Rhodococcus fascians

bacterium

Corynebacterium fascians, Bacterium fascians, Phytomonas fascians, Pseudobacterium fascians, Rhodococcus rubropertinctus

Europe, North America, Central America, Australia, New Zealand, Iran, Russia, Egypt, Colombia

Widespread

Brazil, Thailand

2023-08-21

Though found in many US states, the pathogen is usually restricted and localized. Probably Worldwide, though not reported. Disease outbreaks are sporadic and usually related to poor sanitation. Bulbs, floral and greenhouse crops most susceptible to disease outbreaks. No reports of seed as a pathway in vegetables and agronomic crops.

Primarily a pest of ornamentals, woody ornamentals and floowers. Vegetables and agronomic crops reported susceptible to the bacterium are listed below. Transmits primarily through propagation.

No

CORBFA-3, CORBFA-2

Only broccoli listed as a potential host. Cabbage and cauliflower may not be hosts. No references found indicating seed is a pathway.

CORBFA-3, CORBFA-2

Dickeya chrysanthemi

bacterium

Dickeya chrysanthemi bv. chrysanthemi Dickeya chrysanthemi bv. parthenii Dickeya chrysanthemi pv. chrysanthemi Dickeya chrysanthemi pv. parthenii Erwinia carotovora f.sp. parthenii Erwinia carotovora var. chrysanthemi Erwinia chrysanthemi Erwinia chrysanthemi pv. chrysanthemi Erwinia chrysanthemi pv. parthenii ( Pectobacterium carotovorum f.sp. chrysanthemi Pectobacterium carotovorum var. chrysanthemi Pectobacterium chrysanthemi Pectobacterium chrysanthemi pv. chrysanthemi Pectobacterium chrysanthemi pv. parthenii Pectobacterium parthenii Pectobacterium parthenii var. chrysanthemi Pectobacterium parthenii-dianthicola

Worldwide

AR, CA, CO, CT, FL, GA, IL, MA, MN, NE, NY, NC, ND, OH, PA, SD, TX, VA, WI

Mexico, China

2025-09-12

Dickeya chrysanthemi strains have been isolated from a number of different hosts in different countries. The list of all susceptible plants after inoculation by Dickeya chrysanthemi would be far longer than the natural host range, and difficult to establish. There is little if any information on seed as a pathway for this pathogen and therefore should not be regulated. Eriwina chrysanthemi has been reclassified into Pectobacterium spp. and Dickeya spp.

Primarily ornamentals and flowers. Main: Araceae, Asteraceae familes

Not a host

ERIWCH-3, CABI CPC

Some sources list Brassicas as hosts; however, there’s no evidence that Brassica oleracea specifically is a host of D. chrysanthemi.

ERIWCH-3, CABI CPC

Candidatus phytoplasma asteris

phytoplasma

Aconitum proliferation, Aconitum virescence, Alberta aster yellows, alfalfa stunt, Alstroemeria decline, American aster yellows, Anemone virescence, apple sessile leaf, apricot chlorotic leaf roll, azalea little leaf, banana elephantiasis, basil little leaf, Bermuda grass white leaf, black currant reversion, black pepper yellows, blueberry stunt, broccoli phyllody, Bunias phyllody, cactus virescence, cactus witches'-broom, Calendula virescence, canola yellows, Cardaria phyllody, carrot proliferation, carrot yellows, cassava phyllody phytoplasma, cassava witches' broom, Catharanthus little leaf, Catharanthus virescence, chayote witches'-broom, cherry bunch leaf, cherry little leaf, chlorantie, Chrysanthemum witches'-broom, Chrysanthemum yellows, Cirsium stunt, Cirsium yellows, clover phyllody, columbine virescence, coorg black pepper yellows, cosmos phyllody, Cyclamen virescence, dandelion yellows, Delphinium virescence, dill yellows, Diplotaxis virescence, dogfennel yellows, dogwood stunt, dwarf western aster yellows, eastern aster yellows, Echinacea phyllody, eggplant dwarf, eggplant little leaf, Epilobium phyllody, Erigeron yellows, European aster yellows, false ragweed, Festuca yellows, Gaillardia yellows, Gladiolus virescence, grapevine yellows, grey dogwood stunt, hyacinth yellows, Hydrangea phyllody and virescence, Ipomoea obscura witches' broom, Italian cabbage yellows, Italian lettuce yellows, kale phyllody, larkspur virescence, lazy daisy yellows, lettuce yellows, lilac little leaf, Limonium proliferation, Limonium yellows, Lotus yellows, maize bushy stunt, mallow yellows, marguerite yellows, marigold phyllody, marigold virescence, Maryland aster yellows, Mitsuba witches' broom, monarda yellows, mulberry dwarf, multiplier disease, New England aster yellows, New Jersey aster yellows, oat proliferation, Oenothera virescence, olive witches'-broom, onion phyllody, onion virescence, onion yellows, Papaver virescence, parsley yellows, Paulownia witches' broom, peach red leaf disease, pear proliferation and decline, periwinkle little leaf, periwinkle witches' broom and virescence, periwinkle yellows, Phytoplasma asteris, plantain virescence, Poa stunt, poplar witches' broom, poplar yellows, Portulaca yellows, potato purple top, prickly lettuce yellows, Primula yellows, pumpkin yellows, purple coneflower yellows, Quercus proliferation, ragweed yellows, Ranunculus phyllody, rape phyllody, rape virescence, rose witches'-broom, ryegrass yellows, safflower phyllody, Salix proliferation, sandal spike, Saponaria proliferation, Schizanthus proliferation, severe western aster yellows, soybean purple stem, Spirea stunt, Stellaria yellows, strawberry green petal, strawberry phylloid fruit, strawberry stunting, Symphytum proliferation, Tacaco witches'-broom, Tagetes witches' broom, Thalictrum proliferation, tomato big bud, tomato yellows, turnip virescence, Veronica phyllody, watercress witches'-broom, western aster yellows, wild radish yellows

Worldwide

Widespread

-

2024-11-09

Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris is naturally transmitted by a wide range of leafhopper, Macrosteles fascifrons is reported to be the principal vector. Seed is not a pathway.

Wide host range, primarily herbaceous dicots, though strains infect monocots and woody ornamentals

No

CABICPC, ISFRPLD

Seed is not a known pathway.

CABICPC, ISFRPLD

Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola

bacterium

Bacterium maccullochianum, Bacterium maculicola, Bacterium maculicola var. japonicum, Phytomonas maculicola, Pseudomonas maculicola

Africa: Algeria, Mauritius, Mozambique, South Africa, Zimbabwe; Asia: China, Georgia, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Taiwan, Turkey; Europe: Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Ukraine, UK; North America: Bermuda, Canada, Cuba, El Salvador, Puerto Rico, USA; Oceania: Australia, Fiji, New Zealand; South America: Argentina, Brazil.

CA

China

2024-12-21

There is no evidence that seed is a pathway for this pathogen.

Brassicaceae family

Uncertain

PSDMMC-2, PSDMMC-3, PSDMMC-4, CABI CPC, PSDMMC-5, PSDMMC-6

Though often inferred as a pathway, no references CABI states there is no evidence that seed is a pathway.

PSDMMC-2, PSDMMC-3, PSDMMC-4, CABI CPC, PSDMMC-5, PSDMMC-6

Seed wash

No references found describing a seed test for Pseudomonas syringae pv maculicola on Brassica oleracea. A seed test method using dilution plating is commercially available.

Cultural

PSDMMC-4

Crop residue management, elimination of volunteer plants and weeds, use disease free seed, establish a crop rotation program.

Alternaria brassicola

fungus

Alternaria brassicae f. microspore, Alternaria brassicae var. minor, Alternaria circinans, Alternaria oleracea, Helminthosporium brassicae, Helminthosporium brassicicola, Macrosporium cheiranthi var. circinans, Macrosporium circinans, Macrosporium commune var. circinans, Polydesmus exitiosus f. alternarioides, Polydesmus exitiosus f. luxuriosum, Sporidesmium exitiosum f. alternarioides, Sporidesmium exitiosum f. luxuriosum, Sporidesmium septorioides

Worldwide

Widespread

Mexico

2024-11-09

Alternaria brassicicola is distributed around the world, especially on oleiferous brassicas. It is dispersed widely through seed and by the wind during crop harvest. (CABI)

Many crucifers. Main: brassica sp., melon, cucumber, common bean, radish, tomato, faba bean; Other: lettuce, kohlrabi

Yes

ALTEBI-2, ALTEBI-3, CABICPC, ISFRPLD

Seed as a pathway is well documented and accepted

Blotter or culture plating (ISTA)

ALTEBI-2, ALTEBI-3, CABICPC, ISFRPLD

Blotter, Seed wash, Culture plating, Agar plating, PCR

ALTEBI-4, ALTEBI-5, ISTA

ISTA describes both blotter and culture plating as standard methods

Chemical, Cultural

ISFRPLD

IPM programs, including crop rotation and sanitation. Seed treatments and disinfections are effective.

Verticillium nigrescens

fungus

Gibellulopsis nigrescens

Asia: China, Japan; North America: USA

GA

Brazil

2025-09-05

Verticillium nigrescens (now often called Gibellulopsis nigrescens) is a mostly saprophytic soil-borne fungus and a weak or opportunistic plant pathogen. It survives in soil and plant debris mainly as chlamydospores and can infect roots when germination is triggered by root exudates. Transmission occurs through soil and possibly contaminated plant material, but there is no confirmed evidence of seed transmission.

Soybean and cotton are main hosts, but even on these hosts it is a weak pathogen.

No

VERTNI-2, CABI CPC, RICH ISTA, VERTNI-6

No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Reported as a weak pathogen on this host.

VERTNI-2, CABI CPC, RICH ISTA, VERTNI-6

Leptosphaeria maculans

fungus

Phoma brassicae, Phoma lingam, Phoma oleracea, Phoma napobrassicae, Phyllosticta brassicae, Phyllosticta napi Sacc., Plenodomus lingam, Pleospora maculans, Sphaeria lingam, Sphaeria maculans

Worldwide

Widespread

China, Korea

2022-03-22

Seed transmission of this pathogen is well established and accepted by the seed industry. This pathogen has been reported in China and Korea (ARS GRIN)

Restricted to Brassicaceae

Yes

LEPYMA-2, ISFRPLD

Seed transmission of this pathogen is well established and accepted by the seed industry

Blotter paper is the standard method of the NSHS

LEPYMA-2, ISFRPLD

Blotter paper

LEPYMA-4, LEPYMA-5

This test has been validated by the ISTA and the NSHS

Yes, The most effective product now is Coronet by BSAF. Mertect and Iprodione

ISFRPLD

The most effective products on the market are Coronet. Mertect and Iprodione. (Seed treatment information from manufacture labels and seed industry practices.)

Verticillium albo-atrum

fungus

Verticillium albo-atrum var. caespitosum Verticillium albo-atrum var. tuberosum

Worldwide, primarily in cool temperate climates and in potato producing areas

Widespread, especially in northern states

China, Thailand

2025-09-15

Verticillium albo-atrum is a soilborne fungal pathogen that causes Verticillium wilt in a wide range of host plants, including vegetables, ornamentals, and woody crops. The fungus invades the plant through the roots, colonizes the vascular system, and disrupts water transport. It survives in soil for many years as microsclerotia, making management difficult. The pathogen is primarily spread through infested soil, plant debris, and infected planting material, but seed transmission has been reported (and unverified) in older reports for some crops.

Main: cauliflower. broccoli, lucerne, tomato, potato; Other: brussel sprouts, cucumber

Not a host

VERTAA-2, VERTAA-9, CABI CPC, VERTAA-14, VERTAA-15

No references found indicating Brassica spp. as a host for this pathogen.

VERTAA-2, VERTAA-9, CABI CPC, VERTAA-14, VERTAA-15

Phytophthora erythroseptica var. erythroseptica

fungus

Phytophthora himalayensis, Phytophthora erythroseptica

Worldwide, especially where potatoes are grown

Widespread in potato growing regions

China

2023-08-21

This pathogen has not been repoted in China. True seed is not known to be a pathway.

This is an important pathogen of potato. Affects a few other important crops, but not known to be a serious pathogen of other crops. Most crops not known to be a host in nature.

No

PHYTER-1

Not a host. Brassica oleracea var., as a host group has only been established under artificial inoculation, infection in nature not reported. True seed is not known to be a pathway.

PHYTER-1

Tobacco mosaic virus

virus

TMV U1, type, Vulgare or Common strain tobacco mosaic tobamovirus, VMT (Virus mosaique de tabac)

Worldwide

Widespread

Mexico

2023-08-21

Broad host range. Cultivated species listed below.

No

Occasionally listed as hosts, no evidence that seed is a pathway.

Pleospora herbarum

fungus

Too many to list, most commonly used names include Alternaria putrefaciens, Clasterosporium putrefaciens, Sporidesmium putrefaciens, Stemphyllium botryosum, Stemphylium herbarum.

Worldwide

Widespread

2023-08-21

Primarily a post harvest pathogen

Wide host range

No

No references found indicating seed is a pathway

Arabis mosaic virus

virus

Arabis mosaic nepovirus, Ash ring and line pattern virus, forsythia yellow net virus, hop nettlehead virus, jasmine yellow blotch virus, raspberry yellow dwarf virus, Rhabarber mosaik virus (rhubarb mosaic virus), rhubarb mosaic virus

Africa: Egypt, South Africa; Asia: India, Iran, Japan, Kazakhstan, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey; Europe: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czechia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK; North America: Canada, Mexico, USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand; South America: Chile, Peru

CT, FL, MI, MN, MO, NE, NY, OH, SC

Mexico, China, Korea, Brazil, Thailand

2025-09-11

Arabis mosaic virus is a virus in the genus Nepovirus that infects a wide range of crops. It is transmitted mainly by the nematode Xiphinema diversicaudatum in soil and through infected planting material, with mechanical transmission possible. A heavily cited report from 1967 suggests seed transmission in some species, but no further evidence has been found since.

Wide host range including many vegetable, agronomic and fruit species. Main: celery, asparagus, sugarbeet, cucumber, carrot, lettuce, clover.

No

ARMV00-5, CABI CPC, DPV WEB, ARMV00-10

Arabis mosaic virus is not commonly reported as a natural pathogen of Brassica oleracea. While the species has been shown to be susceptible under experimental inoculation, there are no records of natural field infections.

ARMV00-5, CABI CPC, DPV WEB, ARMV00-10

Mycosphaerella brassicicola

fungus

Asteroma brassicae, Asteromella brassicae, Cercospora albomaculans, Dothidea brassicae, Phyllosticta brassicicola, Phyllosticta napi, Pseudocercosporella anguioides, Sphaerella brassicicola, Sphaeria brassicicola., Depazea brassicicola

Africa: Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Mrocco, Rwanda, South Africa, Tunisia, Uganda; Asia: Cambodia, China, India, Israel, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Turkey, Vietnam; Europeícenles: Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Guernsey, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Maltam Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Sweden, UK; North America, Canada, Haiti, Jamaica, Mexico, Panama, Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia, Trinidad and Tobago, USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand, Norfolk Island; South America: Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, Guyana, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela.

AL, CA, HI, IL, OR, NY, TX, WA

Mexico

2025-09-28

Mycosphaerella brassicicola is an ascomycete fungus that causes ringspot disease on Brassica crops, forming concentric leaf lesions that can lead to defoliation and reduced plant vigor. It survives between seasons on infected crop debris. The pathogen spreads primarily via airborne, wind-dispersed ascospores that infect leaves through stomata under cool, moist conditions, with local spread also possible via water splash. Some sources note seed infection but no references were listed and no reports were found that discuss seed transmission of this bacteria.

Main: Brassicaceae family

No

MYCOBR-2, MYCOBR-3, MYCOBR-4, MYCOBR-6, MYCOBR-7, MYCOBR-8, MYCOBR-9, MYCOBR-10, MYCOBR-11, MYCOBR-12

No references found indicating seed as a pathway. Crop debris is the most common source of inoculum. Plant debris associated with the seed may carry fungal spores.

MYCOBR-2, MYCOBR-3, MYCOBR-4, MYCOBR-6, MYCOBR-7, MYCOBR-8, MYCOBR-9, MYCOBR-10, MYCOBR-11, MYCOBR-12

biological, chemical, cultural

MYCOBR-5

Control relies on clean seedbeds, proper fertilisation, and hot water treatment. Chemical sprays and resistant cultivars can also help reduce disease.

Beet western yellows virus

virus

Brassica virus 5, Malva yellows virus, Radish yellows virus, Turnip mild yellows virus, Turnip yellows virus luteovirus

Africa: Eritrea, Ethiopia, Tunisia; Asia: China, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Lebanon, Pakistan, South Korea, Syria, Thailand, Turkey, Yemen; Europe: Czechia, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Spain, UK; North America: USA; Oceania: Australia, New Zealand.

CA, IL, OR, WA

Korea

2024-08-21

Transmission is by aphid vectors, particularly the green peach aphid.

Main: Brassica spp., radish, spinach. Other: sugarbeet, chickpea, pepper.

No

BWYV00-3, CABICPC, ISFRPLD, DPVWEB

Seed is not known to be a pathway.

BWYV00-3, CABICPC, ISFRPLD, DPVWEB

Tobacco rattle virus

virus

Aster ringspot virus, belladonna mosaic virus, paeony mosaic virus, paeony ringspot virus, peony mosaic virus, peony ringspot virus, potato corky ringspot virus, potato stem mottle virus, ratel virus, spinach yellow mottle virus, Tabakmauche Virus, Tabakstreifen und Kra, tobacco rattle tobravirus, tulip white streak virus

Worldwide

AK, CA, CO, FL, ID, IL, IN, MA, MI, MN, NE, NC, ND, OH, OR, PA, UT, WA, WI

Korea

2024-09-08

Tobacco Rattle Virus is soil-borne and transmitted between plants by the nematode species Trichodorus and Paratrichodorus. Seed is only known to be a pathway in some weed species.

TRV occurs on numerous crops in many countries and has been detected on over 100 mono- and dicotyledonous plant species.

No

CABICPC, ISFRPLD, RICHISTA

Brassica oleracea vars. are known to be hosts for Tobacco rattle virus, though it rarely causes disease problems. No references found indicating seed is a pathways.

CABICPC, ISFRPLD, RICHISTA

Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae

bacterium

Many

Worldwide

Widespread

Thailand, China, Korea

2022-12-01

Seed is known to be a pathway on several crops. Thailand lists this pathogen as prohibited on corn. China lists this pathogen (Pseudomonas oryzicola) as prohibited on rice.

Wide host range. Important vegetable and agronomic crops listed below.

No

PSDMSY-2

No references found indicating that Brassica oleracea are hosts for this pathogen.

PSDMSY-2

Pythium vexans

fungus

Pythium complectens, Phytopythium vexans, Pythium allantocladon, Pythium ascophallon, Pythium piperinum, Ovatisporangium vexans, Pythium euthyphyphon, Pythium polycladon

Africa, Asia, Europe, Guatemala, Caribbean, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, Chile, South Korea, New Zealand, Canada

HI, OK, CA, NC, MD, VA, DE, PA, NJ, WA, TN, LA, WI, IA

Korea

2023-08-21

Primarily affecting seedlings and roots and is transmitted mainly through infested soil. Seed is not known to be a pathway for any host. Zoospores of this fungus can swim in open water for a short distance. This pathogen has been reported in S. Korea. Korea lists this pathogen as Phytopythium vexans

Wide host range

No

PYTHVE-1, PYTHVE-3

Seed is not known to be a pathway for any host.

PYTHVE-1, PYTHVE-3

Gibberella avenacea

fungus

Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium avenaceum f.sp. fabae, Fusarium avenaceum subsp. aywerte, Fusarium roseum var. avenaceum

Worldwide, primarily in temperate regions.

Widespread

Thailand

2022-11-22

One of many Fusaria, Gibberella's that may contaminate kernels.

Primarily a grain and clover pathogen with a wide host range.

No

GIBBAV-2, GIBBAV-4, GIBBAV-6

Several references list seed as a pathway for this pathogen. No references with supporting data were found.

GIBBAV-2, GIBBAV-4, GIBBAV-6

Nacobbus aberrans

nematode

Anguillulina aberrans, Nacobbus batatiformis, Nacobbus bolivianus, Nacobbus serendipiticus, Nacobbus serendipiticus bolivianus, Pratylenchus aberrans

Egypt, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Peru, Mexico

AR, CO, KS, MT, NE, SD, UT, WY

Korea

2023-08-21

Seed is not known to be a pathway for this nematode in any host.

potato, vegetables

No

NACOBA-1, NACOBA-2

Seed is not known to be a pathway for this nematode in any host.

NACOBA-1, NACOBA-2

Xiphinema diversicaudatum

nematode

Dorylaimus diversicaudatus, Dorylaimus elongatus apud, Longidorus diversicaudatus, Xiphinema diversicaudatum, Xiphinema amarantum, Xiphinema basiri apud, Xiphinema israeliae apud, Xiphinema paraelongatum, Xiphinema sahelense apud, Xiphinema seredouense

Africa: Morocco, South Africa; Asia: India, Turkey; Europe: Austria, Belgium, Croatia, Czechia, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Urkaine, UK; North America: USA. Oceania: New Zealand.

CA

Korea

2024-09-09

Found primarily in pasture and woodland areas. May spread nepoviruses. Seed is not known to be a pathway for dagger nematodes.

Wide host range

No

XIPHDI-1, CABICPC, ISFRPLD

Seed is not known to be a pathway.

XIPHDI-1, CABICPC, ISFRPLD

Cladosporium cladosporioides

fungus

Cladosporium graminum, Cladosporium herbarum, Mycosphaerella schoenoprasi, Mycosphaerella tulasnei, Mycosphaerella tassiana, Penicillium cladosporioides, Hormodendrum cladosporioides, Monilia humicola

Africa: Egypt, South Africa; Asia: Bangladesh, China, India, Iran, Israel, Oman, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Syria; Europe: France, Hungary, Italy; North America: USA; South America: Argentina, Brazil

IA, OR

Korea

2025-10-07

This pathogen is considered primarily a post harvest pathogen that does not cause disease in most of it's hosts (CLADCL-1). C. cladosporioides spreads primarily by wind, rain splash, or contaminated surfaces. It can also persist on plant debris, some seeds, and stored produce, serving as inoculum for new infections. The fungus thrives in cool, moist environments and is especially common in greenhouses, storage areas, and outdoor crops during humid seasons.

Wide host range

No

CABI CPC

No references found indicating Brassica seed is a pathway.

CABI CPC

Alternaria japonica

fungus

Alternaria raphani, Alternaria brassicae var. macrospora, Alternaria matthiolae

Africa: Egypt, Kenya, South Africa, Tunisia, Zimbabwe; Asia: Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Japan, Myanmar, Pakistan, Saudia Arabia, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand; Europe: Austria, Czechia, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Russia, United Kingdom; North America: Canada, Cuba, United States; Oceania: Australia, French Polynesia, New Caldonia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea; South America: Brazil.

AZ, CA, FL, MA, MI, MN, MS, NJ, OH, PA, SC.

Korea

2024-08-20

Alternaria japonica causes black spot disease in cruciferous plants and is well established worldwide. It has a broad host range within the Brassicaceae family and can be difficult to eradicate as it can survive in the soil for years.

Main: brassicas, radish. Other: tomato

Yes

ALTERP-2, ALTERP-5, ALTERP-7, CABICPC, ISFRPLD, ALTERP-9

Seed as a pathway is established and accepted.

ALTERP-2, ALTERP-5, ALTERP-7, CABICPC, ISFRPLD, ALTERP-9

Blotter incubation, culture plating

CABICPC, ISFRPLD

CABI describes the blotter and incubation methods for this pathogen. Commercial testing is available, although these methods have not been standardized or validated. One reference indicates a DNA-based test; however, this method has also not been validated.

Chemical, Cultural

ALTERP-5, CABICPC

Plant disease-free seed. Crop rotation can help where the fungus is persistent in soils. Eradicate volunteer hosts. Chemical, Physical, and biological seed treatments have been reported to be effective in controlling seed inoculum.