Solanum lycopersicum
tomato
92 Related Pests
Tobacco streak virus
virus
Annulus orae, Asparagus stunt virus, Black raspberry latent ilarvirus, Datura quercina virus, New logan virus, Micotiana virus 8, Nicotiana virus vulaerans, Tobacoo streak ilarvirus, Tracttus orea
Worldwide
CA, CO, FL ID IA, KT, MA, MI, MN, NC, OH, OK, OR, PA, WA, WI
Korea, Thailand
2022-11-04 18:19:53
Requires thrips to transmit from plant to plant.
Extensive host range includes many weeds, fruit and ornamental plant species. Over 70 species reported as hosts. The vegetables and agronomic crops listed below are important hosts of Tobacco streak virus
No
TSV000-1,TSV000-2,TSV000-8,
Pathway not proven. Seed transmission demonstrated with artificially inoculated plants only. No evidence seed as a pathway in nature was found.
TSV000-1,TSV000-2,TSV000-8,
Tobacco Streak Virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Sdoodee R, Teakle DS, 1988. Seed and pollen transmission of tobacco streak virus in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Grosse Lisse). Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 39:469-474
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database, www.pestlist.worldseed.org, Nyon, Switzerland
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis
bacterium
Aplanobacter michiganensis, Bacterium michiganense, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. Michiganensis, Corynebacterium michiganense, Corynebacterium michiganense pv. Michiganense, Corynebacterium michiganense subsp. Michiganense, Erwinia michiganensis (=michiganense), Mycobacterium michiganense, Phytomonas michiganensis, Pseudomonas michiganense, Pseudomonas michiganensis
Worldwide
Widespread
Cambodia, China, Mexico, South Korea, Thailand, Vietnam
2024-03-19 18:50:08
tomato, pepper, Wild species of Solanum have been reported as hosts.
Yes
CORBMI-5,CORBMI-6,CORBMI-7,CABI CPC,ISF RPLD
Seed as a pathway is well documented and accepted for this pathogen
Seedwash, liquid plating with PCR confirmation is the standard test of NSHS and ISHI
CORBMI-5,CORBMI-6,CORBMI-7,CABI CPC,ISF RPLD
Seed wash/Liquid plating, Serology, PCR
CORBMI-8,CORBMI-9
Seed wash /liquid plating with PCR is a standard method of the NSHS
Biological, Chemical, and Cultural
CABI CPC,ISF RPLD
Use healthy seeds. Seed treatments are available as is HCl seed disinfestation. Use good hygeine and sanitation processes. Good management practices such as regular field inspections, are recommended.
Ricker MD, Riedel RM, 1993. Effect of secondary spread of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis on yield of northern processing tomatoes. Plant Disease, 77:364-366
Gleason ML, Braun EJ, Carlton WM, Peterson RH, 1991. Survival and dissemination of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis in tomatoes. Phytopathology, 81:1519-1523
Chang RJ, Ries SM, Pataky JK, 1992a. Local sources of Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. michiganensis in the development of bacterial canker on tomatoes. Phytopathology, 82:553-560
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
International Seed Federation “Method for the Detection of Clavibacter michiganensis spp. michiganensis on Tomato Seed. Version 4.1, 2014. http://www.worldseed.org/isf/ishi_vegetable.html
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis Seed Health Testing Method Mz 10.1 National Seed Health System www.seedhealth.org
Tomato black ring virus
virus
Lettuce Ringspot Virus, Bean Ringspot Virus, Beet Ringspot Virus, Celery Yellow Vein Virus, Lettuce Ringspot Virus,Potato Bouquet Virus, Potato Pseudo-Aucuba Virus,Tomato Black Ring Nepovirus
India, Japan, Turkey, throughout Europe
Not known to occur
China, Korea, Mexico, Thailand
2022-11-03 18:40:04
Wide host range reported. Requires the Dagger nematode to transmit this virus
Wide host range, however many are experimental only. Important crops listed below.
No
TBRV00-4,ISF RPLD,TBRV00-2,TBRV00-3,
Pathway not proven. No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Older literature (TBRV00-2, TBRV00-3) lists seed as a possible pathway, but no evidence of seed transmission was presented for this host.
TBRV00-4,ISF RPLD,TBRV00-2,TBRV00-3,
Murant AF, 1983. Seed and pollen transmission of nematode-borne viruses. Seed Science and Technology, 11:973-987.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Lister RM, Murant AF, 1967. Seed-transmission of nematode-borne viruses. Annals of Applied Biology, 59:49-62.
Murant AF, Lister RM, 1967. Seed-transmission in the ecology of nematode-borne viruses. Annals of Applied Biology, 59:63-76.
Alfalfa mosaic virus
virus
Alfalfa virus 1 and 2, Lucerne mosaic virus, Marmor medicaginis, Potato calico virus, Tomato necrotic tip curl, Alfalfa yellow spot
Worldwide
Widespread
Sudan, Mexico
2022-09-13 19:10:36
Wide host range
No
AMV000-6,
Pathway not proven. No references found. ISF Pestlist Databaes, 2018 found one reference indicating seed maybe a pathway, but seed was not directly tested, it is unclear if the proper control or methodology was used to determine seed infection transmission. Tomato is a host of Alfalfa mosaic virus, and seed pathway is inferred in many tomato disease guides,, but no references were cited or data presented to verify this inference.
AMV000-6,
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org. Nyon Switzerland
Candidatus liberibacter solanacearum
phytoplasma
Liberibacter psyllaurous, Liberibacter solancearum, Candidatus Liberibacter psyllaurous, psyllid yellows, zebra complex
Canada, Mexico, Central America, Northern Europe, New Zealand, Honduras, Mexico, Finland, Sweden, Norway, France, Spain, Canary Islands.
TX, NB, CO, KS, WY, NM, AZ, NV, CA, ID, OR, MT, ND, UT, WA
China, Thailand, Korea
2021-11-15 19:09:10
Primarily found in potatoes and tomatos in US, Not known to occur in carrots, peppers or celery in the US.
potato, tomato, pepper, tobacco, eggplant, other solanaceus weeds Reported on carrot, celery.
No
LIBEPS-1,LIBEPS-2,
This bacterium requires the Bactericera trigonica or Trioza apicalis psyllid for transmision. There is no evidence that seed is a pathway.
LIBEPS-1,LIBEPS-2,
Rhodococcus fascians
bacterium
Corynebacterium fascians, Bacterium fascians, Phytomonas fascians, Pseudobacterium fascians, Rhodococcus rubropertinctus
Europe, North America, Central America, Australia, New Zealand, Iran, Russia, Egypt, Colombia
Widespread
Brazil, Thailand
2023-08-21 16:50:36
Though found in many US states, the pathogen is usually restricted and localized. Probably Worldwide, though not reported. Disease outbreaks are sporadic and usually related to poor sanitation. Bulbs, floral and greenhouse crops most susceptible to disease outbreaks. No reports of seed as a pathway in vegetables and agronomic crops.
Primarily a pest of ornamentals, woody ornamentals and floowers. Vegetables and agronomic crops reported susceptible to the bacterium are listed below. Transmits primarily through propagation.
No
CORBFA-2,CORBFA-3,
Listed as a potential host, not common. No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
CORBFA-2,CORBFA-3,
Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens
bacterium
Bacterium atrofaciens, Phytomonas atrofaciens, Pseudomonas atrofaciens
Canada, Iran, Australia, New Zealand, Eastern Europe, Morocco, South Africa, Zimbabwe
AK, CO, IL, MN, MT, NY, ND, PA, VA,
China, Korea
2021-04-26 20:51:32
Not considered an important disease in the US. Very limited distribution.
Limited to small grains, though reported on tomato. Grasses may harbor the pathogen but no eivdence that this is a pathogen of grasses.
No
PSDMAT-4,
Not a host. Artificial inoculation only. No evidence that tomato is a natural host for this pathogen. There is no evidence it is an important pathogen.
PSDMAT-4,
Bradbury, J.F. 1986. Guide to Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. CAB International Mycological Institute. United Kingdom
Dickeya chrysanthemi
bacterium
Eriwina chrysanthemi (and pathovars,varieites), Pectobacterium chrysanthemi (and pathovars,varieties), Erwinia carotovora pvs. chrysanthemi/parthenii, Pectobacterium carotovorum pvs. chrysanthemi/parthenni
Worldwide
Widespread
Mexico, China
2022-11-11 19:41:39
Dickeya chrysanthemi strains have been isolated from a number of different hosts in different countries. The list of all susceptible plants after inoculation by Dickeya chrysanthemi would be far longer than the natural host range, and difficult to establish. There is little if any information on seed as a pathway for this pathogen and therefore should not be regulated.
Eriwina chrysanthemi has been reclassified into Pectobacterium spp. and Dickeya spp.
Primarily ornamentals and flowers. Only hosts of Dickeye chrysanthemi or Dickeya zeae are listed below. (Ma, et.al. 2007)
No
ERIWCH-12,ERIWCH-1,ISF RPLD,ERIWCH-13,
Pathway not proven. One reference found indicating seed may be a pathway but all research was done with artificially inoculated seeds or under laboratory conditions. No evidence that seed is a pathway under natural conditions.
ERIWCH-12,ERIWCH-1,ISF RPLD,ERIWCH-13,
Alvizantos, 1985. Bacterial wilt of tomato in Greece caused by Erwinia chrysanthemi. Plant Pathology 34: 638-639
Dickeya chrysanthemi In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Aysan, Y., Sahin, F., Ceinkaya-Yildiz, R., Mirik, M. and Yucel, F. (2005). Occurrence and primer inoculum sources of bacterial stem rot caused by Erwinia species on tomato in the eastern Mediterranean region of Turkey. Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection 112 (1): 42–51
Candidatus phytoplasma asteris
phytoplasma
Worldwide
Widespread
2021-11-15 19:27:42
AY phytoplasmas are not seed transmissable and seed is not a pathway in any host.
Wide host range, primarily herbaceous dicots, though strains infect monocots and woody ornamentals
No
PHY01-1,PHY01-2,
Seed is not a pathway for AY phytoplasmas
PHY01-1,PHY01-2,
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato
bacterium
Bacterium tomato, Pseudomonas tomato
Worldwide
Wide spread
China, Korea, Thailand
2021-04-26 21:35:33
tomato
Yes
PSDMTM-4,PSDMTM-5,
Seed as a pathway has been demonstrated and is accepted by the seed industry
Seed wash and agar plating is the standard method of the NSHS.
PSDMTM-4,PSDMTM-5,
Seed wash and agar plating
NSHS USDA,
This test has been validated by the NSHS.
Yes. Disinfectants, such as hot water or hypochlorides commonly used.
PSDMTM-1,
Commercial seed companies often use hypochloride disinfectants.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
McCarter, Jones, Gitaitis,Smitley. 1983. Survival of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato in association with tomato seed, soil, host tissue and epiphytic weed hosts in Georgia. Phytopathology 73:1393-1398
United Stated Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Protection Service National Seed Health System (USDA-APHIS NSHS) www.seedhealth.org
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Ralstonia solanacearum
bacterium
Too many to list, see CABI CPC for a complete list
Worldwide
Widespread
China
2022-08-30 17:40:04
Most important economic crop is potato. Host range is extremely wide.
No
RLSTSO-3,RLSTSO-4,RLSTSO-2,
Pathway not proven. Though references have speculated seed as a potential pathway for this pathogen, fruit used for these experiments did not come from seed production crops. Seed transmission from artificially inoculated plants, fruit or seed has also been demonstrated, but there is no evidence that seed is a pathway under natural seed production systems.
RLSTSO-3,RLSTSO-4,RLSTSO-2,
Chatterjee, B., Chakraborty, M., Habib, A.A. and Samaddar, K.R., 1994. Survival of Pseudomonas solanacearum biovar 3 on seeds of eggplant. Bacterial Wilt Newsletter, (11).
Singh R, 1994. Seed transmission studies with Pseudomonas solanacearum in tomato and eggplant. ACIAR Bacterial Wilt Newsletter, 11:12-13.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi
nematode
Aphelenchoides ribes, Aphelenchoides phyllophagus, Aphelenchoides ritzema-bosi, Pathophelenchus ritzemabosi, Pseudaphelenchoides ritzemabosi, Tylenchus ribes
Worldwide
CA, CO, WY, FL
China
2021-09-14 21:07:53
Has restricted distribution in China
Primary hosts are chrysanthemum and strawberry. Reported on a wide range of hosts, only important hosts listed below.
No
APLORI-1,APLORI-2,APLORI-3
No evidence that seed is a pathway. Only seed of Chinese aster a known pathway for this nematode (APLORI-1)
APLORI-1,APLORI-2,APLORI-3
Brown, 1956. A seed-borne attack of chrysanthemum eelworm (Aphelenchoides ritzema-bosi) on the annual aster (Callistephus chinensis). Journal of Helminthology, 30:145-148.
Aphelencoides ritzemabosi In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. 2020. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Colletotrichum capsici
fungus
Vermicularia capsici
Worldwide, primarily in tropical production
Southeast US.
Chile, Mexico
2022-02-08 21:20:11
Farr and Rossman, 2015 considers this Colletotrichum species an anamporh of Colletotrichum truncatum.
pepper, tomato, eggplant, Chinese cabbage, bitter gourd
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Not considered an important host of this pathogen.
Colletotrichum truncatum
fungus
Colletotrichum dematium f. sp.truncatum, Vermicularia truncata
Worldwide
Widespread
Chile, Mexico
2022-11-11 19:08:42
A possible anamporh of Colletotrichum capsici (ARS GRIN)
soybean, pepper, tomato, bean, pea and a broad range of weed species
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Not a common pest of tomato.
Verticillium nigrescens
fungus
China, Japan, Canada, Italy, Australia, New Zealand. (Most likely a worldwide saprophyte.)
GA, MS, MO
Brazil
2022-10-09 00:10:34
Not considered a highly virulent fungal pathogen. Often found as a saprophyte or weakly pathogenic at most. This fungus should not be regulated on seed.
Soybean and cotton are main hosts, but even on these hosts it is a weak pathogen. Has been isolated from other hosts, though primarily as a saprophyte or weakly pathogenic
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Reported as a weak pathogen on this host
Didymella lycopersici
fungus
Ascochyta lycopersici, Diplodina lycopersici, Phoma lycopersici, Sphaeronaema lycopersici,
Worldwide
AK, DE, FL, NJ, NC, OR, VA, WI
China, Korea, Thailand
2022-11-22 18:57:08
peppers, tomato, eggplant
Yes
DIDYLY-2,DIDYLY-3,DIDYLY-4,ISF RPLD,
Seed transmission has been demonstrated. Spores of the fungus are found on external seed parts. Fungus does not survive more than 9 months on seed.
DIDYLY-2,DIDYLY-3,DIDYLY-4,ISF RPLD,
Agar plate
DIDYLY-2,DIDYLY-3,
This method has not been validated or standardized. Commercial testing is available.
Thiram and Benomyl
DIDYLY-6,DIDYLY-7,DIDYLY-4,
Knight DE, Keyworth WG, 1960. Didymella stem rot of outdoor tomatoes. I and II. Annals of Applied Biology, 48:245-269.
Phillips DH, 1956. Tomato seed transmission of Didymella lycopersici Kleb. Transactions of British Mycological Society, 39:319-329.
Fagg J, Fletcher JT, 1987. Studies of the epidemiology and control of tomato stem rot caused by Didymella lycopersici. Plant Pathology, 36:361-366
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Kasselaki AM, Malathrakis NE, Goumas DE, Cooper JM, Leifert C, 2008. Effect of alternative treatments on seed-borne Didymella lycopersici in tomato. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 105:36-41
Kasselaki AM, Malathrakis NE, Goumas DE, Leifert C, 2007. Effect of alternative seed treatments on seed-borne fungal diseases in tomato. In: Improving sustainability in organic and low input food production systems. Proceedings of the 3rd International Congress of the European Integrated Project Quality Low Input Food (QLIF), University of Hohenheim, Germany, 20-23 March, 2007 [ed. by Niggli, U.\Leifert, C.\Alföldi, T.\Lück, L.\Willer, H.]. Frick, Switzerland: Research Institute of Organic Agriculture (FiBL), 289-291.
Verticillium albo-atrum
fungus
Verticillium albo-atrum var. caespitosum, Verticillium albo-atrum var. tuberosum
Worldwide, primarily in cool temperate climates and in potato producing areas
Widespread, especially in northern states
China, Thailand
2022-11-11 17:40:00
Many reports of Verticillium albo-atrum in crops reported prior to 1970 may have actually been Verticillium dahlia. Only lucerne, potatoes, tomatoes and hops are considered important hosts. This pathogen has been reported in China
Wide host range. An important pathogen of potatoes.
No
VERTAA-1,VERTAA-2,VERTAA-9,ISF RPLD,
Verticillium albo atrum can cause verticillium wilt in tomatoes, but no evidence that seed is a pathway for this pathogen was found. A 1934 reference to seed as a possible pathway was found, but more recent references have not found an association of the pathogen with seed.
VERTAA-1,VERTAA-2,VERTAA-9,ISF RPLD,
Verticillium albo-atrum In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Anonymous 1960. Index of Plant Diseases in the United States. U.S.D.A. Agric. Handb. 165: 1-531. (94)
Richardson, MJ. 1990. Annotated List of Seedborne Diseases, Fourth Ed. International Seed Testing Association. Zurich, Switzerland
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Verticillium dahliae
fungus
Verticillium ovatum, Verticillium trachiephilum
Worldwide
Widespread
China
2022-11-11 18:36:13
Prevalent in China
Wide host range (ornamentals, vegetables, agronomic). Isolated from some small grains but not pathogenic on small grains
No
VERTDA-22,VERTDA-23,VERTDA-26,
Pathway not proven. Verticillium dahliae is a ubiquitous soilborne fungus with a wide host range. Early reports of seed transmission or dissemination have not been substantiated in field grown tomatoes. The role of seed as a pathway in the epidemiology of the disease has limited importance and modern seed production practices may prevent and limit seed dissemination.
VERTDA-22,VERTDA-23,VERTDA-26,
Yes, van Koot, 1949 suggested hot water (45-50 C) for 30 mins.
VERTDA-24,
This article suggests that this treatment could be used on growers saving seed. The role of seed as a pathway has not ben substatined in modern seed prodcution practices.
Rudolph, B.A. 1944. The unimportance of tomato seed in the dissemination of Verticillium wilt in California. Phytopathology 34:622–630.
Kadow, K. J. 1934. Seed transmission of Verticillium wilt of eggplants and tomatoes. Phytopathology 24:1265-1268.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org. Nyon, Switzerland
van Koot, Y and Brons, EC. 1949. Production and disinfestation of tomato seed. Review of Applied Mycology 28:493
Phytophthora erythroseptica var. erythroseptica
fungus
Phytophthora himalayensis, Phytophthora erythroseptica
Worldwide, especially where potatoes are grown
Widespread in potato growing regions
China
2023-08-21 16:40:32
This pathogen has not been repoted in China. True seed is not known to be a pathway.
This is an important pathogen of potato. Affects a few other important crops, but not known to be a serious pathogen of other crops. Most crops not known to be a host in nature.
No
PHYTER-1,PHYTER-3,PHYTER-5,ISF RPLD,
Not a host. Tomato, as a host has only been established under artificial inoculation, infection in nature not reported. True seed is not known to be a pathway.
PHYTER-1,PHYTER-3,PHYTER-5,ISF RPLD,
Phytophthora erythroseptica var. erythroseptica In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Whelan J, Loughnane JB, 1969. Non-solanaceous hosts of Phytophthora erythroseptica. Sci. Proc. R. Dublin Soc. Ser. B, 171-177
Jones W, 1954. Pink rot of potato tubers on Vancouver Island. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Science, 34:504-506.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Phytophthora fragariae
fungus
Phytophthora fragariae var. oryzobladis
Worldwide
Widespread
China
2022-12-01 19:25:04
Only the leaf blight of rice strain reported in China (PHYTFR-2)
In nature only strawberry and rice (leaf blight strain)
No
PHYTFR-2,
A host by artificial inoculation only,
PHYTFR-2,
Erwin DC, Ribeiro OK, 1996. Phytophthora Diseases Worldwide. American Phytopathological Society Press, St Paul, Minnesota, USA:
Phytophthora hibernalis
fungus
South Africa, Congo, Israel, Turkey, Australia, New Zealand, Europe, Central America, Caribbean, Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela
CA, OR
2022-12-01 19:27:56
Primarily a pathogen of citrus trees.
No
PHYTHI-3,
Not a host in nature. Fruit rot was caused by Phytophthora hibernalis when fruit were artificially inoculated and stored. No references indicating tomato is a host in nature found.
PHYTHI-3,
Nadel-Schiffmann, M., 1947. Phytophthora hibernalis. Pal. J. Bot. Rehovot ser, 6:148-157.
Peronospora hyoscyami f.sp. tabacina
fungus
Peronospora effusa var. hyoscyami, Peronospora hyoscyami, Peronospora nicotianae, Peronospora tabacina
Worldwide
Widespread in tobacco growing regions in the SE USA
China
2021-05-03 17:52:54
The role of infected seeds in disseminating the fungus remains undetermined in tobacco and seems insignificant for the spread of blue mould.
Primarily tobacco. Reported on tomato, pepper and eggplant, but these are not considered important hosts
No
PEROHY-1,PEROHY-3,
Not a host. Though older literature indicated that this fungus may attack tomato, it was based on symptoms and the pathogen was not confirmed and it is unlikely that tomato is even a host in nature. No evidence that seed is a pathway for this host or other hosts.
PEROHY-1,PEROHY-3,
Thecaphora solani
fungus
Angiosorus solani
Mexico, Panama, South America
Not known to occur
China
2021-04-22 16:20:55
Not reported in China
potatoes. Reported in tomato once from Colombia
No
THPHSO-1,
Tomato is not considered an important host for this pathogen. Only reported in tomato once in Colombia.
THPHSO-1,
Thecaphora solani In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Moniliophthora perniciosa
fungus
Crinipellis perniciosa
South and Central America, Caribbean
Not known to occur
China
2022-12-01 18:41:02
Cacoa only in nature. S-biotype has infected tomato and pepper in laboratory settings.
No
MONIPE-2,
A biotype of this pathogen (S-biotype) found in wild species of solanum in Brazil has caused disease in tomato and pepper when artificially inoculated in the greenhouse. This pathogen, however, is not known to infect tomato or pepper under natural cultivation.
MONIPE-2,
Marelli, J.P., Maximova, S.N., Gramacho, K.P., Kang, S. and Guiltinan, M.J., 2009. Infection biology of Moniliophthora perniciosa on Theobroma cacao and alternate solanaceous hosts. Tropical Plant Biology, 2:149-160.
Tobacco ringspot virus
virus
Anemone necrosis virus, Annulus tabaci, Blueberry necrotic ringspot virus, Nicotiana virus 12, Soybean bud blight virus, Tobacco Brazilian streak virus, Tobacco ringspot nepovirus, Tobacco ringspot virus No. 1
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea, China
2022-09-22 18:37:27
Nepovirus. Requires the Xiphinema americanum nematode for transmission. This pest has been reported to be in Korea.
Extensive host range includes many weed, fruit and ornamental plant species. The vegetables and agronomic crops listed below are important
No
TORSXX-5,TORSXX-2,
No references found indicating seed is a pathway in tomato.
TORSXX-5,TORSXX-2,
Eggplant mottled dwarf virus
virus
Tomato vein yellowing virus, Eggplant mottled dwarf nucleorhabdovirus, Hibiscus vein yellowing virus, Pelargonium vein clearing virus, Pittosporum vein clearing virus, Pittosporum vein yellowing virus, Tomato vein clearing virus
North Africa, Afghanistan, Iran, Israel, Europe, Australia and Japan
Not known to occur
Mexico, Korea
2023-08-21 22:08:19
This virus is not known to be seed borne (CABI CPC)
Primarily eggplant. Other solanacious and cucurbit crops, and ornamentals that are propagated have been reported as minor hosts.
No
EMDV00-1,EMDV00-2,
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
EMDV00-1,EMDV00-2,
Broad bean wilt virus
virus
Broad bean wilt fabavirus, Catalpa chlorotic leaf spot virus, Nasturtium ringspot virus, Nasturtium white spot virus, Pea streak virus, Patchouli mild mosaic virus, Patchouli mild mottle virus, Petunia ringspot virus, Tropaeolum ringspot virus, Plantago II virus
Worldwide
FL, MN, NY, OH, VT, SC, WI
Mexico
2021-04-01 18:06:48
MX Organic List for beet and spinach. Only artificial inoculation of faba bean has resulted in possible seed transmission. Not known to be common in nature. BBWV is not known to be seed borne in other crops.
Broad bean wilt virus has been reported in natural infections of 180 species of 41 plant families and thus has a very extensive natural host range. Occurs primarily in Eurpoe and Asia
No
BBWV00-1,BBWV00-5,DVP WEB,
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
BBWV00-1,BBWV00-5,DVP WEB,
Tomato ringspot virus
virus
Tomato ringspot nepovirus, Blackberry (Himalaya) mosaic virus, Euonymus chlorotic ringspot virus, Euonymus ringspot virus, Grape yellow vein virus, Grapevine yellow vein virus, Nicotiana 13 virus, Peach stem pitting virus, Prune brown line virus, Prunus stem pitting virus, Red currant mosaic virus, Tobacco ringspot virus 2, Winter peach mosaic virus
Worldwide
Widespread, primarily along the Pacific coast, NY, PA
Korea, Mexico, Thailand
2022-11-07 17:26:14
Natural spread is confined to areas where there are moderate to high populations of nematode vectors belonging to the genus Xiphinema. Requires the nematode to spread. Seed transmission only shown in strawberry and raspberry in nature.
Wide host range, primarily ornamentals and fruit trees. Vegetable crops infected are listed below. Not known to infect grains and grasses
No
TORSV0-3,TORSV0-6,TORSV0-4,
Seed is not known to be a pathway. No conclusive evidence of seed being a pathway in nature. Though one reference indicates seed transmission may occur, no data was presented in this reference to support the claim.
TORSV0-3,TORSV0-6,TORSV0-4,
Tomato Ringspot Virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Hollings, M., Stone, O.M. and Dale, W.T. (1972). Tomato ringspot virus in Pelargonium in England. Plant Pathology 21:46–47
International Seed Federation Pest List Database. http://www.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Chrysanthemum stunt viroid
viroid
Chrysanthemum stunt pospiviroid
Worldwide
KS, MI, MN, NY, PA
Mexico
2022-01-19 19:49:52
Tomato is not known to host Chrysanthemum stunt viroid in nature. Only experimental work done by Kryczynski, et al. implicates tomato as a host for Chyrsanthemum stunt viroid. No other vegetable is known to be a host.
Primarily Chrysanthemum spp., especially C. morifolium, Ageratum spp., Argyranthemum frutescens, Petunia hybrida, Dalhia
No
CSVd00-2,ISF RPLD,
Pathway not proven. Tomato only shown as a host in laboratory experiments using artificially infected plants. Seed showed the presence of Chrysanthemum stunt viroid serologically but not visually.
CSVd00-2,ISF RPLD,
RT-PCR
ISF RPLD,
This test is available commercially, but has not been standardized or validated.
Tobacco mosaic virus
virus
TMV U1, type, Vulgare or Common strain
tobacco mosaic tobamovirus,
VMT (Virus mosaique de tabac)
Worldwide
Widespread
Mexico
2023-08-21 16:58:52
Broad host range. Cultivated species listed below.
Yes
TMV000-4,TMV000-9,TMV000-11,
Seed as a pathway well documented and accepted in this crop.
Bioassay is the standard method of the NSHS. ELISA is commonly used as a pre-screen.
TMV000-4,TMV000-9,TMV000-11,
Bioassay, ELISA
TMV000-4,TMV000-10,
Bioassay is the standard of the NSHS
Seed disinfection,Trisodium orthophosphate followed by sodium hypochlorite treatment, HCl soaks
TMV000-7,TMV000-8,
Clean seed programs and the use certified Tomato mosaic virus free seed
Cicek Y, Yorganci U, 1991. Studies on the incidence of tobacco mosaic virus on certified seed of tomato, pepper and eggplant in Aegean region. Journal of Turkish Phytopathology, 20:57-68
Alekseev RV, Schcherbinin BM, Tokareva NN, 1974. Transmission of tobacco mosaic virus by tomato seeds and the means for their disinfection. Sb. Nauch. Tr. VNII Oroshaem. Ovoshchevodstva I Bakhchevodstva, 2:77-81.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org
Tobamovirus Seed Health Method So 5.1. 2015. The National Seed Health System, www.seedhealth.org"
Gooding GV Jr, 1975. Inactivation of tobacco mosaic virus on tomato seed with trisodium orthophosphate and sodium hypochlorite. Plant Disease Reprt. 59:770-772
Alekseev RV, Shcherbinin BM, Tokareva NN, 1975. Control of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) in tomato seed crops. Sb. Nauch. Tr. VNII Oroshaem. Ovoshchevodstva i Bakhchevodstva, No.3/4:82-87
Tomato bushy stunt virus
virus
Lycopersicon virus 4
Australia, Limited distribution elsewhere but worldwide.
Limited distribution in CA
Mexico, Thailand, Korea
2022-09-21 20:33:55
Capsicum annuum, Solanum lycopersicum, Solanum melongena, trees, ornamentals, tulips, annual poa grasses
No
TBSV00-2,TBSV00-3,
Pathway not proven. TBSV was detected in plants grown from seed from tomato plants that were infected with TBSV in one laboratory experiment, but no other references were found to verify the . Seed used in this experiment were from known infected plants and no references were found indicating seed is a pathway in nature.
TBSV00-2,TBSV00-3,
Potato virus Y
virus
brinjal mosaic virus, datura 437 virus, Marmor upsilon, potato acropetal necrosis virus, potato severe mosaic virus, potato virus 20, potato Y potyvirus, Solanum virus 2, Tabakrippenbraune Virus, tobacco vein banding, mosaic virus, tobacco veinal necrosis virus, tobacco vein-banding virus
Worldwide
Widespread
Mexico
2024-02-16 17:13:36
PVY is transmitted in a non-persistent manner by more than 50 aphid species. (CABI) PVY is not known to be seed borne in any host, including true potato seed. PVY is best controlled by the production, propagation and distribution of elite virus-free planting stocks, nucleus stocks of which are maintained under stringent conditions to prevent infection.
Primarily potato. Reported in tomato and pepper.
No
PVY000-2,PVY000-10,RICH ISTA,
No evidence that seed is a pathway. Richardson (RICH ISTA) cites one reference where seed implicated as a potential pathway. Most references do not indicate seed is a pathway for any host.
PVY000-2,PVY000-10,RICH ISTA,
Brunt, AA, Crabtree, K., Dallwitz, MJ, Gibbs, AJ, Watson, L. and Zurcher, EJ. (eds.). Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database, Version: 16th 1997. http://bio-mirror.im.ac.cn/mirrors/pvo/vide/refs.htm
J.Arambura,L. Galipienso, M. Matas 2006, Characterization of potato virus y isolates from tomato crops in Northeast Spain. Europen Journal of Plant Pathology 2006 115: 247-258
Richardson, MJ. 1990. An Annotated List of Seedborne Diseases. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich Switzerland.
Tomato spotted wilt virus
virus
Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus, Tomato spotted wilt virus group
Worldwide
Widespread
2023-08-21 17:00:09
Seed is not a pathway for Tospoviruses, including Tomato spotted wilt virus
Wide host range. Over 800 plant species are known hosts. Primarily ornamentals,flowers. No evidence that small grains or corn are hosts.
No
TSWV00-1,TSWV00-2,TSWV00-3
Seed is not a pathway for Tospoviruses, including Tomato spotted wilt virus
TSWV00-1,TSWV00-2,TSWV00-3
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org
Kormelink R. 2005. Tomato spotted wilt virus Datasheet 412. Description of Plant Viruses Online. 2016. www.dpvweb.net.
Tomato apical stunt viroid
viroid
TASVd, Tomato apical stunt pospiviroid
Austria, Croatia, France, Germany, Italy, Finland, Netherlands , Israel, Poland, Slovenia, Côte d'Ivoire, Senegal, Tunisia, Indonesia
Not known to occur
Korea, Thailand
2022-09-13 19:00:36
Symptoms are often not present in infected plants
Very limited. tomato, pepper and a few other solanaceous plants.
No
TASVd0-2,TASVd0-3,TASVd0-5,TASVd0-6,TASVd0-7,ISF RPLD,
Pathway not proven. There is experimental evidence of tomato seed being a possible pathway. This viroid has been detected on seed, but evidence of transmission was not shown. All other research on seed as a pathway experimental only. Seed transmission is not conclusive.
NAKT validated Protocol, 2014
TASVd0-2,TASVd0-3,TASVd0-5,TASVd0-6,TASVd0-7,ISF RPLD,
RT- PCR
TASVd0-4,
Though seed transmission is not conclusive, commercial testing is available. NAKT has validated the RT-PCR protocol.
Sanitation, crop rotation, cultural practices may reduce disease problems
Antignus, Y., Lachman, O., Pearlsman, M., Gofman, R., and Bar-Joseph, M. 2002. A new disease of greenhouse tomatoes in Israel caused by a distinct strain of Tomato apical stunt viroid (TASVd). Phytoparasitica 30:502-510.
Hammond, R. W. and Owens, R. A. 2006. Viroids: New and Continuing Risks for Horticultural and Agricultural Crops. Oniine. APSnet Features. doi: 10.1094/APSnetFeature-1106
Antignus, Y., Lachman, O., and Pearlsman, M. 2007. The spread of Tomato apical stunt viroid (TASVd) in greenhouse tomato crops is associated with seed transmission and bumble bee activity. Plant Dis. 91:47-50
Matsushita, Y., Tsuda, S., 2016. Seed transmission of potato spindle tuber viroid, tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid, tomato apical stunt viroid, and Columnea latent viroid in horticultural plants., Europeaon J. of Plant Pathology 145: 1007-1011.
Faggioli, F., Luigi, M., Sveikauskas, V., Olivier, T., Marn, M. V., Plesko, I. M., Jonghe, K. de, Bogaert, N. van, Grausgruber-Gröger, S., 2015. An assessment of the transmission rate of four pospiviroid species through tomato seeds., Europeaon J. of Pant Pathology143: 613-617.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Naktuinbouw Reference Protocol: Tomato Apical Stunt Viroid. 2014. http://www.naktuinbouw.nl/sites/naktuinbouw.eu/files/20140801Tomatopopsiviroids.pdf
Pleospora herbarum
fungus
Too many to list, most commonly used names include Alternaria putrefaciens, Clasterosporium putrefaciens, Sporidesmium putrefaciens, Stemphyllium botryosum, Stemphylium herbarum.
Worldwide
Widespread
2023-08-21 16:43:10
Primarily a post harvest pathogen
Wide host range
No
PLEOHE-11,
Pathway not proven. Reference above cited unpublished research that cannot be verified. No other references found indicating seed is a pathway.
PLEOHE-11,
Richardson, MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seedborne Diseases. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Stemphylium vesicarium
fungus
Pleospora alli, Helminthosporium vesicarium, Macrosporium alliorum, Mystrosporium alliorum, Macrosporium parasiticum, Stemphylium parasiticum
Worldwide
CA, FL, MI, NY, TX, WA
2021-04-27 18:09:21
Ascospores (P. allii) and conidia (S. vesicarium) are mainly air-dispersed. This pathogen is often referred to as Pleospora alli in the literature
onion, leek, alfalfa, wheat, sunflower, pea, radish, tomato, parsley
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway for this crop.
Arabis mosaic virus
virus
Arabis mosaic nepovirus, Ash ring and line pattern virus, Forsythia yellow net virus, Hop nettlehead virus,Jasmine yellow blotch virus, Raspberry yellow dwarf virus, Rhabarber mosaik virus (rhubarb mosaic virus), Rhubarb mosaic virus
Worldwide
CT, FL, MI, MN, MO, NE, NY, OH, SC
Mexico, China, Korea, Brazil, Thailand
2022-10-08 00:16:31
This virus has been reported in Mexico, China (CABI, 2017), but natural spread may be limited to EU (Murant, 1974).
Wide host range including many vegetable, agronomic and fruit species
No
ARMV00-3,ARMV00-4,ARMV00-5,ARMV00-7,
Pathway not proven. Lister and Murant, (ARMV00-5) research done with artificially inoculated plants only. Mandahar (ARMV00-4) concluded seed transmission of Arabis mosaic virus in field uncommon.
ARMV00-3,ARMV00-4,ARMV00-5,ARMV00-7,
Murant. 1983. Seed and Pollen Transmission of Nematode-borne viruses. Seed Sci and Technol. 11:973-987
Mandahar, CL. 1981. Virus Transmission through seed and pollen. In, Plant Diseases and Vectors, Maramorosch, K and Harris, KF, ed. Acedemic Press.
Lister and Murant. 1967. Seed-transmission of nematode-borne viruses. Annals of Applied Biology, 59:49-62.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org. Nyon Switzerkand
Passalora concors
fungus
Mycovellosiella concors, Fusisporium concors,Cercospora concors
Widespread in potato regions
GA, IA, MS, NY, WA, IN, WV, VT
Korea
2022-12-01 18:57:36
potato
No
ARS GRIN,
Tomato is listed on the ARS GRIN as a possible host but the pathogen is only included on a "preliminary" list of pathogens that may be in Poland. No substantiated evidence of tomato being a host for this pathogen was found. This is a pathogen of potato.
ARS GRIN,
Farr, DF and Rossman AY 2015. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici
fungus
none
Worldwide
CA, FL, MS, PA, OH
Korea, Thailand
2022-11-22 19:16:03
Though reported worldwide, this pathogen is found mostly in soils that are cool and damp, or in enclosed productions.
tomato
No
FUSARL-2,FUSARL-3,FUSARL-4,
Pathway not proven. No references found indicating seed is a pathway in nature. References indicating seed may be a pathway were either done with artificially inoculated seeds or it is unclear as to whether the research was done with commercial seed. Some disease guides also indicate that seed may be a pathway but no data presented.
FUSARL-2,FUSARL-3,FUSARL-4,
Agar incubation
FUSARL-4,
Test done in research only. Test has not been validated or standardized for commercial use, though some commercial entities offer testing for this fungus.
Cleaning and sanitization of tomato seed would reduce the potential for this organism being associated with the seed.
FUSARL-2,
Production of the seeds by crop inspections and not harvesting from infected plants should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org. Nyon, switzerland
Menzies, J.G. 1991. The infestation of tomato seed by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici. Canadian Plant Disease Survey 71:16.
Menzies, J.G. and Jarvis, W.R. 1994. The infestation of tomato seed by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. radicis-lycopersici. Plant Pathology 43: 378-386.
Fusarium redolens
fungus
Fusarium oxysporum var. redolens
China, Japan, Turkey, New Zealand, Czech Republic, Finland
Not known to occur
Korea
2021-04-07 16:27:34
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
An economic pathogen of carnation. Though reported on other vegetable and grain crops, it is not considered an economic pathogen of many hosts or its economic importance is not known. Only hosts with peer reviewed publications are listed below. Other crops often listed in various countries harmful pest lists or inventories without evidence presented.
Pathway not proven
FUSARE-6,
Only one reference found indicating that seed might be a pathway. However, seedlings did not show symptoms after 8 weeks in soil but the pathogen was recovered from extracted vascular tissue. The pathogen was not directly recovered from the seed. Other research done with artificially inoculated plants. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of this pathogen on tomato seed.
FUSARE-6,
Wilcox HJ and Jackson H. 1970. Occurrence of Fusarium redolens in tomato and seed-borne infection Plant pathology 19:98-99
Chilli veinal mottle virus
virus
Chilli veinal mottle potyvirus, Chilli vein-banding mottle virus
Asia, Tanzania, New Guinea
Not known to occur
Korea
2022-01-19 17:55:51
Primarily mechanically transmitted
pepper, tobacco
No
CHIVMV-1,CHIVMV-2,
Tomato is not known to be a natural host. Experimental host only.
CHIVMV-1,CHIVMV-2,
Chilli veinal mottle virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Ong CA, Varghese G, Ting WP, 1979. Aetiological investigations on a veinal mottle virus of chilli (Capsicum annuum L.) newly recorded from Peninsular Malaysia. MARDI Research Bulletin, 7:78-88.
Tomato infectious chlorosis virus
virus
Tomato infectious chlorosis closterovirus
Asia, Tunisia, Europe, Mexico
Reported in CA, NC
Korea
2022-09-21 21:02:34
Whitefly transmitted virus. Phloem limited Criniviruses are not known to be seed transmitted. Not to be confused with Tomato chlorosis virus, a closely related Crinivirus.
tomato, potato, petunia
No
TICV00-2,TIC
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Seed transmission is not known to occur in Criniviruses or other members of the Closteroviridae family.
TICV00-2,TIC
Tomato chlorosis virus
virus
Worldwide
CA, CO, CN, FL, GA, LA, NY, VA
Korea
2021-08-26 16:10:16
Whitefly transmitted. Phloem limited Crinivirus. Crinivirus' are not known to be seed transmitted. Not to be confused with Tomato infectious chlorosis virus, a closely related Crinivirus.
tomato, pepper
No
TOCV00-1,
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Criniviruses, like all Closteroviridae are not known to be seed borne or transmitted.
TOCV00-1,
Tomato chlorosis virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid
viroid
India, Japan, Canada, Mexico, Europe
CO, AZ
Korea, Thailand
2022-09-21 21:03:45
Closely related to Potato spindle tuber viroid. Few occurrences in the US. Though Capsicum annum is often tested for this viroid, there is no evidence that it is a host.
tomato, petunia
No
TCDVd-2,TCDVd-3,TCDVd-4,
Pathway not proven. Data conflicting or research used artificially inoculated plants only. Increased detections of the viroid in the world increases speculation of seed as a pathway but seed transmission is still debatable (Ling, personal communication, 2018)
RT-PCR (NSHS Method So 6.1)
TCDVd-2,TCDVd-3,TCDVd-4,
RT-PCR
TCDVd-2,NSHS USDA,
RT-PCR is the standard method of the NSHS. Seed is often tested, though seed as a pathway is not sufficiently.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org
Matsushita Y, and Tsuda S. 2016. Seed transmission of potato spindle tuber viroid, tomato chlorotic dwarf viroid, tomato apical stunt viroid, and Columnea latent viroid in horticultural plants. Eur. J. Plant Pathol.
Koenraadt, H., Jodlowska, A., van Vliet, A. Verhoeven, K. (2009). Detection of TCDVd and PSTVd in seeds of tomato. Phytopath. 99: S66.
United Stated Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Protection Service National Seed Health System (USDA-APHIS NSHS) www.seedhealth.org
Tobacco etch virus
virus
Tobacco etch potyvirus,Tobacco severe etch potyvirus,Tomato etch potyvirus, Tomato etch virus
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-09-13 18:54:01
No evidence that Tobacco etch virus is seed borne
pepper, tomato, tobacco
No
TEV00-1,DVP WEB,
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
TEV00-1,DVP WEB,
Beet curly top virus
virus
Beet curly top curtovirus, Potato green dwarf virus, Sugarbeet curly leaf virus, Sugarbeet virus 1, Tomato yellows virus, Western yellow blight virus
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2021-03-29 20:43:05
Beet leafhopper vector is more common in arid regions of sugar beet production areas. Not known to be seed transmitted in any host. More common in the western US where vectors are more common.
celery, table beet, sugarbeet, pepper, cucumber, melon, squash, common bean, tomato, cowpeas, spinach, potato
No
BCTV00-1,BCTV00-5,BCTV00-6,
Seed is not known to be a pathway in any host of Beet curly top virus
BCTV00-1,BCTV00-5,BCTV00-6,
Beet Curly Top Virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Thomas and Zink. Beet curly top virus. Description of Plant Viruses; wwwdvpweb.net
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org
Gibberella stilboides
fungus
Fusarium stilboides, Fusarium lateritium var. longum,Fusarium lateritium var. stilboides, Fusarium stilboides var. minus
Central America, Africa, Australia, Russia, Poland, Germany
Not known to occur
Korea
2022-11-22 19:29:08
A tropical disease of coffee.
coffee, pine trees, tomato
No
GIBBST-2,GIBBST-3,
Only one reference from Russia cited this fungus (Fusarium stiboides) as a host and found on tomato seed, but seed was artificially inoculated with this fungus. No reports of natural infection of this fungus on tomato were found.
GIBBST-2,GIBBST-3,
Phoma destructiva
fungus
Phoma destructiva var, destructiva, Diplodina destructiva, Phyllosticta lycopersic, Remotididymella destructiva
Worldwide, primarily in tropic environments
Widespread in southeast US
2022-05-26 18:01:26
Though worldwide, not commonly reported.
tomato, pepper
No
ISF RPLD,ARS GRIN,PHOMDE-5,
Pathway not proven. Though Phoma destructiva has been reported on seed, there is very little data presented to support these statements. Phoma destructiva is also isolated from seed collected and harvested from local varieties without quality seed production practices or tested soon after harvest (not properly dried). No references found indicating seed transmission in nature.
ISF RPLD,ARS GRIN,PHOMDE-5,
Blotter, Agar incubation.
PHOMDE-5,
These methods were applied for research purposes and have not been validated or standardized for clinical use.
Quality seed production practices and seed treatments (thiram) used as a protectant for other soil fungus should be effective against this fungus
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Farr, DF and Rossman AY 2015. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/
Boerema, G.H., De Gruyter, J., Noordeloos, M.E., and Hamers, M.E.C. 2004. Phoma identification manual: differentiation of specific and infra-specific taxa in culture. CABI Publishing,Wallingford, UK 470 pages.
Impatiens necrotic spot virus
virus
Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus, Impatiens strain
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2021-04-20 19:25:01
The virus is closely related to Tomato spotted wilt virus and a member of the Tospovirus group of viruses which are thrip transmitted. Seed transmission is unlikely and not reported for any host.
Moderately wide natural host range, including many ornamentals. Vegetable, agronomic and important grass and flower species listed below.
No
INSV00-1,INSV00-2,INSV00-3,
Thrip transmitted in nature. Seed is not known to be a pathway.
INSV00-1,INSV00-2,INSV00-3,
Difficult to control. Field control must consider the virus and the vector for success.
Impatiens necrotic spot virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Kormelink R, Peters D and Goldbach R. 1998. Tospovirus genus. Descirption of Plant Viruses; dvpweb.net.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org
Cowpea mild mottle virus
virus
Bean angular mosaic virus, Cowpea mild mottle carlavirus, Eggplant mild mottle virus, Groundnut crinkle virus, Groundnut ngomeni mottle virus, Psophocarpus necrotic mosaic virus,Tomato pale chlorosis virus,Voandzeia mosaic virus
Asia, Africa, Oceania, Belgium, Netherlands
Not known to occur
Korea
2022-11-11 19:14:53
The virus is transmitted by white flies.
cowpea, soybean, common bean, tomato, peanut, faba bean
No
CPMMV0-2,CPMMV0-4,
This virus is not common in tomato and there is no evidence that seed is a pathway.
CPMMV0-2,CPMMV0-4,
ELISA is used for testing of legumes for this virus.
Hop stunt viroid
virus
Citrus cachexia viroid, Citrus viroid I, Cucumber pale fruit viroid, Dapple plum and peach fruit disease viroid
Worldwide.
CA, AZ, FL,TX, WA
Mexico
2022-11-22 19:36:50
Primarily an important pathogen of hop, citrus and some stone fruits. Does not occur widespread in any location except Shandong, China
citrus, prunus, hop, other fruit trees. Cucumber seems to be the only vegatable affected by this viroid in nature. Tomato is an uncommon host and probably only experimental.
No
HSVd-3,
Pathway not proven. The reference above indicated tomato seed as a pathway for Hop stunt viroid (Cucumber pale fruit viroid) under experimental conditions. No references found indicating seed is a pathway in nature. This viroid is not common in tomato.
HSVd-3,
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database, www.pestlist.worldseed.org. Nyon Switzerkand
Ditylenchus dipsaci
nematode
Anguillula devastatrix, Anguillula dipsaci, Anguillula secalis, Anguillulina dipsaci,Anguillulina dipsaci var. communis, Ditylenchus allocotus, Ditylenchus amsinckiae, Ditylenchus dipsaci var. tobaensis, Ditylenchus fragariae,Ditylenchus sonchophila, Ditylenchus trifolii, Tylenchus allii Tylenchus devastator, Tylenchus devastatrix
Tylenchus dipsaci, Tylenchus havensteini, Tylenchus hyacinthi, Tylenchus putrefaciens
Worldwide in temperate climates.
Widespread
Brazil
2023-05-05 19:09:29
Ditylenchus dipsaci is known to attack over 450 different plant species, including many weeds. There are approximately 20 biological races known that tend to prefer certain hosts.
No
ISF RPLD,
Tomato is an uncommon host for this nematode. No references found indicating seed is a pathway
ISF RPLD,
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Pythium vexans
fungus
Pythium complectens, Phytopythium vexans, Pythium allantocladon, Pythium ascophallon, Pythium piperinum, Ovatisporangium vexans, Pythium euthyphyphon, Pythium polycladon
Africa, Asia, Europe, Guatemala, Caribbean, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, Chile, South Korea, New Zealand, Canada
HI, OK, CA, NC, MD, VA, DE, PA, NJ, WA, TN, LA, WI, IA
Korea
2023-08-21 16:48:58
Primarily affecting seedlings and roots and is transmitted mainly through infested soil. Seed is not known to be a pathway for any host. Zoospores of this fungus can swim in open water for a short distance. This pathogen has been reported in S. Korea. Korea lists this pathogen as Phytopythium vexans
Wide host range
No
PYTHVE-1,PYTHVE-3,
Seed is not known to be a pathway for any host.
PYTHVE-1,PYTHVE-3,
Columnea latent viroid
viroid
CLVd, Columnea latent pospiviroid
Mali, Thailand, Germany, France, Italy, Netherlands, Costa Rica, Canada
MD
Korea, Thailand
2022-11-11 19:11:10
A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed CLVd00-2)
tomato
No
CLVd00-2,
Pathway not proven. There is conflicting information on whether seed is a pathway for Columnea latent viroid in tomato. One reference indicates Columnea latent viroid could be detected on the seed, however, another indicates transmission did not occur. A recent reference indicates seed transmission occurred in 3 out of 4 varieties of tomato inoculated and grown under experimental conditions. Columnea latent viroid infection in tomato is considered self limiting in that extremely small numbers of seed are produced in infected tomato plants.
Naktuinbouw reference protocol (NAKT NL)
CLVd00-2,
RT-PCR
CLVd00-2,NAKT NL,
Commercial testing available using the Naktuinbouw reference protocol.
No references found indicating a seed treatment is effective against Columnea latent viroid in tomato. Seed treatments to sanitize the seeds against Columnea latent viroid are considered to be of little use in preventing seed-borne transmission, ISF
Pepper chat fruit viroid
viroid
PCFVd
Thailand, Canada
Not known to occur
Korea
2022-12-01 19:04:31
pepper, tomato
No
PCFVd0-2,PCFVd0-3,PCFVd0-4,
Pathway not proven. Tomato seed has been shown to be a pathway in several references, however, it is unclear as to whether the seed was from natural infections or if the seed extracted and cleaned in a commercial manner.
RT-PCR is the NSHS Standard Method (So 6.1)
PCFVd0-2,PCFVd0-3,PCFVd0-4,
RT-PCR
PCFVd0-2,
Seed assays are commercially available. RT-PCR is the standard method of the NSHS.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org
Yanagisawa, H. and Matsushita, Y. (2017). Host ranges and seed transmission of Tomato planta macho viroid and Pepper chat fruit viroid. European J. of Plant Path. 149: 211-217.
Chambers, G.A., Seyb, A.M., Mackie, J., Constable, F.E., Rodoni, B.C., Letham, D., Davis, K. and Gibbs, M.J. (2013). First Report of Pepper chat fruit viroid in Traded Tomato Seed, an Interception by Australian Biosecurity. Plant Disease 97: 1386
Tomato planta macho viroid
viroid
Mexican papita pospiviroid, Mexican papita viroid,Tomato planta macho pospiviroid, TPMVd
Canada, Mexico
Not known to occur
Korea, Thailand
2022-12-01 20:24:08
There is no evidence that Capsicum annuum is a host for this viroid.
tomato
No
TPMVd0-2,TPMVd0-3,
Pathway not proven. Seed transmission only demonstrated when seed was grown from artificially inoculated plants. No evidence that seed is a pathway from naturally infected plants.
RT-PCR (NSHS Method So 6.1)
TPMVd0-2,TPMVd0-3,
RT-PCR
TPMVd0-3,NSHS USDA,
RT-PCR is the standard method of the NSHS.
TPMVd0-3,
A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed.
Yanagisawa, H. and Matsushita, Y. (2017). Host ranges and seed transmission of Tomato planta macho viroid and Pepper chat fruit viroid. European J. of Plant Path. 149: 211-217.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org
United Stated Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Protection Service National Seed Health System (USDA-APHIS NSHS) www.seedhealth.org
Tobacco leaf curl virus
virus
Tobacco cabbaging virus, Tobacco curly leaf virus, Tobacco frenching virus, Tobacco leaf curl begomovirus, Tobacco leaf curl bigeminivirus, Tobacco leaf curl geminivirus, Tobacco leaf curl virus 1, Tomato yellow dwarf virus
Africa, Asia, Denmark, Romania, Spain, Switzerland, Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Colombia, Venezuela
KY
Korea
2021-04-22 16:26:29
Seed is not known to be a pathway for this virus.
tobacco, pepper, tomato, spinach
No
TLCV-2,
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
TLCV-2,
Osaki, T and Inouye, T, 1981. Tobacco leaf curl virus. Datasheet 232. Description of Plant Viruses; www.dvpweb.net.
Tobacco necrosis virus
virus
Bean stipple streak virus, Chenopodium necrosis necrovirus, Cucumber systemic necrosis virus, Euonymus mosaic virus, Strawberry necrotic rosette virus, Tobacco necrosis necrovirus, Tulip Augusta disease virus, Tulip necrosis virus
South Africa, Japan, India, China, Turkey, Europe, UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Brazil
CA, IL, NE, NY, UT, WI
Korea
2021-04-22 16:28:24
Tobacco necrosis virus probably worldwide, but often overlooked because it infects roots only. Seed is not known to be a pathway for this virus.
carrot, bean, cucumber, tomato, beet, potato, tulip
No
TNV000-2,
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
TNV000-2,
Kassanis, B., 1970. Tobacco necrosis virus. Datasheet 14. Description of Plant Viruses; www.dvpweb.net.
Tomato torrado virus
virus
Morocco, South Africa, Italy, Hungary, Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Panama, Australia, Colombia
Not known to occur
Korea, Thailand
2021-05-18 17:46:36
Whitefly transmitted virus
pepper, tomato, eggplant
No
TOTV00-1,
Pathway not proven. Low levels of seed transmission in greenhouse experiments using artificially inoculated plants demonstrated. No reports of seed being a pathway in nature.
TOTV00-1,
Grow out with RT-PCR confirmation
TOTV00-1,
This method used in research and has not been validated or standardized.
Pospieszny, H., Borodynko-Filas, N., Hasiów-Jaroszewska, B., Rymelska, N., & Elena, S. 2018. Transmission rate of two Polish Tomato torrado virus isolates through tomato seeds. Journal of General Plant Pathology, 85:109-115
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus
virus
Tomato yellow leaf curl begomovirus, Tomato leaf curl bigeminivirus, Tomato leaf curl geminivirus, Tomato leaf curl Oman virus, Tomato yellow leaf curl Gezira virus, TYLCV
Worldwide
Southern states
Korea
2022-12-01 20:26:43
Several strains of Tomato yellow curl virus are known. Strains tend to be isolated to certain regions of the world. Whitefly transmitted geminivirus. Geminiviruses are usually not seed transmitted.
tomato, pepper
No
TYLCV0-2,TYLCV0-3,TYLCV0-4,TYLCV0-5,ISF RPLD,
Pathway not proven. Only one reference found indicating that seed may be a pathway using artificial inoculation in the laboratory with an experimental clone of the virus. However, all other references conclude that there is no seed transmission for this virus.
TYLCV0-2,TYLCV0-3,TYLCV0-4,TYLCV0-5,ISF RPLD,
Tomato yellow leaf curl virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Czosnek H., 1999. Tobacco leaf curl virus. Datasheet 368. Description of Plant Viruses; www.dvpweb.net.
Pérez-Padilla, V., Fortes, I., Romero-Rodríguez, B., Arroyo-Mateos, M., Castillo, A., Moyano, C., De León, L., & Moriones, E. 2020. Revisiting Seed Transmission of the Type Strain of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus in Tomato Plants.. Phytopathology, 110:121-129.
Kil, E., Kim, S., Lee, Y., Byun, H., Park, J., Seo, H., Kim, C., Shim, J., Lee, J., Kim, J., Lee, K., Choi, H., & Lee, S. 2016. Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV-IL): a seed-transmissible geminivirus in tomatoes. Scientific Reports, 6:1-10.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Pelargonium zonate spot virus
virus
Israel, Italy, France, Spain, Australia, Argentina
CA
Korea, Thailand
2022-12-01 19:00:13
Tomato, sunflower, pepper, pelargonium in nature. Others by artificial inoculation.
No
PZSV00-1,PZSV00-4,
Pathway not proven. Seed transmission demonstrated with artificially inoculate plants, only. No other references indicating seed transmission were found. Significant outbreaks of this virus in tomato are uncommon.
PZSV00-1,PZSV00-4,
ELISA, PCR
PZSV00-4,
Commercial tests using ELSIA or PCR are available. Test methods have not been validated or standardized.
Lapidot M., Guenoune-Gelbart D., Leibman D., Holdengreber V., Davidovitz M., Machbash Z., Klieman-Shoval S., Cohen S., and Gal-On, A.. 2010. Pelargonium zonate spot virus Is Transmitted Vertically via Seed and Pollen in Tomato. Phytopathology 100:798-804
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org
Pepino mosaic virus
virus
Pepino mosaic potexvirus, PepMV
Worldwide
AL, AZ, CA, CO, FL, MD, MN, OK, TX
Korea, Thailand
2021-05-03 16:50:42
Probably in all tomato production areas
tomato, eggplant, potato, melon pear, pepino melon
Yes
PEPMV0-4,PEPMV0-5,PEPMV0-6,PEPMV0-7,PEPMV0-8,
Seed as a pathway for Pepino mosaic virus is well documented and accepted.
ELISA with Indicator Plants is the temporary standard of the NSHS
PEPMV0-4,PEPMV0-5,PEPMV0-6,PEPMV0-7,PEPMV0-8,
ELISA, Indicator plants
PEPMV0-3,PEPMV0-8,
Seed disinfectants
PEPMV0-6,PEPMV0-7,PEPMV0-8,
Salomone A; Roggero P, 2002. Host range, seed transmission and detection by ELISA and lateral flow of an Italian isolate of pepino mosaic virus. Journal of Plant Pathology, 84:65-68
Hanssen IM; Mumford R; Blystad DR; Cortez I; Hasiów-Jaroszewska B; Hristova D; Pagán I; Pereira AM; Peters J; Pospieszny H; Ravnikar M; Stijger I; Tomassoli L; Varveri C; Vlugt Rvan der; Nielsen SL, 2010. Seed transmission of Pepino mosaic virus in tomato. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 126:145-152.
Ling KS, 2008. Pepino mosaic virus on tomato seed: virus location and mechanical transmission. Plant Disease, 92:1701-1705.
Córdoba-Sellés Mdel C; García-Rández A; Alfaro-Fernández A; Jordá-Gutiérrez C, 2007. Seed transmission of Pepino mosaic virus and efficacy of tomato seed disinfection treatments. Plant Disease 91:1250-1254
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org
Pepino mosaic virus Seed Health Method So. 4.01 2013. The National Seed Health System, www.seedhealth.org
Pseudomonas corrugata
bacterium
None
Worldwide
CA, FL, MA, LA, NC, OH, WA
Thailand
2021-04-26 20:08:20
tomato, pepper
Yes
PSDMCR-2,PSDMCR-3,PSDMCR-4,
Seed has been shown to be a pathway in laboratory research and routine assays, However, It is a ubiquitous organism and is usually considered an opportunistic pathogen of tomato.
PSDMCR-2,PSDMCR-3,PSDMCR-4,
Seed wash
PSDMCR-2,PSDMCR-3,PSDMCR-4,
Seed wash methods have not been validated or standardized. Tests are commercially available.
PSDMCR-2,PSDMCR-3,PSDMCR-4,
A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections and commercial harvesting (avoiding infected plants) should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed. Commercial cleaning and sanitization of tomato seed would reduce the potential for this organism being associated with the seed.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon, Switzerland
Kritzman, G. (1991). A method for detection of seedborne bacterial diseases in tomato seeds. Phytoparasitica 19 :133-141.
Abdalla ME, 2000. Detection and identification of seed-borne pathogenic bacteria of imported tomato seeds in Egypt. Bulletin OEPP, 30(2):327-331
Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici race 3
fungus
Fusarium bulbigenum var.lycopersici, Fusarium lycopersici, Fusarium bulbigenum
Brazil, Mexico
FL, GA, CA
Thailand
2021-04-14 21:32:05
tomato
Yes
FUSALY-1,FUSALY-2,FUSALY-3,
Though specific data about seed as a pathway for race 3 in nature has not been found, other races of the pathogen are known to be seed-borne. Seed as a pathway for race 3 seems to be accepted by the industry.
FUSALY-1,FUSALY-2,FUSALY-3,
Blotter Incubation
FUSALY-1,
Commercial testing is available but methods have not been validated and standardized. The blotter method can not distinguish between races and requires pathogenicity tests on tomato varieties with resistance to races 1 and 2.
Fungicides
FUSALY-1,
References specific to race 3 were not found, however, a seed treatment (such as Thiram slurry), used as a prophylactic measure, may be effective against the fungus.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org. Nyon, switzerland
Reis, A. and Boiteux, L.S. 2007. Outbreak of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.lycopersici race 3 in commercial fresh-market tomato fields in Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil. Hortic. Bras. 25: 451-454
Doan, H., Miyao, G., Gordon, T. and Davis, M. 2016. Seed transmission and seed treatment of Fusarium wilt race 3, Fusarium oxysporum f sp lycopersici. South Sacramento Valley Processing Tomato Production Meeting Presentation. (http://ccvegcrops.ucanr.edu/files/237131.pdf)
Tomato brown rugose fruit virus
virus
China, Israel, Turkey, Jordan, Europe, Mexico
CA
Thailand, China, Mexico, Chile, Brazil
2023-03-15 17:28:44
The virus has been eradicated from CA. Localized detections have been recorded in the US, but states have not been identified. It is fairly localized and has been eradicated in many countries in Europe, also.
tomato, pepper
Yes
TOBRFV-1,TOBRFV-10,TOBRFV-11,
Recent research and routine testing has confirmed that seed is a pathway for this tobamovirus and like most tobamoviruses is limited to seed coat and occasional endosperm contaminating.
NSHS RT-PCR (NSHS)
TOBRFV-1,TOBRFV-10,TOBRFV-11,
ELISA and bioassay, PCR
TOBRFV-3,TOBRFV-4,TOBRFV-5,
The ISTA method is described to detect infectious tobamovirus (including Tomato brown rugose fruit virus) in tomato seed using a bioassay. NSHS has recently adopted a RT-PCR method.
Chemical (seed disinfection)
TOBRFV-6,TOBRFV-7,TOBRFV-10,
Seed disinfection with hydrochloric acids and sodium hypochlorites are effective in controlling this virus on seed. These methods are similar to methods used for all tobamovirus control on seed.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org
Davino, S., et.al., 2020. Tomato Brown Rugose Fruit Virus: Seed Transmission Rate and Efficacy of Different Seed Disinfection Treatments. Plants 9: 1615; https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/9/11/1615/htm.
OEPP/EPPO Bulletin., 2020. Tomato brown rugose fruit virus. Vol. 50. pp. 529-534
Tobamovirus Seed Health Method S. 5.1 2020. The National Seed Health System, www.seedhealth.org
International Rules for Seed Testing. Annexe to Chapter 7: Seed Health Testing Methods. 2020.
7-028: ver 1.2 Detection of infectious tobamoviruses on Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) by the local
lesion assay (indexing) on Nicotiana tabacum plants.
Naktuinbouw 2019. Laboratory analysis on Tomato brown rugose fruit virus (ToBRFV). (https://www.naktuinbouw.com)
Alexander, L.J. 1960. Inactivation of tobacco mosaic virus from tomato seed. Phytopathology 50: 627.
Gooding, G.V. 1975. Inactivation of Tobacco mosaic virus on tomato seed with trisodium orthophosphate and sodium hypochlorite. Plant Dis. Rptr. 59: 770-772.
Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus
virus
Tomato leaf curl New Delhi begomovirus, ToLCNDV
Algeria, Morocco, Seychelles, Tunisia, Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Iran, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Estonia, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Spain
Not known to occur
Korea
2021-04-22 17:53:25
Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus is transmitted by the whitefly. Seed transmission of ToLCNDV has not been reported.
tomato, eggplant, soybean, potato, cucurbits
No
TLCV-1,
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
TLCV-1,
Tobacco leaf curl virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Pepper yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus
virus
Indonesia (Tsia, et.al. 2019)
Not known to occur
Korea
2022-12-01 19:06:14
White fly transmitted virus
tomato, pepper
No
No referenced found indicating seed is a pathway.
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci
bacterium
Bacterium angulatum, Bacterium tabaci, Bacterium tabacum, Chlorobacter angulatum, Chlorobacter tabaci, Phytomonas angulata, Phytomonas tabaci, Pseudomonas angulata, Pseudomonas tabaci, Xanthomonas tabaci
Worldwide
Eastern and southeastern states.
Thailand
2022-12-01 19:54:00
soybean, common bean, pea, pepper, cucumber, tomato, eggplant
No
PSDMTA-3,
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
PSDMTA-3,
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Puccinia pittieriana
fungus
Micropuccinia pittieriana
Costa Rica, Panama, Mexico, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, Venezuela
Not known to occur
Korea
2021-04-19 19:06:13
potato, tomato and several other Solanum sp.
No
Seed is not known to be a pathway. P. pittieriana is the causal agent of potato and tomato rust. The disease is not commonly found on tomato.
Radopholus similis
nematode
Anguillulina acutocaudatus, Anguillulina biformis, Anguillulina granulosa, Anguillulina similis, Radopholus acutocaudatus, Radopholus biformis, Radopholus citrophilus, Radopholus granulosus, Radopholus similis citrophilus, Rotylenchus similis, Tetylenchus granulosus, Tylenchorhynchus acutocaudatus, Tylenchus biformis, Tylenchus granulosus, Tylenchus similis
Worldwide
FL, HI, LA, TX,
Korea
2021-04-21 17:56:41
R. similis is a migratory endoparasitic species which completes its life cycle within the root cortex and tissues of corms and tubers. Primarily found in tropical climates of the world. Crops in temperate climates are not a risk.
carrot, tomato, corn, tropical fruit bearings plants, banana, coffee, spices, yam.
No
RADOSI-1,RADOSI-2,
Seed is not known to be a pathway for this nematode.
RADOSI-1,RADOSI-2,
Globodera pallida
nematode
Heterodera pallida
Northern Africa, South Africa, Europe, Canada, Costa Rica, Panama, New Zealand, South America, Mexico
Idaho
Korea
2021-04-16 17:35:10
Primarily a pest of potato and is spread by potato seed pieces and other propagative material. True seed is not known to be a pathway for cyst nematodes.
potato, tomato, eggplant
No
HETDPA-1,HETDPA-2,
Seed is not known to be a pathway for cyst nematodes.
HETDPA-1,HETDPA-2,
Â
Field management and testing of seed pieces are commonly used to prevent potato cyst nematode.
Globodera rostochiensis
nematode
Heterodera rostochiensis, Heterodera schachtii rostochiensis, Heterodera schachtii solani
Worldwide
DE, NY
Korea
2021-04-20 18:48:00
Primarily a pest of potato and is spread by potato seed pieces and other propagative material. True seed is not known to be a pathway for cyst nematodes.
potato, tomato, eggplant
No
HETDRO-1,HETDRO-2,
Seed is not known to be a pathway for cyst nematodes.
HETDRO-1,HETDRO-2,
Field management and testing of seed pieces are commonly used to prevent potato cyst nematode.
Chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus
virus
Chrysanthemum stem necrosis orthotospovirus, Chrysanthemum stem necrosis tospovirus, CSNV
Iran, Japan, South Korea, Brazil
Not known to occur
Korea
2022-01-19 18:10:19
Transmitted in nature by only Thrips.
tomato, chrysanthemum
No
CSNV00-1,CSNV00-2,CSNV00-3,
Transmitted only by thrips and seed is not known to be a pathway. Propagative material or plant cuttings mostly responsible for long distance spread.
CSNV00-1,CSNV00-2,CSNV00-3,
Chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
EPPO,2020. Chrysanthemum stem necrosis virus. EPPO Global Database. https://gd.eppo.int
Verhoeven JTJ, Roenhorst JW, Cortes and Peters D. 1996. Detection of a novel tospovirus in chrysanthemum. Acta Horticulturae, No. 432:44-51
Colombian datura virus
virus
Datura Colombian potyvirus, Datura Colombian virus,
Worldwide
FL, SC, OR
Korea
2021-04-08 18:06:59
Though worldwide, reports have been scattered and localized, including the three finds in the USA.
tomato and petunia
No
CDV000-2,
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
CDV000-2,
Brunt, AA, Crabtree, K., Dallwitz, MJ, Gibbs, AJ, Watson, L. and Zurcher, EJ. (eds.). Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database, Version: 16th 1997. http://bio-mirror.im.ac.cn/mirrors/pvo/vide/refs.htm
Meloidogyne mayaguensis
nematode
Brazil, Venezuela, Cuba, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Martinique, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, Switzerland, China, Vietnam, Burkina Faso, South Africa, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Côte d'Ivoire, Malawi, Senegal, Togo
FL, NC
Korea
2021-04-26 18:35:41
Seed is not known to be a pathway for Meloidogyne spp. root knot nematodes (MELGMY-2).
eggplant, pepper, tomato
No
MELGMY-1,MELGMY-3,MELGMY-2,
Seed is not known to be a pathway
MELGMY-1,MELGMY-3,MELGMY-2,
Meloidogyne mayaguensis. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Lammers, W., Karssen, G., Jellema, P., Baker, R., Hockland, S., Fleming, C. and Turner, S. (2006). Meloidogyne minor Pest Risk Assessment. 08-14648 PPM Point 7.3. Plant Protection Services (NL) and Central Science Laboratory (UK). 52pp. (https://www.eppo.int...)
Meloidogyne minor
nematode
Belgium, Ireland, Netherlands, Portugal, England, N. Ireland, Wales, New Zealand
WA
Korea
2021-04-26 18:38:34
Seed is not known to be a pathway for Meloidogyne spp. root knot nematodes (MELGMI-1). Sometimes found in turf grasses with M. naasi.
tomato, potato in nature
No
MELGMI-1,MELGMI-2,
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
MELGMI-1,MELGMI-2,
Lammers, W., Karssen, G., Jellema, P., Baker, R., Hockland, S., Fleming, C. and Turner, S. (2006). Meloidogyne minor Pest Risk Assessment. 08-14648 PPM Point 7.3. Plant Protection Services (NL) and Central Science Laboratory (UK). 52pp. (https://www.eppo.int...)
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Meloidogyne chitwoodi
nematode
Mozambique, South Africa, Belgium, Turkey, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Portugal, Sweden, Canada, Mexico, Argentina
CA, CO, ID, NV, MN, OR, WA, TX, UT, VA, WY
Korea
2021-04-26 18:30:50
Seed is not known to be a pathway for Meloidogyne spp. root knot nematodes (MELGCH-2)
potato primarily, alfalfa, carrot, tomato, Poeaceae grasses. In greenhouse studies: pea, corn, wheat, barley, oat and sugarbeet.
No
MELGCH-1,MELGCH-2,MELGCH-3,
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
MELGCH-1,MELGCH-2,MELGCH-3,
Meloidogyne chitwoodii. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Lammers, W., Karssen, G., Jellema, P., Baker, R., Hockland, S., Fleming, C. and Turner, S. (2006). Meloidogyne minor Pest Risk Assessment. 08-14648 PPM Point 7.3. Plant Protection Services (NL) and Central Science Laboratory (UK). 52pp. (https://www.eppo.int...)
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Nacobbus aberrans
nematode
Anguillulina aberrans, Nacobbus batatiformis, Nacobbus bolivianus, Nacobbus serendipiticus, Nacobbus serendipiticus bolivianus, Pratylenchus aberrans
Egypt, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Peru, Mexico
AR, CO, KS, MT, NE, SD, UT, WY
Korea
2023-08-21 22:10:17
Seed is not known to be a pathway for this nematode in any host.
potato, vegetables
No
NACOBA-1,NACOBA-2,
Seed is not known to be a pathway for this nematode in any host.
NACOBA-1,NACOBA-2,
Xiphinema diversicaudatum
nematode
Dorylaimus diversicaudatus, Dorylaimus elongatus apud, Longidorus diversicaudatus, Xiphinema diversicaudatum, Xiphinema amarantum, Xiphinema basiri apud, Xiphinema israeliae apud, Xiphinema paraelongatum, Xiphinema sahelense apud, Xiphinema seredouense
Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, India, Turkey, Morocco, South Africa
CA
Korea
2021-04-22 18:13:59
Found primarily in pasture and woodland areas. May spread nepoviruses. Seed is not known to be a pathway for dagger nematodes.
Wide host range
No
XIPHDI-2,XIPHDI-3,
Seed is not known to be a pathway for dagger nematodes.
XIPHDI-2,XIPHDI-3,
Pratylenchus brachyurus
nematode
Anguillulina brachyura, Pratylenchus leiocephalus, Pratylenchus pratensis, Pratylenchus steineri, Tylenchus brachyurus
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-06-28 18:00:54
Seed is not known to be a pathway. Common in tropics (PRATBR-1)
Wide host range
No
PRATBR-2,PRATBR-3,
Seed is not known to be a pathway for this nematode in any host.
PRATBR-2,PRATBR-3,
Golovinomyces orontii
fungus
Erysiphe orontii, Erysiphe polyphaga, Erysiphe tabaci, Oidium begoniae, Oidium violae
Worldwide
AZ, CA, GA, ID, MA, MO ,TX, WA
Korea
2021-04-20 18:59:30
Korea lists this pathogen as Erysiphe orontii.
sugarbeet, pepper, watermelon, melon, cucumber, pumpkin, pea, tomato, potato
No
OIDIBE-1,OIDIBE-3,
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Wind-borne conidia most common means of dispersal.
OIDIBE-1,OIDIBE-3,
OIDIBE-1,
Seed treatment to control powdery mildew on seedlings from wind blown spores during the first 1.5 weeks of growth.
Boeremia exigua var. exigua
fungus
Phoma exigua, Phoma exigua var. exigua, many others
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2021-04-01 18:54:01
This pathogen has been reported in Korea under other synonyms. This is an ubiquitous soil fungi affecting many crops. Weak pathogen. Common bean and possible sugarcane only hosts shown where seed may be a pathway. Only important vegetable and grain crops listed below.
Wide host range
No
PHOMHE-2,RICH ISTA,
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. A weak pathogen but widespread in soils throughout the world. Richardson (RICH ISTA) does not list this pathogen as seed borne.
PHOMHE-2,RICH ISTA,
Grovesinia pyramidalis
fungus
Botrytis moricola, Cristulariella moricola, Hinomyces moricola, Sclerotium cinnamomi, Sclerotinia moricola, Botryotinia moricola, Cristulariella pyramidalis, Grovesinia moricola
Asia, Brazil
Southeast and Eastern States.
Korea
2021-04-20 19:01:49
Korea lists this pathogen as Cristulariella moricola. This pathogen has been reported in Korea (ARS GRIN)
Walnuts, grapes, other trees and woody ornamentals.
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
Cladosporium cladosporioides
fungus
Cladosporium graminum, Cladosporium herbarumMycosphaerella schoenoprasi, Mycosphaerella tulasnei, Mycosphaerella tassiana, Penicillium cladosporioides,Hormodendrum cladosporioides, Monilia humicola
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-11-11 18:45:32
This pathogen is considered primarily a post harvest pathogen that does not cause disease in most of it's hosts (CLADCL-1). The fungus has been isolated from seed in some hosts, but does not transmit or cause disease in most cases.
Wide host range
No
CLADCL-1,
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. This fungus is primarily a post harvest fungus and field debris may provide survival habitat for the fungus, but tomato is not attacked by the fungus.
CLADCL-1,
Cladosporium cladosporioides. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Xiphinema index
nematode
Diversiphinema index
Asia, Europe, South Africa, Tunisia, Australia, New Zealand, Brazil, Peru, Argentina
CA
Korea
2021-04-22 18:15:08
Seed is not a pathway for this nematode. Also known as a dagger nematode.
grapevines, citrus, apple, rose, other trees
No
XIPHIN-1,XIPHIN-2,
Seed is not known to be a pathway for this nematode. Tomato is not known to be an important host.
XIPHIN-1,XIPHIN-2,
Alternaria japonica
fungus
Alternaria raphani. Alternaria brassicae var. macrospora,Alternaria matthiolae
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2021-03-29 16:26:13
Korea lists this pathogen as Alternaria spp. This pathogen has been reported in Korea.
brassicas, radish, rapeseed
No
ALTERP-3,ALTERP-4,
Not a host. Though CABI (2020) lists tomato as a possible host and cites Khulbe and Sati (1987) as a reference, but no data was presented and the source of the seed was not given. No other references were found indicating tomato is a natural host for this pathogen.
ALTERP-3,ALTERP-4,
Alternaria longipes
fungus
Alternaria brassicae var. tabaci, Alternaria tenuis f.sp. tabaci, Macrosporium longipes
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-09-22 18:48:21
Korea lists this pathogen as Alternaria spp. This pathogen has been reported in Korea (Farr and Rossman, 2020). Tobacco is the only economic host of this pathogen. Occasional reports on some vegetables. Seed is not known to be a pathway (CABI, 2020)
tobacco
No
ALTELO-1,
Not a host. Tomato has only been inoculated in the laboratory. No reports of natural infections of the pathogen.
ALTELO-1,
Alternaria longipes. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Alternaria alternata
fungus
Alternaria tenuis, Alternaria tenuissima, many others
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-09-13 19:18:44
Korea listed this pathogen as Alternaria spp. A. alternata, A. tenuis and A. tenuissima have all been reported in Korea. A. alternata has often been found on seed in laboratory testing. There is little evidence of seed transmission. This fungus is ubiquitous and often of minor importance in its hosts.
Wide host range
No
ALTEAL-36,ALTEAL-37,ALTEAL-38,ALTEAL-4,
Pathway not proven. A. alternata f.sp. lycopercisi is a pathogen that produces toxins that causes stem canker. It is an important pathogen of tomato in wet climates or under sprinkler irrigation. It is a ubiquitous organism and commonly soil borne or in crop debris. Seed contamination has been reported but only on laboratory testing or with artificially inoculated seed. No literature indicating seed transmission of the fungus in nature was found, though in laboratory tests, germination was reduced,
ALTEAL-36,ALTEAL-37,ALTEAL-38,ALTEAL-4,
Blotter incubation
ALTEAL-36,
This method has not been standardized or validated and was used in laboratory research only.
ALTEAL-1,
Seed treatments affective against A. alternata have been described for other hosts.
Sandulescu,EB, et. al. 2020. Influence of hydrolyzed collagen and thyme oil on tomato seed germination and their use in controlling Alternaria alternata f.sp. lycopersici. Rom Biotechnol Lett.; 25: 1223-1235.
Franceschini, A. et.al. 1980. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) wilt caused by Alternaria alternata f.sp. lycopersici Grogan, Kimble & Misaghi. Studi Sassaresi, III 28: 257-269
Koike ST, et. al. Alternaria Stem Canker. 2014. Compendium of Tomato Diseases and Pests, Second Edition. Eds. Jeffrey B. Jones, Thomas A. Zitter, Timur M. Momol and Sally A. Miller. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, USA
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Alternaria alternata. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus
virus
Oman
Not known to occur
Korea
2022-12-01 18:43:11
Whitefly transmitted virus.Not to be confused with Mungbean yellow mosaic virus affecting mungbean in Asia.
Only reported in cucumber, kidney bean. Tomato and soybean are uncommon hosts.
No
MYMIV-1,
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Not considered a common host of the virus.
MYMIV-1,
Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Peanut stunt virus
virus
black locust true mosaic virus, clover blotch virus, groundnut stunt virus, peanut common mosaic virus, peanut stunt cucumovirus, robinia mosaic virus
Morocco, Sudan, Asia, Bulgaria, France, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Spain
Southeast, Midwest states, WA
Brazil
2023-04-05 20:20:40
Common virus in peanuts. Can be seedborne in peanuts at low levels.
Primarily a virus of Fabaceae family, tomato, celery,
No
ISF RPLD,CABI CPC,
Tomato is not commonly known as a host of PSV. No references found of indicating seed is a pathway.
ISF RPLD,CABI CPC,
Erwinia rhapontici
bacteria
Aplanobacter rhapontici, Bacillus rhapontici, Bacterium rhapontici, Erwinia carotovora var. rhapontici, Pectobacterium rhapontici, Phytomonas rhapontici, Pseudobacterium rhapontici,Xanthomonas rhapontici
Asia, Europe, Canada, Mexico, New Zealand
Western and Midwest states
Brazil
2023-04-20 17:06:21
Brazil lists this as Pectobacterium rhapontici.
Primarily rhubarb and wheat. Reported on a few vegetables.
No
ISF RPLD,
E. rhapontici is a wound pathogen and tomato has been reported as a minor host, however, it is not commonly found on tomato. No references found indicating seed as a pathway
ISF RPLD,
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Potato spindle tuber viroid
viroid
potato gothic virus, potato spindle viroid, spindle tuber viroid, tomato bunchy top viroid
Americas: Mexico, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Peru, Venezuela. Africa: Egypt, Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, Uganda. Asia: wide spread. Europe: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Croatia, Czech Republic, Germany, Greece, Italy, Malta, Montenegro, Netherlands, Russia, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, UK, Ukraine. Australia.
pest eradicated (EPPO)
Brazil, China, Mexico, Thailand, The Republic of Korea
2023-12-08 15:36:46
Successful eradication of the viroid has been reported for the USA and Canada. PSTVd-7 data shows little evidence of asymptomatic plants and testing of asymptomatic plants did not increase detection of Potato spindle tuber viroid significantly, if at all. Concluded that inspection for Potato spindle tuber viroid symptoms was a "good aid" in determining if a tomato crop was infected with the viroid.
Mainly solanaceous crops, capsicum, and ornamentals
Yes
PSTVd-7,PSTVd-9,NSHS USDA,PSTVd-11
The ISF RPLD concludes that seed as a pathway is uncertain, however, significant references exist indicating that under certain situations, Potato tuber spindle viroid may be seed transmitted. Field detection is difficult.
RT-PCR is the standard method of the NSHS.
PSTVd-7,PSTVd-9,NSHS USDA,PSTVd-11
RT-PCR
PSTVd-8,PSTVd-9,NSHS USDA
Biological, Cultural, Mechanical
PSTVd-7,CABI CPC
References suggest using PSTVd certified free seed, field monitoring and infected plant removal, though field detection may be difficult. Seed treatments are ineffectual.
van Brunschot, SL Verhoeven, JThJ, Persley, DM, Geering, ADW, Drenth, A, and Thomas JH 2014, An outbreak of Potato spindle tuber viroid in tomato is linked to imported seed. European Journal of Plant Pathology 139: 1-7
Hoshino S, Okuta T, Isaka M, Tutumi N, Miyai N, Ikeshiro T, Saito N, Ohara T, Takahashi T, 2006. Detection of Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) in tomato and potato seeds. Research Bulletin of the Plant Protection Service, Japan, No.42:69-73
United Stated Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Protection Service National Seed Health System (USDA-APHIS NSHS) www.seedhealth.org
Matsushita, Y., Yanagisawa, H., & Sano, T. (2018). Vertical and horizontal transmission of pospiviroids. Viruses, 10(12), 706. https://doi.org/10.3390/v10120706
EUPHRESCO, 2011. Detection and epidemiology of pospiviroids (DEP) final report. Pilot project report of the virtual common pot. Detection and epidemiology of pospiviroids (DEP) final report. Pilot project report of the virtual common pot. EUPHRESCO (EUPHRESCO Phytosanitary ERA-NET), 70 pp.
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
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