Tomato black ring virus

virus

Lettuce Ringspot Virus, Bean Ringspot Virus, Beet Ringspot Virus, Celery Yellow Vein Virus, Lettuce Ringspot Virus,Potato Bouquet Virus, Potato Pseudo-Aucuba Virus,Tomato Black Ring Nepovirus

India, Japan, Turkey, throughout Europe

Not known to occur

China, Korea, Mexico, Thailand

2022-11-03

Wide host range reported. Requires the Dagger nematode to transmit this virus

Wide host range, however many are experimental only. Important crops listed below.

No

RICHISTA

No references found indicating seed is a pathway.

RICHISTA

Candidatus phytoplasma asteris

phytoplasma

Aconitum proliferation, Aconitum virescence, Alberta aster yellows, alfalfa stunt, Alstroemeria decline, American aster yellows, Anemone virescence, apple sessile leaf, apricot chlorotic leaf roll, azalea little leaf, banana elephantiasis, basil little leaf, Bermuda grass white leaf, black currant reversion, black pepper yellows, blueberry stunt, broccoli phyllody, Bunias phyllody, cactus virescence, cactus witches'-broom, Calendula virescence, canola yellows, Cardaria phyllody, carrot proliferation, carrot yellows, cassava phyllody phytoplasma, cassava witches' broom, Catharanthus little leaf, Catharanthus virescence, chayote witches'-broom, cherry bunch leaf, cherry little leaf, chlorantie, Chrysanthemum witches'-broom, Chrysanthemum yellows, Cirsium stunt, Cirsium yellows, clover phyllody, columbine virescence, coorg black pepper yellows, cosmos phyllody, Cyclamen virescence, dandelion yellows, Delphinium virescence, dill yellows, Diplotaxis virescence, dogfennel yellows, dogwood stunt, dwarf western aster yellows, eastern aster yellows, Echinacea phyllody, eggplant dwarf, eggplant little leaf, Epilobium phyllody, Erigeron yellows, European aster yellows, false ragweed, Festuca yellows, Gaillardia yellows, Gladiolus virescence, grapevine yellows, grey dogwood stunt, hyacinth yellows, Hydrangea phyllody and virescence, Ipomoea obscura witches' broom, Italian cabbage yellows, Italian lettuce yellows, kale phyllody, larkspur virescence, lazy daisy yellows, lettuce yellows, lilac little leaf, Limonium proliferation, Limonium yellows, Lotus yellows, maize bushy stunt, mallow yellows, marguerite yellows, marigold phyllody, marigold virescence, Maryland aster yellows, Mitsuba witches' broom, monarda yellows, mulberry dwarf, multiplier disease, New England aster yellows, New Jersey aster yellows, oat proliferation, Oenothera virescence, olive witches'-broom, onion phyllody, onion virescence, onion yellows, Papaver virescence, parsley yellows, Paulownia witches' broom, peach red leaf disease, pear proliferation and decline, periwinkle little leaf, periwinkle witches' broom and virescence, periwinkle yellows, Phytoplasma asteris, plantain virescence, Poa stunt, poplar witches' broom, poplar yellows, Portulaca yellows, potato purple top, prickly lettuce yellows, Primula yellows, pumpkin yellows, purple coneflower yellows, Quercus proliferation, ragweed yellows, Ranunculus phyllody, rape phyllody, rape virescence, rose witches'-broom, ryegrass yellows, safflower phyllody, Salix proliferation, sandal spike, Saponaria proliferation, Schizanthus proliferation, severe western aster yellows, soybean purple stem, Spirea stunt, Stellaria yellows, strawberry green petal, strawberry phylloid fruit, strawberry stunting, Symphytum proliferation, Tacaco witches'-broom, Tagetes witches' broom, Thalictrum proliferation, tomato big bud, tomato yellows, turnip virescence, Veronica phyllody, watercress witches'-broom, western aster yellows, wild radish yellows

Worldwide

Widespread

-

2024-11-09

Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris is naturally transmitted by a wide range of leafhopper, Macrosteles fascifrons is reported to be the principal vector. Seed is not a pathway.

Wide host range, primarily herbaceous dicots, though strains infect monocots and woody ornamentals

No

CABICPC, ISFRPLD

Seed is not a known pathway.

CABICPC, ISFRPLD

Alternaria brassicola

fungus

Alternaria brassicae f. microspore, Alternaria brassicae var. minor, Alternaria circinans, Alternaria oleracea, Helminthosporium brassicae, Helminthosporium brassicicola, Macrosporium cheiranthi var. circinans, Macrosporium circinans, Macrosporium commune var. circinans, Polydesmus exitiosus f. alternarioides, Polydesmus exitiosus f. luxuriosum, Sporidesmium exitiosum f. alternarioides, Sporidesmium exitiosum f. luxuriosum, Sporidesmium septorioides

Worldwide

Widespread

Mexico

2024-11-09

Alternaria brassicicola is distributed around the world, especially on oleiferous brassicas. It is dispersed widely through seed and by the wind during crop harvest. (CABI)

Many crucifers. Main: brassica sp., melon, cucumber, common bean, radish, tomato, faba bean; Other: lettuce, kohlrabi

Yes

ALTEBI-2, ALTEBI-3, CABICPC

Seed as a pathway is well documented and accepted.

Blotter or culture plating (ISTA)

ALTEBI-2, ALTEBI-3, CABICPC

Blotter, Seed wash, Culture plating, Agar plating, PCR

ALTEBI-4, ALTEBI-5, ISTA

ISTA describes both blotter and culture plating as standard methods

Chemical, Cultural

CABICPC

IPM programs, including crop rotation and sanitation. Seed treatments and disinfections are effective.

Leptosphaeria maculans

fungus

Phoma brassicae, Phoma lingam, Phoma oleracea, Phoma napobrassicae, Phyllosticta brassicae, Phyllosticta napi Sacc., Plenodomus lingam, Pleospora maculans, Sphaeria lingam, Sphaeria maculans

Worldwide

Widespread

China, Korea

2022-03-22

Seed transmission of this pathogen is well established and accepted by the seed industry. This pathogen has been reported in China and Korea (ARS GRIN)

Restricted to Brassicaceae

Yes

LEPTMA-1

Seed transmission of this pathogen is well established and accepted by the seed industry

Blotter paper is the standard method of the NSHS

LEPTMA-1

Blotter paper

LEPYMA-4, LEPYMA-5

This test has been validated by the ISTA and NSHS

Yes, The most effective product now is Coronet by BSAF. Mertect and Iprodione

ISFRPLD

The most effective products on the market are Coronet. Mertect and Iprodione. (Seed treatment information from manufacture labels and seed industry practices.)

Verticillium dahliae

fungus

Verticillium ovatum, Verticillium trachiephilum

Worldwide

Widespread

China

2022-11-11

Prevalent in China

Wide host range (ornamentals, vegetables, agronomic). Isolated from some small grains but not pathogenic on small grains

No

VERTDA-10, VERTDA-16

Pathway not proven. Only one reference found indicating seed may be a pathway but only 1 sample of 74 seed samples tested was found with external Verticillium dahliae. No other references found.

VERTDA-10, VERTDA-16

Mycosphaerella brassicicola

fungus

Asteroma brassicae, Asteromella brassicae, Cercospora albomaculans, Dothidea brassicae, Phyllosticta brassicicola, Phyllosticta napi, Pseudocercosporella anguioides, Sphaerella brassicicola, Sphaeria brassicicola., Depazea brassicicola

Worldwide

AL,CA, HI, IL, OR, NY, TX, WA

Mexico

2022-04-13

Brassicaceae

No

No references found indicating that seed is a pathway. Crop debris is the most common source of inoculum. Plant debris associated with the seed may carry fungal spores.

Fusarium redolens

fungus

Fusarium oxysporum var. redolens, Fusarium redolens var. solani, Fusarium solani var. redolens

Africa: Algeria, Tunisia; Asia: China, Iran, Japan, Pakistan, Turkey; Europe: Czechia, Finland, Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, UK; North America: Canada, USA,; Oceania: New Zealand.

MT, ND.

Korea

2024-09-04

No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Fusarium redolens is soil-borne.

An economic pathogen of carnation. Though reported on other vegetable and grain crops, it is not considered an economic pathogen of many hosts or its economic importance is not known.

No

No references found indicating that seed is a pathway.

Beet western yellows virus

virus

Brassica virus 5, Malva yellows virus, Radish yellows virus, Turnip mild yellows virus, Turnip yellows virus luteovirus

Africa: Eritrea, Ethiopia, Tunisia; Asia: China, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Lebanon, Pakistan, South Korea, Syria, Thailand, Turkey, Yemen; Europe: Czechia, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Spain, UK; North America: USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand.

CA, IL, OR, WA

Korea

2024-08-21

Transmission is by aphid vectors, particularly the green peach aphid.

Main: Brassica spp., radish, spinach. Other: sugarbeet, chickpea, pepper.

No

BWYV00-3, CABICPC, ISFRPLD, DPVWEB

Seed is not known to be a pathway.

BWYV00-3, CABICPC, ISFRPLD, DPVWEB

Pratylenchus fallax

nematode

Turkey, Canada

WI, ND

Korea

2022-06-28

Seed is not known to be a pathway for Pratylenchus spp. Pratylenchus spp. primarily move passively through the soil water matrix.

watermelon, beet, wheat, barley, soybean, rapeseed

No

No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Seed is not known to be a pathway for Pratylenchus spp.

Alternaria japonica

fungus

Alternaria raphani, Alternaria brassicae var. macrospora, Alternaria matthiolae

Africa: Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, Tunisia, Zimbabwe; Asia: Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Myanmar, Pakistan, Saudia Arabia, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand; Europe: Austria, Czechia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Russia, United Kingdom; North America: Canada, Cuba, United States; Oceania: Australia, French Polynesia, New Caldonia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea; South America: Brazil.

AZ, CA, FL, MA, MI, MN, MS, NJ, OH, PA, SC.

Korea

2024-08-20

Alternaria japonica causes black spot disease in cruciferous plants and is well established worldwide. It has a broad host range within the Brassicaceae family and can be difficult to eradicate as it can survive in the soil for years.

Main: brassicas, radish. Other: tomato

Yes

ALTERP-2, ALTERP-5, ALTERP-6, CABICPC, ALTERP-8, ALTERP-9

Seed as a pathway is established and accepted.

ALTERP-2, ALTERP-5, ALTERP-6, CABICPC, ALTERP-8, ALTERP-9

Blotter incubation, culture plating

CABICPC, ISFRPLD

CABI describes the blotter and incubation methods for this pathogen. Commercial testing is available, although these methods have not been standardized or validated. One reference indicates a DNA-based test; however, this method has also not been validated.

Chemical, Cultural

ALTERP-5, CABICPC

Plant disease-free seed. Crop rotation can help where the fungus is persistent in soils. Eradicate volunteer hosts. Chemical, Physical, and biological seed treatments have been reported to be effective in controlling seed inoculum.