Sorghum bicolor
sorghum
37 Related Pests
Peronosclerospora philippinensis
fungus
Peronospora sacchar, Sclerospora phillipinensis, Sclerospora indica, Sclerospora maydis
Primarily tropical Asia (India, China, Thailand, Nepal, Taiwan), Indonesia, Japan, Philippines, South Africa, Congo, Mauritius, Great Britain
Not known occur. Reports of pathogen in the US have not been verified (PRSCPH-4)
Mexico
2023-08-21
Downing mildew caused by Peronsclerospora phillippensis is primarily a disease of tropical Asia and Africa.
corn, sorghum, surgarcane, oat. Many grass species also reported as hosts.
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
Dickeya chrysanthemi
bacterium
Eriwina chrysanthemi (and pathovars,varieites), Pectobacterium chrysanthemi (and pathovars,varieties), Erwinia carotovora pvs. chrysanthemi/parthenii, Pectobacterium carotovorum pvs. chrysanthemi/parthenni
Worldwide
Widespread
Mexico, China
2022-11-11
Dickeya chrysanthemi strains have been isolated from a number of different hosts in different countries. The list of all susceptible plants after inoculation by Dickeya chrysanthemi would be far longer than the natural host range, and difficult to establish. There is little if any information on seed as a pathway for this pathogen and therefore should not be regulated.
Eriwina chrysanthemi has been reclassified into Pectobacterium spp. and Dickeya spp.
Primarily ornamentals and flowers. Only hosts of Dickeye chrysanthemi or Dickeya zeae are listed below. (Ma, et.al. 2007)
No
ERIWCH-1, ERIWCH-10
Reference established sorghum as a host for this pathogen. No evidence that seed is a pathway for the pathogen.
ERIWCH-1, ERIWCH-10
Dickeya chrysanthemi In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Jensen, Mayberry and Obrigwitch. 1986. Identification of Erwinia chrysanthemi as a Soft-Rot-Inducing Pathogen of Grain Sorghum. S. G. Jensen, W. R. Mayberry, and J. A. Obrigawitch. Plant Dis. 70: 593-596
Sclerophthora rayssiae var. zeae
fungus
Tropical Asia
Not known occur
China
2021-08-17
corn, crabgrasses
No
Not a host. No references found indicating sorghum is a host in nature.
Peronosclerospora sorghi
fungus
Sclerospora andropogonis-sorghi, Sclerospora graminicola var. andropogonis-sorghi, Sclerospora sorghi, Sorosporium andropogonis-sorghi
Worldwide
Primarily in the SE US, though reported in MN, MD, IL, IN, NM, NV
Mexico, Korea
2022-05-24
Only tropical Peronosclerospora downy mildew known to occur in NA and EU
sorghum,corn
Yes
PRSCSO-4, PRSCSO-5
Mycelium may invade seed parts. Transmission is low and occurs when immature seed are planted immediately after harvest. Transmission was prevented by seed storage (>40 days) and seed drying to 9%. Oospores may be associated with seed or seed debris.
PRSCSO-4, PRSCSO-5
Visual examination, Wash test, Grow out, PCR
PRSCSO-1
These methods have been validated or standardized. NSHS standard method for this pathogen in corn is the Grow out.
Metalaxyl
PRSCSO-1, PRSCSO-3
The movement of this pathogen by seed is more of a problem in farmer saved seed. Routine seed conditioning and cleaning practiced by seed companies eliminates these sources.
Bonde, MR. 1982. Epidemiology of Downy Mildews of Maize, Sorghum and Pearl Millet. Tropical Pest Management 28:49-60
Adenle VO, Cardwell KF, 2000. Seed transmission of maize downy mildew (Peronosclerospora sorghi) in Nigeria. Plant Pathology, 49:628-634
Peronosclerospora sorghi In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Odvody GN, Frederiksen RA, 1984. Use of systemic fungicides metalaxyl and fosetyl-Al for control of sorghum downy mildew in corn and sorghum in South Texas. I: seed treatment. Plant Disease, 68:604-607
Periconia circinata
fungus
Aspergillus circinatus
China, South Africa, Tanzania ,Czech Republic, France, Australia, Romania, United Kingdom
AR, CA, KS, MS, NE, NM, OK, TX
Korea, Mexico
2022-05-24
Primarily sorghum, though reported on many small grains and grasses (Farr and Rossman, 2016)
No
PERCCI-2, PERCCI-4
Transmission is essentially soilborne . One reference found where this pathogen was reported on seed in the laboratory, but no other reports found and no evidence of seed being a natural pathway found.
PERCCI-2, PERCCI-4
Odvody GN, Dunkle LD, Edmunds LK, 1977. Characterization of the Periconia circinata population in a milo disease nursery. Phytopathology, 67:1485-1489
Hansing ED, Hartley A, 1962. Sorghum seed fungi and their control. Proceedings of the Associaition of Official Seed Analysts, 52:143-148.
Maize chlorotic dwarf virus
virus
Maize chlorotic dwarf machlovirus, Maize chlorotic dwarf Maize chlorotic dwarf virus group, Maize chlorotic dwarf ribotungrovirus, Maize chlorotic dwarf waikavirus, Ohio corn stunt agent
United States
Widespread in southeastern US. Present in MD, PA, OH
China
2022-04-06
Transmitted by leafhoppers only. Seed is not known to be a pathway.
corn, sorghum, wheat, millets, foxtail, Johnson grasses
No
MCDV00-2
Established as a host. No evidence that seed is a pathway. Transmitted by leafhoppers only.
MCDV00-2
Brunt, AA, Crabtree, K., Dallwitz, MJ, Gibbs, AJ, Watson, L. and Zurcher, EJ. (eds.). Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database, Version: 16th 1997. http://bio-mirror.im.ac.cn/mirrors/pvo/vide/refs.htm
Maize streak virus
virus
Sugarcane streak virus, Cereal African streak virus, Maize mottle virus,
Maize streak monogeminivirus
India, Indonesia, Yemen, widespread in Africa
Not known to occur.
Korea
2023-08-21
No evidence that seed is a pathway for this virus. Transmitted by leafhoppers only. Maize streak virus is a quaratine pest in the USA
corn, sugarcane, oat, barley, rye, sorghum, wheat, grasses (Poaceae family)
No
MSV000-1, MSV000-2, MSV000-3
No evidence that seed is a pathway. Transmission by leafhoppers only
MSV000-1, MSV000-2, MSV000-3
Maize Streak Virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Richardson, MJ. 1990. An Anotated List of Seed-Borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association. Zurich, Switzerland
Brunt, AA, Crabtree, K., Dallwitz, MJ, Gibbs, AJ, Watson, L. and Zurcher, EJ. (eds.). Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database, Version: 16th 1997. http://bio-mirror.im.ac.cn/mirrors/pvo/vide/refs.htm
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis
bacterium
Corynebacterium michiganense pv. nebraskense, Corynebacterium michiganense subsp. nebraskense, Corynebacterium nebraskense
Canada
Midwest states
China, Korea, Sudan
2023-08-03
Found in US Midwest where field corn is grown.
corn, sugarcane, sorghum, sudan grass.
No
No references found indicating sorghum seed is a pathway. Seed pathway may be inferred because seed pathway for corn is known.
Maize dwarf mosaic virus
virus
Maize mosaic virus, European mosaic virus, India mosaic virus, Maize stripe mosaic, Virus sorghum red stripe virus
Worldwide
Widespread
2022-04-06
Aphid transmitted virus. Part of the Corn leathal necrosis complex
Corn, sorghum and surgarcane in nature. Poaceace species and other sorghum species have been artificially inoculated.
No
MDMV00-1, MDMV00-6
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
MDMV00-1, MDMV00-6
N/a
Balansia oryzae-sativae
fungus
Balansia oryzae, Ephelis oryzae, Ephelis pallida
Primarily Asia. Reported in Sierra Leone, Africa, New Caledonia, Vanuatu
LA, FL
2023-08-21
Reported only in LA, FL on rice.
Rice, sorghum. Considered a minor pathogen of several other grains and grasses, including bermuda grass.
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. May have been inferred because seed transmission occurs in rice. There are very few reports of this pathogen in this crop.
Cercospora sorghi
fungus
Worldwide
Southeast and Midwest states
2021-11-16
Not common in Western Europe. Cercospora sorghi is usually considered a minor disease, except where susceptible cultivars are grown in areas where wet or humid and warm conditions prevail during the growing period of the crop. Most Cercospora species have teleomorph stages within the family Mycosphaerellaceae (Ascomycota), but no teleomorph is known for Cercospora sorghi.
corn, maize, sorghum, columbus grass, johnson grass, sudan grass
No
CERCSG-1, CERCSG-4, CERCSG-6
Pathway not proven. References indicating seed may be a pathway only show possible seed contamination but not seed transmission (CERCSG-6) or speculate that seed may be a pathwayCERCSG-4, CERCSG-7). RICH ISTA does not consider seed a pathway for this pathogen.
CERCSG-1, CERCSG-4, CERCSG-6
Blotter incubation
CERCSG-6
Since seed as a pathway has not been proven, this test has not been validated or standardized.
CERCSG-1
Seed treatments such as thiram, have been described as a general protectant (not pathogen specific). Also common cultural practices for good seed quality should be practices, such as removal of alternative hosts, crop rotation, etc.
Cercospora sorghi In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Grey Leaf Spot or Cercospora Leaf Spot. 2017. Crop Gene Bank www.cropgenebank.sgrp.cgiar.org
Girish AG, Singh SD, Chakrabarty SK, Prasada Rao RDVJ, Surender A, Varaprasad KS, Bramel PJ. 2001. Seed microflora of five ICRISAT mandate crops. Seed Science and Technology Journal : 29: 429-443
Pleospora herbarum
fungus
Too many to list, most commonly used names include Alternaria putrefaciens, Clasterosporium putrefaciens, Sporidesmium putrefaciens, Stemphyllium botryosum, Stemphylium herbarum.
Worldwide
Widespread
2023-08-21
Primarily a post harvest pathogen
Wide host range
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway
Sugarcane mosaic virus
virus
Abaca mosaic virus, European mosaic virus, Grass mosaic virus, Maize dwarf mosaic virus strain B, Sorghum red stripe virus, Sorghum concentric ring virus
Worldwide in sugarcane growing regions
Fl, HA
2022-09-13
The identification of this virus is often confused with Sorghum mosaic virus. Both Sugarcane mosaic virus and Sorgham mosaic virus cause similar symptoms in surgarcane. Strains of this virus are usually restricted to certain hosts. (DVP WEB). Aphid transmitted and part of the corn lethal necrosis complex.
Corn and surgarcane are the only crops infected. Sugarcane by the sugarcane strains of Sugrcane mosaic virus and corn by the Maize dwarf mosaic virus strain B (SCMV-MB)
No
DVPWEB
Seed is not known to be a pathway
DVPWEB
Xanthomonas vasicola pv. holcicola
bacterium
Bacterium holcicola, Phytomonas holcicola, Pseudomonas holcicola, Xanthomonas campestris pv. holcicola, Xanthomonas holcicola
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-10-11
Seed is not known to be a pathway for this pathogen on any crop
sorghum, sudan grass, millet, corn (minor)
No
XANTHO-1
Seed is not known to be a pathway for this pathogen on any crop
XANTHO-1
Xanthomonas vasicola pv. holcicola In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Bipolaris sorghicola
fungus
Drechslera cookei, Drechslera sorghicola, Helminthosporium cookei, Helminthosporium sorghi, Helminthosporium sorghicola
Asia: China, Iran; North America: USA; South America: Venezuela.
MS, NC
Korea
2024-09-04
Bipolaris sorghicola survives in residue, and weed hosts such as Johnsongrass.
Main: Sorghum. Other: Johnsongrass.
No
DRECSO-1, RICHISTA, DRECSO-3
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. RICH ISTA does not list this pathogen as seed borne.
DRECSO-1, RICHISTA, DRECSO-3
Claviceps africana
fungus
Sphacelia sorghi
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-02-08
Johnsongrass is an important weed host.
sorghum
Yes
CLAVAF-4, CLAVAF-5
Usually associated with seed lots or sclerotia may be attached to seed coat exudates. Seed as a pathway is established but importance in spread is disputed. However, seed cleaning, storage and seed treatments has essentially eliminated seed inoculum.
CLAVAF-4, CLAVAF-5
Visual examination of seed
CLAVAF-3
This test has not been validated or standardized.
Seed Treatment (thiram) and Seed conditioning
CLAVAF-5
Seed treatments, cleaning and seed storage for 2-3 months essentially eliminates contamination of seed by Claviceps africana.
Mcleran, NW. 1993. Effect of sugary disease exudates on germination, seedling development and predisposition to seedling diseases of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). South African Journal of Plant and Soil 10:12-16
Odvody GN, Frederickson DE, Isakeit T, Montes N, Dahlberg JA, Peterson GL, 2002. Quarantine issues arising from contamination of seed with ergot: an update. In: Sorghum and Millets Diseases ed. by Leslie JF, Iowa State University Press, Ames. Iowa, USA: pg.123-129.
Alderman S, Frederickson D, Milbrath G, Montes N, Narro-Sanchez J, 1999. A laboratory guide to the identification of Claviceps purpurea and Claviceps africana in grass and sorghum seed samples. Sponsored by the Seed trade Associations of Mexico, America, Oregon, Texas.
Cochliobolus spicifer
fungus
Bipolaris spicifera, Brachycladium spiciferum,Curvularia spicifera, Drechslera spicifera,Drechslera tetramera, Helminthosporium spiciferum
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-11-11
Primarily a leaf pathogen of grass. Only reported in sorghum in Kansas (COCHSI-2)
Wide, but primarily causing disease in grasses in nature. If not listed below, the presence of this pathogen on a host seems to be unimportant or a scientific curiosity.
Yes
COCHSI-5, COCHSI-6
Though this pathogen is recovered from sorghum seed more often than other grains. The pathogen is still not considered important in sorghum production and it is easily controlled with seed treatments. The fungus and its synonyms seem to be worldwide and its presence on seed seems to have little or no effect on disease development.
COCHSI-5, COCHSI-6
Blotter or Freezing blotter
COCHSI-8
Though reference above refers to ISTA Seed Health Testing, no specific testing on sorghum seed was found. Methods primarily used on grass seed.
Yes, thiram or mancozeb eradicates fungus on seed
COCHSI-5
Saravanan T; Karuppiah R, 2005. Effects of fungicides, biocontrol agents and plant extracts on sorghum seed infection. Journal of Ecobiology, 17:461-465.
Fakhrunnisa M.H., Hashimi AND Ghaffar A., 2006. Seed-borne Mycoflora of Wheat, Sorghum and Barley. Pak. J. Bot., 38(1): 185-192
Banerjee N; Pandey AK; Jamaluddin, 2011. First report of the Drechslera state of Cochliobolus spicifer infecting seeds of Parthenium hysterophorus in India. New Disease Reports, 24:Article 7. http://www.ndrs.org.uk
Ascochyta sorghi
fungus
Ascochyta sorghina, Mycosphaerella ceres, Mycosphaerella exitialis, Sphaerella ceres, Sphaerella exitialis
Africa: Central African Republic, Chad, Congo, Eritrea, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo; Asia: China, India, Japan, Myanmar, Pakistan; Europe: Czechia, Iceland, Italy; North America: Mexico, Panama, USA.
AL, FL, LA, MS, NC, OK, SC
Sudan
2024-06-09
sorghum, barley, Johnson grass, Sudan grass.
No
ASCOSO-2, ASCOSO-3
Early reports of this pathogen indicated that Ascochyta sorghi spores may contaminate spikelet glumes but modern cleaning and conditioning and resistant varieties have essentially eliminated this contamination. The disease is not considered economically important.
ASCOSO-2, ASCOSO-3
Visual inspection
ASCOSO-3, CABICPC
This method has not been verified or standardized. No recent data found on reliability.
Biological, Chemical, Cultural
CABICPC
High levels of resistance to rough leaf spot have been found among sorghum cultivars. Seed treatments reported from older articles, but no efficacy data reported. Seed cleaning and conditioning essentially removes any fungal contamination. Avoid planting in fields cropped to sorghum or Sudan grass is recommended.
Heterodera zeae
nematode
-
Africa: Egypt; Asia: Afghanistan, China, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Nepal, Pakistan, Thailand; Europe: Greece, Portugal, Slovenia, Spain; North America: USA.
MD, VA, PA
Korea
2024-09-14
Cyst nematodes are root pathogens, Cyst nematode primarily move through flooding water and drainage. Movement of infected material and soil also important. Seed is not known to be a pathway.
Main: corn; Other: oats, barley, rice, millets, sorghum, wheat.
No
HETDZE-2, CABICPC, HETDZE-3
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
HETDZE-2, CABICPC, HETDZE-3
Enterobacter dissolvens
bacterium
Aerobacter dissolvens, Aplanobacter dissolvens, Bacterium dissolvens, Erwinia dissolvens, Phytomonas dissolvens, Pseudomonas dissolvens
Africa: India; Europe: Bulgaria, Spain; North America: Canada, USA.
Widespread
Thailand
2024-09-13
Main: sorghum, corn, tobacco
No
ERWIDI-2
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
ERWIDI-2
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Herbaspirillum rubrisubalbicans
bacterium
Pseudomonas rubrisubalbicans, Bacterium rubrisubalbicans, Phytomonas rubrisubalbicans, Xanthomonas rubrisubalbicans
Africa: Angonal, Benin, Burundi, Central African Republic, Cote d'Ivorie, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Niger, Reunion, Tanzania, Togo; Asia: China, Japan, Sri Lanka, Thailand; North America: Barbados, Cuba, Guadeloupe, Jamaica, Martinique, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, USA; Oceania: Australia, Fiji, New Zealand; South America: Brazil, Colombia, Peru, Venezuela.
FL, LA, TX
Thailand
2024-09-14
No evidence that seed is a pathway. Thailand regulated pest list uses P. rubrisbalbicans.
sugarcane, sorghum, corn
No
CABICPC
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
CABICPC
Pseudomonas syringae pv. lapsa
bacterium
Chlorobacter lapsus, Phytomonas lapsa, Pseudomonas lapsa
Egypt, Nigeria, China, India, Pakistan, Germany
CA
Thailand
2022-12-01
sugarcane, sorghum, corn, wheat
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
Sclerospora graminicola
fungus
Peronospora graminicola, Peronospora setariae, Protomyces graminicola,Sclerospora graminicola var. setariae--italicae, Ustilago urbani
Africa, Asia, Europe, Canada, Mexico, Fiji, Argentina
Widespread in Southeastern US, not reported in Western US
Thailand
2023-08-21
This is an important disease of pearl millet, especially in the tropic climates. Other hosts seem to be unimportant or incidental.
pearl millet, millet. sugarcane, corn, foxtail millet, duram wheat, sorghum, several wild grasses
No
No references found indicating sorghum seed is a pathway. Sorghum is not an important host for this pathogen.
Sphacelotheca reiliana
fungus
Sorosporium holci-sorghi, Sorosporium holci-sorghi f. sp. zeae, Sorosporium reilianum, Sporisorium reilianum, Ustilago reiliana, Ustilago reiliana f. sp. zeae, Cintractia reiliana, Ustilago abortifera, Ustilago holci-sorghi, Sporisorium holci-sorghi, Sphacelotheca holci-sorghi, Ustilago pulveracea, Sorosporium simii
Worldwide
Widespread
Thailand
2022-12-01
Usually only associated with seed lots as loose spores. Primarily soil borne. Not an economically important disease anywhere.
Primarily a pathogen of sorghum. Corn and other grasses are hosts
No
SPHTRE-5
Pathway not proven. Spores are associated with seed lots, but no evidence that it is seed borne. Much like corn, seed transmission is rare and seed treatments and cleaning are effective in reducing contamination.
SPHTRE-5
Fungicide seed treatments.
SPHTRE-1, SPHTRE-5
Seed cleaning and conditioning effectively control this pathogen in seed lots.
Sclerophthora macrospora
fungus
Phytophthora macrospora, Phytophthora oryzae, Sclerospora macrospora, Sclerospora oryzae, Nozemia macrospora, Sclerospora kriegeriana
Worldwide
AZ, AR, FL, IL, LA, MS, ND, RI, TN, TX
Thailand
2023-08-21
corn, rice, oat, barley, rye, sorghum, sugarcane
No
SCPHMA-4
No references found indicating that seed is a pathway.
SCPHMA-4
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Pseudocochliobolus pallescens
fungus
Cochliobolus pallescens, Curvularia leonensis, Curvularia pallescens
Africa, Southeast Asia, Caribbean, South America, Pakistan, Australia, Denmark, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Togo, Canada, Mexico
DC, IA
Korea
2023-08-21
pepper, corn, bean, fava bean, wheat , rice, sorghum, sugarcane, soybean, potato, buckwheat,
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
Phyllachora sacchari
fungus
Phyllachora sacchari-aegyptiaci
Asia: Brunei, China, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines; Oceania: Papua New Guinea.
Not known to occur
Korea
2024-12-16
Distribution information from ARS GRIN.
sugarcane, sorghum, millet
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
Setosphaeria rostrata
fungus
Exserohilum rostratum, Helminthosporium rostratum, Bipolaris rostrata, Drechslera rostrata, Exserohilum antillanum, Exserohilum gedarefense, Variant spelling Exserohilum gedarefensis, Helminthosporium halodes, Bipolaris halodes, Exserohilum halodes, Drechslera halodes, Helminthosporium halodes var. elaeicola, Helminthosporium halodes var. tritici, Helminthosporium leptochloae, Helminthosporium longirostratum, Exserohilum longirostratum, Exserohilum macginnisii, Setosphaeria prolata, Exserohilum prolatum, Drechslera prolata
Worldwide
Widespread, especially east of the Continental Divide
Korea
2023-08-21
Primarily grasses and grains, reported on other over 200 plant species, including several vegetable crops, but these seem to be experimental curiosity or occasional findings that are not confirmed. Only important grains listed below
No
DRECRO-3
Pathway not proven. Seed infection has been demonstrated but seed transmission has not been shown to occur.
DRECRO-3
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Cochliobolus hawaiiensis
fungus
Drechslera hawaiiensis, Helminthosporium hawaiiense, Bipolaris hawaiiensis, Curvularia hawaiiensis, Pseudocochliobolus hawaiiensis
Bangladesh, India, Iran, Myanmar, Kenya, Australia, Cuba, Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Egypt, South Africa, Brazil, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka, Denmark, Mexico, Tanzania, Nepal, Oman, Mozambique, Tonga
Fl, MS, HI
Korea
2022-02-08
Seed has not been reported as a pathway
corn, wheat, rice, barley, sorghum, sugarcane, grasses. Occasionally reported on cowpea, fruit trees soybean, pumpkin.
No
COCHHA-3
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
COCHHA-3
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Indian peanut clump virus
virus
Indian peanut clump pecluvirus, IPCV
India, Pakistan
Not known to occur
-
2024-09-15
Primarily affects peanut and cereal grains. Requires the Polymyxa graminis to infect. Seed as a pathway has only been shown in peanut and millet (IPCV00-2)
wheat, corn, rice, barley, sorghum, peanut, millet
No
IPCV00-2
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
IPCV00-2
Reddy, A. S., Hobbs, H. A., Delfosse, P., Murthy, A. K., and Reddy, D. V. R. 1998. Seed transmission of Indian peanut clump virus (IPCV) in peanut and millets. Plant Dis. 82:343-346.
Peanut clump virus
virus
Peanut clump furovirus, PCV , Peanut clump pecluvirus
Africa, India, Pakistan
Not known to occur
Korea
2022-05-12
Requires the Polymyxa graminis vector to transmit. Only known to be seed transmitted in Arachis hypogaea (DVP WEB)
Wheat, sorghum, sugarcane, peanut and millet
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Sorghum can be a host and can be infected by the Polymyxa graminis vector.
Gibberella avenacea
fungus
Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium avenaceum f.sp. fabae, Fusarium avenaceum subsp. aywerte, Fusarium roseum var. avenaceum
Worldwide, primarily in temperate regions.
Widespread
Thailand
2022-11-22
One of many Fusaria, Gibberella's that may contaminate kernels.
Primarily a grain and clover pathogen with a wide host range.
No
GIBBAV-1, GIBBAV-4
Pathway not proven. Though sorghum is a host and seed is commonly listed as a pathway, most literature does not distinguish this pathogen from other similar Fusarium sp.
GIBBAV-1, GIBBAV-4
A blotter test has been described for corn (NSHS USDA).
GIBBAV-1
Common seed fungicides have been effective for other grains.
Pratylenchus zeae
nematode
Pratylenchus indicus
Worldwide
AR, FL, GA, HI, LA, MS, NC, TX
Korea
2024-09-12
Seed is not known to carry the pest in trade/transport. Lesion nematodes are spread through the movement of contaminated soil and infected plant debris.
P. zeae is a pest of rice and other graminaceous crops: principally, maize, sorghum and sugarcane. It has a wide host range.
No
CABICPC, PRATZE-2
Seed is not known to be a pathway
CABICPC, PRATZE-2
Gibberella zeae
fungus
Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium roseum, Fusarium roseum f.sp. cerealis, Fusarium roseum var. graminearum, Gibbera saubinettii, Gibberella saubinetii, Sphaeria zeae Schwein.
Worldwide
Widespread
Thailand
2022-11-22
One of many Fusariium spp. and Gibberella spp. that may contaminate kernels.
Primarily a cereal grain pathogen with a wide host range.
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Sorghum is not an important host of this pathogen.
Meloidogyne naasi
nematode
Libya, Iran, Belgium, Czechia, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Serbia, England, Wales, Canada, New Zealand, Argentina, Chile
CA, IL, KS, KY, MD, MI, NV, NC, OR, SC, UT, WA
Korea
2023-08-21
Seed is not known to be a pathway for Meloidogyne spp. root knot nematodes (MELGNA-2)
barley, wheat, rice, oat, rye, sorghum, grasses
No
MELGNA-2
Seed is not known to be a pathway for Meloidogyne spp. root knot nematodes
MELGNA-2
Crop Rotation
MELGNA-3, MELGNA-4
Lammers, W., Karssen, G., Jellema, P., Baker, R., Hockland, S., Fleming, C. and Turner, S. (2006). Meloidogyne minor Pest Risk Assessment. 08-14648 PPM Point 7.3. Plant Protection Services (NL) and Central Science Laboratory (UK). 52pp. (https://www.eppo.int...)
Allen, MW, Hart WH, and Baghott, K. 1970. Crop rotation controls barley root-knot nematode at Tulelake. Calif. Agr. 24:4-5.
Michell, RE, Malek RB, Taylor DP, and Edwards DI. 1973. Races of the barley root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne naasi. I. Characterization by host preference. J. Nematol. 5:41-44
Alternaria alternata
fungus
Alternaria tenuis, Alternaria tenuissima, many others
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-09-13
Korea listed this pathogen as Alternaria spp. A. alternata, A. tenuis and A. tenuissima have all been reported in Korea. A. alternata has often been found on seed in laboratory testing. There is little evidence of seed transmission. This fungus is ubiquitous and often of minor importance in its hosts.
Wide host range
No
ALTEAL-4, ALTEAL-25
A. alternata is an ubiquitous sporophyte and a weak pathogen of sorghum and has been found on sorghum grains, in laboratory surveys and it may affect grain quality. However, seed transmission is not known to occur.
ALTEAL-4, ALTEAL-25
Blotter incubation, Freezing blotter incubation
ALTEAL-25
These methods has not been standardized or validated.
ALTEAL-1
Seed treatments affective against A. alternaria have been described for other hosts.
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Fakheunnisa, Hashmi MH and Ghaffer A., 2006 Seed-borne Mycoflora of Wheat, Sorghum and Barley. Pak. J. Bot., 38: 185-192.
Alternaria alternata. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Cochliobolus cynodontis
fungus
Bipolaris cynodontis, Drechslera cynodontis, Helminthsporuim cynodontis
Worldwide,primarily in the tropics of Asia, Africa, Oceania.
Primarily in the SE.
Korea
2022-11-11
All reports of US presence from 1950-60s. CABI, 2019 does not consider the pathogen to be in the US. Pathogen does not cause serious disease or losses on any host. Also, it is often a secondary invader. (Farr and Rossman, 2019; Manamgoda, 2014)
grains, grasses
No
RICHISTA
No references found indicating that seed is a pathway. This pathogen is not an important disease of grains. Richardson, 1990 does not list the pathogen as seed borne.
RICHISTA
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