is primarily spread through infested soil, water, and plant material, with agricultural activities such as tillage and the use of machinery aiding its dispersal. Seed is not known to be a pathway.
beet, wheat, barley, soybean, rapeseed, ryegrass, corn, sugarbeet, bluegrass,
No
CABI CPC, PRATFA-1, PRATFA-2, PRATFA-3, PRATFA-4, PRATFA-5, PRATFA-6
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Seed is not known to be a pathway for Pratylenchus spp.
CABI CPC, PRATFA-1, PRATFA-2, PRATFA-3, PRATFA-4, PRATFA-5, PRATFA-6
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Rivedal, H. M., Zasada, I. A., Temple, T. N., Peetz, A. B., Núñez-Rodríguez, L. A., Starchvick, R. J., & Braithwaite, E. T. (2024). Plant-parasitic Nematodes Associated with Grasses Grown for Seed in the Willamette Valley of Oregon. Journal of Nematology, 56(1), 20240020.
Corbett, D.C.M. 1972. The effect of Pratylenchus fallax on wheat barley and sugar beet roots. Nematologica 18:303-308.
Yu, Q. 2008. Species of Pratylenchus (Nematoda: Pratylenchidae) in Canada: description, distribution, and identification. Canadian J. Plant Pathology 30:477-485.
Zasada I. A., Dandurand L.M., Gleason C., Hagerty C. H., Ingham R. E. Subbotin S. A., Chitambar J. J. Plant parasitic nematodes in sustainable agriculture of North America. Cham, Switzerland: Springer; 2018. Plant parasitic nematodes of the Pacific Northwest: Idaho, Oregon and Washington; pp. 211–239
Kantor M., Handoo Z., Kantor C., Carta L.. Top ten most important U.S.-regulated and emerging plant-parasitic nematodes. Horticulturae. 2022;8:208.
Nemaplex.UCDavis.edu; Revision Date: 16-December-2024; Accessed 13-August-2025
Tilletia tritici
fungus
Tilletia caries, Uredo caries, Uredo sitophila, Caeoma sitophilum, Tilletia sitophila
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2023-08-21
wheat, rye
Yes
TILLCA-2, TILLCA-3, TILLCA-4
Seed as a pathway is well established and accepted.
TILLCA-2, TILLCA-3, TILLCA-4
Seed wash
TILLCA-1, TILLCA-5
This test has not been validated or standardized.
Fungicide seed treatments
TILLCA-1, TILLCA-2
Resistant varieties and seed treatments has decreased the importance of this disease in wheat and resulted in the complete control of the pathogen in the US and much of the wheat production.
Hoffman JA, 1982. Bunt of wheat. Plant Disease, 66:979-986
Wiese, MV. 1977. Compendium of Wheat Diseases. APS Press, The American Phytopathological Society.St. Paul, MN
Ballinger DJ, Gould GJ, 1989. Occurrence of spores of Tilletia lpvis and T. tritici in wheat deliveries in western Victoria. Australasian Plant Pathology, 18:6-7
Tilletia tritici, In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Neergaard P, 1977. Seed Pathology, Volumes I and II. London, UK: The Macmillan Press
Oculimacula yallundae
fungus
Cercosporella herpotrichoides, Helgardia herpotrichoides, Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides, Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides var. herpotrichoides, Ramulispora herpotrichoides, Tapesia yallundae, Tapesia yallundae var. yallundae
Africa: Ethiopia, Morocco, South Africa, Tanzania, Tunisia; Asia: China, Japan; Europe: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Czechia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK; North America: Canada, USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand; South America: Chile.
ID, NY, OR, WA
Korea
2024-09-06
Korea lists this pathogen as Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides. O. yallundae can overwinter on cereal stubble but some grasses and weeds also act as sources of inoculum. Infection occurs from conidia that are splashed short distances by rain droplets.
Main: oats; Other: wheat, rye, barley.
No
CABICPC
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
CABICPC
Drechslera gigantea
fungus
Helminthosporium giganteum
Asia: Iran; North America: USA; South America: Brazil, Colombia.
TX
Korea
2024-09-10
Drechslera gigantea causes eye spot mainly in grasses.
barley, rice, wheat, rye
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
Tilletia walkeri
fungus
Australia, New Zealand, China
GA, OR, TN
Korea
2023-08-21
US State information from ARS GRIN
rygresses, wheat
No
TILLWA-4
Pathway not proven. Teliospores of T. walker can be associated with seed samples, but seed transmission has not been proven.
TILLWA-4
Visual examination, Seed wash, Size selective sieving, PCR
TILLWA-1, TILLWA-3
Visual examination, Seed wash, Size selective sieving and PCR have been described for T. indica and were used by researchers. PCR is used to distinguish T. indica from T. walker
Cunfer, B. M., and Castlebury, L. A. 1999. Tilletia walkeri on annual ryegrass in wheat fields in the southeastern United States. Plant Dis. 83:685-689.
Tilletia walkeri, In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Frederick, R. D., Snyder, K. E., Tooley, P. W., Berthier-Schaad, Y., Peterson, G. L., Bonde, M. R., Schaad. N. W., and Knorr, D. A. 2000. Identification and differentiation of Tilletia indica and T. walkeri using the polymerase chain reaction. Phytopathology 90:951-960.
Meloidogyne naasi
nematode
Libya, Iran, Belgium, Czechia, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Serbia, England, Wales, Canada, New Zealand, Argentina, Chile
CA, IL, KS, KY, MD, MI, NV, NC, OR, SC, UT, WA
Korea
2023-08-21
Seed is not known to be a pathway for Meloidogyne spp. root knot nematodes (MELGNA-2)
barley, wheat, rice, oat, rye, sorghum, grasses
No
MELGNA-2
Seed is not known to be a pathway for Meloidogyne spp. root knot nematodes
MELGNA-2
Crop Rotation
MELGNA-3, MELGNA-4
Lammers, W., Karssen, G., Jellema, P., Baker, R., Hockland, S., Fleming, C. and Turner, S. (2006). Meloidogyne minor Pest Risk Assessment. 08-14648 PPM Point 7.3. Plant Protection Services (NL) and Central Science Laboratory (UK). 52pp. (https://www.eppo.int...)
Allen, MW, Hart WH, and Baghott, K. 1970. Crop rotation controls barley root-knot nematode at Tulelake. Calif. Agr. 24:4-5.
Michell, RE, Malek RB, Taylor DP, and Edwards DI. 1973. Races of the barley root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne naasi. I. Characterization by host preference. J. Nematol. 5:41-44
Phaeoseptoria spp.
fungus
Worldwide
ND, FL
Korea
2023-08-21
Only P. oryzae reported on rice and P. urvillaena reported on wheat are listed below. Primarily a pathogen in tropical climates.
Species of Phaeoseptoria are primarily pathogens of eucalyptus and banana.
No
ARSGRIN
No references found indicating seed is a pathway for P. urvilleana. Causes minor leaf spots in wheat after prolonged wet periods.
ARSGRIN
Boeremia exigua var. exigua
fungus
Ascochyta asteris, Ascochyta cyphomandrae, Ascochyta hydrangeae, Ascochyta nicotianae, Ascochyta phaseolorum, Ascochyta sonchi, Phoma exigua f.sp. exigua, Phoma exigua var. exigua, Phoma herbarum, Phoma herbarum f. brassicae, Phoma herbarum f. hyoscyami, Phoma herbarum f. schoberiae, Phoma herbarum var. dulcamaricola, Phoma linicola, Phoma solanicola, Phoma solanophila, Phoma tuberosa, Phyllosticta decidua, Phyllosticta hortorum, Phyllosticta mulgedii, Phyllosticta sambuci, Phyllosticta vincae-majoris, Phyllosticta vincae-minoris
Worldwide. CABI: B. exigua var. exigua is almost certainly ubiquitous worldwide, but many records fail to specify the variety that it is not possible to provide particular country/state information. There are undoubtedly many records under the many synonyms and these require re-examination.
Widespread
Korea
2024-09-04
This pathogen has been reported in Korea under other synonyms. This is a weak pathogen capable of persisting in soil and also transmitted by rainsplash-dispersed conidia. Common bean and possible sugarcane are the only hosts shown where seed may be a pathway.
B. exigua var. exigua is a ubiquitous weak or secondary pathogen on more than 200 different plant genera. Main hosts are in the Fabaaceae and Solanaceae familes.
No
CABICPC, RICHISTA
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. A weak pathogen but widespread in soils throughout the world.
CABICPC, RICHISTA
Phaeosphaeria herpotrichoides
fungus
Leptosphaeria herpotrichoides, Trematosphaeria herpotrichoides, Leptosphaeria sparsa
Asia: Pakistan, Uzebekistan; Europe: Austria, Finland, Germany, Italy, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Scotland, Sweden, Switzerland; North America: Canada, USA; Oceania: Australia.
OK, VA, CA, IL, ND, WA, MN
Korea
2024-09-20
Information from ARS Fungal database. Primarily found in cool climates in the Northern Hemisphere. Primarily overwinters in field debris (LEPTHE-2)
wheat, rye, Poaceae grasses
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
Cladosporium cladosporioides
fungus
Cladosporium graminum, Cladosporium herbarum, Mycosphaerella schoenoprasi, Mycosphaerella tulasnei, Mycosphaerella tassiana, Penicillium cladosporioides, Hormodendrum cladosporioides, Monilia humicola
Africa: Egypt, South Africa; Asia: Bangladesh, China, India, Iran, Israel, Oman, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Syria; Europe: France, Hungary, Italy; North America: USA; South America: Argentina, Brazil
IA, OR
Korea
2025-10-07
This pathogen is considered primarily a post harvest pathogen that does not cause disease in most of it's hosts (CLADCL-1). C. cladosporioides spreads primarily by wind, rain splash, or contaminated surfaces. It can also persist on plant debris, some seeds, and stored produce, serving as inoculum for new infections. The fungus thrives in cool, moist environments and is especially common in greenhouses, storage areas, and outdoor crops during humid seasons.
Wide host range
No
CABI CPC, CLADCL-10
No references found indicating wheat seed is a pathway.
CABI CPC, CLADCL-10
Phaeosphaeria nodorum
fungus
Leptosphaeria nodorum, Phoma hennebergii, Septoria glumarum, Septoria nodorum, Stagonospora nodorum
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2023-08-21
Korea lists this pathogen as Leptosphaeria spp. This pathogen has been reported in Korea.
wheat, rye, barley
Yes
LEPTNO-3, LEPTNO-4, LEPTNO-8, LEPTNO-9
Seed as a pathway is well established and accepted. Seed transmission has been established (Shah, et.al., 1995) though the importance of seed borne inoculum in disease development is unclear (CABI, 2020)
LEPTNO-3, LEPTNO-4, LEPTNO-8, LEPTNO-9
Blotter incubation, Culture plating, Serology
LEPTNO-1, LEPTNO-5, LEPTNO-7
These tests used in research and have not been standardized or validated.
Fungicide seed treatments
LEPTNO-1, LEPTNO-3
Seed treatments (carboxin + thiram, guazatine triacetate, maneb, oxine-copper and thiram) have been used.
Bergstrom, GC. 2010. Stagonospora nodorum Blotch and Stagonospora avenae Blotch. In, Compendium of Wheat Diseases and Pests, 3rd. Edition. Bockus WW, Bowden RL, Hunger RM, Morrill WL, Murray TM, and Smiley RW. Eds. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, USA
Cunfer BM, 1978. The incidence of Septoria nodorum in wheat seed. Phytopathology, 68:832-835
Shah DA, Bergstrom GC and Sorrells ME, 2000. Differential seed infection of wheat cultivars by Stagonospora nodorum. Plant Disease, 84:749-752
Shah D, Bergstrom GC and Ueng PP, 1995. Initiation of Septoria nodorum blotch epidemics in winter wheat by seedborne Stagonospora nodorum. Phytopathology, 85(4):452-457
Phaeosphaeria nodorum. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Cunfer BM, 1981. Survival of Septoria nodorum in wheat seed. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 77:161-164
Lagerberg C, Gripwall E and Wiik L, 1995. Detection and quantification of seed-borne Septoria nodorum in naturally infected grains of wheat with polyclonal ELISA. Seed Science and Technology, 23:609-615
Alternaria alternata
fungus
Alternaria alternata f.sp. fragariae
Alternaria alternata f.sp. lycopersici
Alternaria fasciculata
Alternaria tenuis
Worldwide
AL, CA, FL, GA, IL, IA, LA, MI, MS, NY, OR, PA, SD, TN, TX
Korea
2025-09-08
Alternaria alternata is a widespread fungus that can persist in soil and crop debris for many years, enabling it to infect plants across successive growing seasons. Its spores are dispersed by air, wind, water splash, irrigation, and contact with contaminated plant material. Numerous studies have demonstrated its transmission under experimental conditions, and it has been shown to be seed-transmitted in a few crops within the Malvaceae family.
Main: allium, pepper; Other: watermelon, sunflower, sorghum, spinach, marigold, many fruits and trees
No
ALTEAL-25, RICH ISTA, ALTEAL-66, ALTEAL-67, ALTEAL-83
Alternaria alternata is commonly detected on grains in seed health surveys and grain storage environments. It can colonize damaged or senescent tissues and may reduce grain quality. While it is frequently isolated from wheat, seed transmission is not known to occur.
ALTEAL-25, RICH ISTA, ALTEAL-66, ALTEAL-67, ALTEAL-83
Blotter incubation, Freezing blotter incubation
ALTEAL-25
These methods has not been standardized or validated.
CABI CPC
Seed treatments affective against A. alternaria have been described for other hosts.
Fakheunnisa, Hashmi MH and Ghaffer A., 2006 Seed-borne Mycoflora of Wheat, Sorghum and Barley. Pak. J. Bot., 38: 185-192.
Richardson, MJ. 1990. An Annotated List of Seedborne Diseases. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich Switzerland.
Pathak, N., & Zaidi, R. K. (2013). Studies on seed-borne fungi of wheat in seed health testing programme. Archives of Phytopathology and Plant Protection, 46(4), 389–401.
Adhikari, C., Shahi, K. B., & Thapa, D. M. (2024). Seed Borne Infection And Management Of Alternaria Species In Wheat Cultivars. Science Heritage Journal (GWS), 8(1), 22-26. Casa, R. T., Kuhnem Junior, P. R., Bogo, A., Belani, A. M. M., Bolzan, J. M., Oliveira, F. S., & Blum, M. M. C. (2012). Survey, survival and control of Alternaria alternata in wheat seeds. Revista Brasileira de Sementes, 34, 358-365.
Casa, R. T., Kuhnem Junior, P. R., Bogo, A., Belani, A. M. M., Bolzan, J. M., Oliveira, F. S., & Blum, M. M. C. (2012). Survey, survival and control of Alternaria alternata in wheat seeds. Revista Brasileira de Sementes, 34, 358-365.
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Cochliobolus cynodontis
fungus
Bipolaris cynodontis, Drechslera cynodontis, Helminthsporuim cynodontis
Worldwide,primarily in the tropics of Asia, Africa, Oceania.
Primarily in the SE.
Korea
2022-11-11
All reports of US presence from 1950-60s. CABI, 2019 does not consider the pathogen to be in the US. Pathogen does not cause serious disease or losses on any host. Also, it is often a secondary invader. (Farr and Rossman, 2019; Manamgoda, 2014)
grains, grasses
No
RICHISTA
No references found indicating that seed is a pathway. This pathogen is not an important disease of grains. Richardson, 1990 does not list the pathogen as seed borne.
RICHISTA
Wheat dwarf virus
virus
Wheat dwarf mosaic virus
Africa: Tunisia, Zambia; Asia: China, Iran, Syria, Turkey; Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, Czechia, Estonia, Finland, Frnace, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Ukraine, UK
Not known to occur
Korea
2025-09-12
Wheat dwarf virus infects primarily wheat and barley, causing stunting, yellowing, and reduced yield. It is persistently transmitted by the leafhopper (Psammotettix alienus). Seed is not a pathway.
Main: wheat, barley; Other: rye, ryegrass
No
CABI CPC, DPV WEB, WDV00-1, WDV00-2, WDV00-3
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
CABI CPC, DPV WEB, WDV00-1, WDV00-2, WDV00-3
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Description of Plant Viruses ; http://dpvweb.net/dpv/
Seifers, D. 2021. Wheat Dwarf. n, Compendium of Wheat Diseases and Pests, Third Edition, Eds. W. W. Bockus, R. L. Bowden, R. M. Hunger, W. L. Morrill, T. D. Murray and R. W. Smiley. The American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, MN USA
Pfrieme, A. K., Will, T., Pillen, K., & Stahl, A. (2023). The past, present, and future of wheat dwarf virus management—a review. Plants, 12(20), 3633.
Pfrieme, A. K., Ruckwied, B., Habekuß, A., Will, T., Stahl, A., Pillen, K., & Ordon, F. (2022). Identification and validation of quantitative trait loci for wheat dwarf virus resistance in wheat (Triticum spp.). Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 828639.
Barley yellow dwarf virus
virus
barley yellow dwarf luteoviruses, cereal yellow dwarf virus, Hordeum virus nanescens, maize leaf fleck virus, red leaf disease of barley, rice giallume virus, wheat cereal yellow dwarf virus
Worldwide
AL, CA, CO, ID. IL, IN, LA, MO, MT, NY, PA, SC, WA
-
2024-09-25
Barley yellow dwarf virus is reported to be transmitted by at least twenty-five aphids.
Main: oats, barley, ryegrass, rice, rye, wheat, corn; Other: poaceae family
No
CABICPC, DPVWEB
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
CABICPC, DPVWEB
Ditylenchus destructor
nematode
-
Africa: Nigeria, South Africa; Asia: Azerbaijan, China, Iran, Japan, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Uzbekistan; Europe: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Czechia, Estonia, France, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Jersey, Latvia, Luxemburg, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK; North America: Canada, USA; Oceania: New Zealand.
CA, HI, ID, OR, SC, WA, WI
-
2024-09-26
Ditylenchus destructor is spread through seed potatoes. It is also spread on containers, packaging, and soil. True seed is not know to be a pathway.
Extensive host range. Main: ornamental bulbs, sweet potato, onion, garlic, groundnut, beet, sugarbeet, pepper, cucumber, pumpkin, carrot, soybean, tomato, potato, clover, wheat, corn
No
CABICPC, DITYDE-1
Seed is not a known pathway.
CABICPC, DITYDE-1
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