Tomato black ring virus

virus

Lettuce Ringspot Virus, Bean Ringspot Virus, Beet Ringspot Virus, Celery Yellow Vein Virus, Lettuce Ringspot Virus,Potato Bouquet Virus, Potato Pseudo-Aucuba Virus,Tomato Black Ring Nepovirus

Asia: India, Japan, Saudi Arabia, Turkey; Europe: Albania, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Lithuania, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK

Not known to occur

China, Korea, Mexico, Thailand

2025-08-18

Tomato black ring virus spreads by sap contact, pollen, and seed, with seed transmission confirmed in many crops. Soil nematodes also vector it, though efficiency is low, and the spread in fields is patchy. Seed transmission is the main route for long-distance dispersal and survival between seasons.

Wide host range; however, many are experimental only. Main: onion, leek, garlic, chive, celery, sugarbeet, cabbage, cauliflower, turnip, pepper, cucumber, lettuce, ryegrass, alfalfa, parsley, tomato, potato, spinach, cowpea.

No

CABI CPC, RICH ISTA

No references found indicating seed is a pathway.

CABI CPC, RICH ISTA

Candidatus phytoplasma asteris

phytoplasma

Aconitum proliferation, Aconitum virescence, Alberta aster yellows, alfalfa stunt, Alstroemeria decline, American aster yellows, Anemone virescence, apple sessile leaf, apricot chlorotic leaf roll, azalea little leaf, banana elephantiasis, basil little leaf, Bermuda grass white leaf, black currant reversion, black pepper yellows, blueberry stunt, broccoli phyllody, Bunias phyllody, cactus virescence, cactus witches'-broom, Calendula virescence, canola yellows, Cardaria phyllody, carrot proliferation, carrot yellows, cassava phyllody phytoplasma, cassava witches' broom, Catharanthus little leaf, Catharanthus virescence, chayote witches'-broom, cherry bunch leaf, cherry little leaf, chlorantie, Chrysanthemum witches'-broom, Chrysanthemum yellows, Cirsium stunt, Cirsium yellows, clover phyllody, columbine virescence, coorg black pepper yellows, cosmos phyllody, Cyclamen virescence, dandelion yellows, Delphinium virescence, dill yellows, Diplotaxis virescence, dogfennel yellows, dogwood stunt, dwarf western aster yellows, eastern aster yellows, Echinacea phyllody, eggplant dwarf, eggplant little leaf, Epilobium phyllody, Erigeron yellows, European aster yellows, false ragweed, Festuca yellows, Gaillardia yellows, Gladiolus virescence, grapevine yellows, grey dogwood stunt, hyacinth yellows, Hydrangea phyllody and virescence, Ipomoea obscura witches' broom, Italian cabbage yellows, Italian lettuce yellows, kale phyllody, larkspur virescence, lazy daisy yellows, lettuce yellows, lilac little leaf, Limonium proliferation, Limonium yellows, Lotus yellows, maize bushy stunt, mallow yellows, marguerite yellows, marigold phyllody, marigold virescence, Maryland aster yellows, Mitsuba witches' broom, monarda yellows, mulberry dwarf, multiplier disease, New England aster yellows, New Jersey aster yellows, oat proliferation, Oenothera virescence, olive witches'-broom, onion phyllody, onion virescence, onion yellows, Papaver virescence, parsley yellows, Paulownia witches' broom, peach red leaf disease, pear proliferation and decline, periwinkle little leaf, periwinkle witches' broom and virescence, periwinkle yellows, Phytoplasma asteris, plantain virescence, Poa stunt, poplar witches' broom, poplar yellows, Portulaca yellows, potato purple top, prickly lettuce yellows, Primula yellows, pumpkin yellows, purple coneflower yellows, Quercus proliferation, ragweed yellows, Ranunculus phyllody, rape phyllody, rape virescence, rose witches'-broom, ryegrass yellows, safflower phyllody, Salix proliferation, sandal spike, Saponaria proliferation, Schizanthus proliferation, severe western aster yellows, soybean purple stem, Spirea stunt, Stellaria yellows, strawberry green petal, strawberry phylloid fruit, strawberry stunting, Symphytum proliferation, Tacaco witches'-broom, Tagetes witches' broom, Thalictrum proliferation, tomato big bud, tomato yellows, turnip virescence, Veronica phyllody, watercress witches'-broom, western aster yellows, wild radish yellows

Worldwide

Widespread

-

2024-11-09

Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris is naturally transmitted by a wide range of leafhopper, Macrosteles fascifrons is reported to be the principal vector. Seed is not a pathway.

Wide host range, primarily herbaceous dicots, though strains infect monocots and woody ornamentals

No

CABICPC, ISFRPLD

Seed is not a known pathway.

CABICPC, ISFRPLD

Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola

bacterium

Bacterium maccullochianum, Bacterium maculicola, Bacterium maculicola var. japonicum, Phytomonas maculicola, Pseudomonas maculicola

Africa: Algeria, Mauritius, Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe; Asia: China, Georgia, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Taiwan, Turkey; Europe: Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Ukraine, UK; North America: Bermuda, Canada, Cuba, El Salvador, Puerto Rico, USA; Oceania: Australia, Fiji, New Zealand; South America: Argentina, Brazil.

CA

China

2024-12-21

There is no evidence that seed is a pathway for this pathogen.

Brassicaceae family

No

Seed is not known to be a pathway.

Alternaria brassicola

fungus

Alternaria brassicae f. microspore, Alternaria brassicae var. minor, Alternaria circinans, Alternaria oleracea, Helminthosporium brassicae, Helminthosporium brassicicola, Macrosporium cheiranthi var. circinans, Macrosporium circinans, Macrosporium commune var. circinans, Polydesmus exitiosus f. alternarioides, Polydesmus exitiosus f. luxuriosum, Sporidesmium exitiosum f. alternarioides, Sporidesmium exitiosum f. luxuriosum, Sporidesmium septorioides

Worldwide

Widespread

Mexico

2024-11-09

Alternaria brassicicola is distributed around the world, especially on oleiferous brassicas. It is dispersed widely through seed and by the wind during crop harvest. (CABI)

Many crucifers. Main: brassica sp., melon, common bean, radish, tomato, faba bean; Other: lettuce, kohlrabi

Yes

ALTEBI-2, ALTEBI-3, CABICPC

Seed as a pathway is well documented and accepted

Blotter or culture plating (ISTA)

ALTEBI-2, ALTEBI-3, CABICPC

Blotter, Seed wash, Culture plating, Agar plating, PCR

ALTEBI-4, ALTEBI-5, ISTA

ISTA describes both blotter and culture plating as standard methods

chemical, Cultural

CABICPC

IPM programs, including crop rotation and sanitation. Seed treatments and disinfections are effective.

Colletotrichum capsici

fungus

Vermicularia capsici

Africa: Burkino Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Ghana, Malawi, Nigeria, Seychelles, Zimbabwe; Asia: Bangladesh, Brunei, China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Myanmar, Pakistan, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiawn, Thailand; Europe: Poland; North America: Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Cuba, Mexico, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, USA; Oceania: American Samoa, Australia, Federated States of Micronesia, Fiji, French Polynesia, Guam, New Caledonia, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Soloman Islands, Tonga, Vanuatu, Wallis and Futuna.

AR, FL, GA, LA, MS, NC, TX

Chile, Mexico

2025-06-12

Colletotrichum capsici is soil-, seed-, and waterborne, and can survive both externally and internally on infected seeds. Though closely related to C. truncatum, many infections previously attributed to C. capsici are now recognized as C. truncatum, based on molecular evidence.

Main: pepper, eggplant; Other: Chinese cabbage, bitter gourd, tomato, potato, mung bean, cowpea

No

No references found indicating seed is a pathway.

Leptosphaeria maculans

fungus

Phoma brassicae, Phoma lingam, Phoma oleracea, Phoma napobrassicae, Phyllosticta brassicae, Phyllosticta napi Sacc., Plenodomus lingam, Pleospora maculans, Sphaeria lingam, Sphaeria maculans

Worldwide

CA, GA, HI, ID, IL, KY, NY, ND, OK, OR, WA, WI

China, Korea

2025-10-14

Leptosphaeria maculans is a fungus that causes black leg disease in canola and other cruciferous crops. It spreads mainly through windborne ascospores from infected plant residues, which can travel several kilometers to infect young plants. Rain and humidity trigger spore release and infection. The fungus is also seedborne and can cause early infections in seedlings, especially under humid or crowded conditions.

Restricted to Brassicaceae

Yes

LEPTMA-8, CABI CPC, LEPTMA-2, LEPTMA-3, LEPTMA-4

Seed transmission of this pathogen is well established and accepted by the seed industry

Blotter paper is the standard method of the NSHS

LEPTMA-8, CABI CPC, LEPTMA-2, LEPTMA-3, LEPTMA-4

Blotter paper

NSHS USDA, ISTA

This test has been validated by the ISTA and NSHS

chemical, Cultural

CABI CPC, McGEE

Control relies on crop rotation, resistant cultivars, disease-free seed, and fungicide treatments to limit infection from residues and seed.

Verticillium dahliae

fungus

Verticillium albo-atrum f. angustum. Verticillium albo-atrum var. chlamydosporale Verticillium albo-atrum var. dahliae Verticillium albo-atrum var. medium. Verticillium dahliae f. angustum Verticillium dahliae f. cerebriforme Verticillium dahliae f. chlamydosporale Verticillium dahliae f. medium Verticillium dahliae f. zonatum Verticillium ovatum Verticillium trachiephilum

Worldwide

Widespread

China

2022-11-11

Prevalent in China

Verticillium dahliae has a broad host range, infecting both woody and herbaceous plants, including ornamentals, native species, and weeds. Economically important hosts include artichoke, eggplant, bell pepper, cotton, hop, lettuce, mints, oilseed rape, olive, potato, strawberry, and tomato.

No

VERTDA-16, CABI CPC, EPPO

Verticillium dahliae has been reported on this crop, but not considered an important pathogen. No references found indicating that seed is a pathway.

VERTDA-16, CABI CPC, EPPO

Mycosphaerella brassicicola

fungus

Asteroma brassicae, Asteromella brassicae, Cercospora albomaculans, Dothidea brassicae, Phyllosticta brassicicola, Phyllosticta napi, Pseudocercosporella anguioides, Sphaerella brassicicola, Sphaeria brassicicola., Depazea brassicicola

Africa: Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Mrocco, Rwanda, South Africa, Tunisia, Uganda; Asia: Cambodia, China, India, Israel, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Turkey, Vietnam; Europeícenles: Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Guernsey, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Maltam Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Sweden, UK; North America, Canada, Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand, Norfolk Island; South America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela.

AL, CA, HI, IL, OR, NY, TX, WA

Mexico

2025-09-28

Mycosphaerella brassicicola is an ascomycete fungus that causes ringspot disease on Brassica crops, forming concentric leaf lesions that can lead to defoliation and reduced plant vigor. It survives between seasons on infected crop debris. The pathogen spreads primarily via airborne, wind-dispersed ascospores that infect leaves through stomata under cool, moist conditions, with local spread also possible via water splash. Some sources note seed infection but no references were listed and no reports were found that discuss seed transmission of this bacteria.

Main: Brassicaceae family

No

MYCOBR-2, MYCOBR-3, MYCOBR-4, MYCOBR-6, MYCOBR-7, MYCOBR-8, MYCOBR-9, MYCOBR-10, MYCOBR-11, MYCOBR-12

No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Debris is the most common source of inoculum. Crop debris associated with the seed may carry fungal spores.

MYCOBR-2, MYCOBR-3, MYCOBR-4, MYCOBR-6, MYCOBR-7, MYCOBR-8, MYCOBR-9, MYCOBR-10, MYCOBR-11, MYCOBR-12

Biological, Chemical, and Cultural

MYCOBR-5, MYCOBR-12

Control relies on clean seedbeds, proper fertilisation, and hot water treatment. Chemical sprays and resistant cultivars can also help reduce disease.

Alternaria japonica

fungus

Alternaria raphani, Alternaria brassicae var. macrospora, Alternaria matthiolae

Africa: Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, Tunisia, Zimbabwe; Asia: Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Myanmar, Pakistan, Saudia Arabia, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand; Europe: Austria, Czechia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Russia, United Kingdom; North America: Canada, Cuba, United States; Oceania: Australia, French Polynesia, New Caldonia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea; South America: Brazil.

AZ, CA, FL, MA, MI, MN, MS, NJ, OH, PA, SC.

Korea

2024-08-20

Alternaria japonica causes black spot disease in cruciferous plants and is well established worldwide. It has a broad host range within the Brassicaceae family and can be difficult to eradicate as it can survive in the soil for years.

Main: brassicas, radish. Other: tomato

Yes

ALTERP-2, ALTERP-5, ALTERP-6, CABICPC, ALTERP-9

Seed as a pathway is established and accepted.

ALTERP-2, ALTERP-5, ALTERP-6, CABICPC, ALTERP-9

Blotter incubation, culture plating

CABICPC, ISFRPLD

CABI describes the blotter and incubation methods for this pathogen. Commercial testing is available, although these methods have not been standardized or validated. One reference indicates a DNA-based test; however, this method has also not been validated.

Chemical, Cultural

ALTERP-5, CABICPC

Plant disease-free seed. Crop rotation can help where the fungus is persistent in soils. Eradicate volunteer hosts. Chemical, Physical, and biological seed treatments have been reported to be effective in controlling seed inoculum.

Beet western yellows virus

virus

Brassica virus 5, Malva yellows virus, Radish yellows virus, Turnip mild yellows virus, Turnip yellows virus luteovirus

Africa: Eritrea, Ethiopia, Tunisia; Asia: China, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Lebanon, Pakistan, South Korea, Syria, Thailand, Turkey, Yemen; Europe: Czechia, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Spain, UK; North America: USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand.

CA, IL, OR, WA

Korea

2024-08-21

Transmission is by aphid vectors, particularly the green peach aphid.

Main: Brassica spp., radish, spinach. Other: sugarbeet, chickpea, pepper.

No

BWYV00-3, CABICPC, ISFRPLD, DPVWEB

Seed is not known to be a pathway.

BWYV00-3, CABICPC, ISFRPLD, DPVWEB

Colletotrichum higginsianum

fungus

-

Africa: Tunisia; Asia: China, Singapore; North America: Guadaloupe, Jamaica, Martinique, Puerto Rico; Oceania: American Samoa; South America: Argentina.

FL

Brazil

2024-08-15

Colletotrichum higginsianum is a fungal pathogen that infects Brassicaceae plants like mustard, cabbage, and Arabidopsis, causing anthracnose disease with dark, sunken lesions on leaves, stems, and fruits.

Brassicaceae family

No

COLLHG-3

Seed is often cited as a means of transmission, but no evidence of a seed pathway was found. Seed has been inferred as a pathway due to possible seed transmission in radish.

COLLHG-3