Cucurbita spp.
squash, pumpkin
35 Related Pests
Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus
virus
Bottlegourd Indian mosaic virus, Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus, Cucumber mottle virus, Cucumber virus 2, 3 or 4, Cucumis virus 2, Tobacco mosaic virus watermelon strain
Asia: China, Georgia, India, Iran, Israel, Japan, Jordan, Lebanon, Myanmar, Pakistan, Sudan, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Syria, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey. Europe: Austria, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Netherlands, North Macedonia, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Spain, Sweden, UK. America: Canada. Australia.
CA
Many countries
2023-12-19 22:06:54
Primarily found externally on the seed coat. Mechanical transmission primary the means of spread. Natural infections of Cucurbita pepo (squash and pumpkin) are not known to occur.
watermelon, gerkin, melon, cucumber, bottlegourd, rootstock, Prunus and Gladiolus spp. in experimentation
No
CGMMV-2,CABI CPC,ISF RPLD
Pathway uncertain. Cucurbita spp. is a host of this virus. No references found indicating seed is a natural pathway in Cucurbita spp., though it is known to be seed transmitted in cucumber, rootstock and watermelon. Seeds are often tested.
ELISA
CGMMV-2,CABI CPC,ISF RPLD
ELISA
CGMMV-3,NSHS USDA
This method is a standard method of the NSHS
Hollings M, Komuro, Y, Tochihara, H, 1975. Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus Datasheet 154. Descriptions of Plant Viruses. http://dpvweb.net/dpv/
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Detection of Squash Mosaic Virus, Cucumber Green Mottle Mosaic Virus and Melon Necrotic Spot Virus in cucurbit seed. International Seed Testing Association. International Rules for Seed Testing 7-026: Seed Health Testing Methods. 2024 https://www.seedtest.org/en/international-rules-for-seed-testing/seed-health-methods-product-1014.html
United Stated Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Protection Service National Seed Health System (USDA-APHIS NSHS) www.seedhealth.org
Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli
bacterium
Acidovorax citrulli, Pseudomonas avenae subsp. citrulli, Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes subsp. citrulli
Worldwide
Midwest and Southeast States, CA, OR
2023-04-10 18:02:14
Wild cucurbit species and cucurbit volunteers are known hosts. Occassional reports, but unsubstantiated infections in pepper and tomato
watermelon, melon, squash, pumpkin, cucumber, root stock.
Yes
PSDMAC-1,PSDMAC-6,
Seed as a pathway well documented and accepted for this pathogen. Outbreaks in Cucurbita spp. tend to be less frequent.
Seedling Grow out and PCR tests are NSHS standard tests (PSDMAC-4)
PSDMAC-1,PSDMAC-6,
Seedling Grow out, PCR, Immunomagnetic separation-PCR wash
PSDMAC-1,
PSDMAC-6,
Clean seed programs including exclusion, cultural practices, sanitation and copper sprays when needed, decreased seed infestations but did not eradicate.
Xanthomonas cucurbitae
bacterium
Xanthomonas campestris pv. cucurbitae, Bacterium cucurbitae, Phytomonas cucurbitae, Pseudomonas cucurbitae
China, India, Nepal, Japan, Brunei, France, Italy, Egypt, Seychelles, Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, Trinidad and Tobago, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Russia
Widespread
Mexico, Korea, Nepal
2023-09-07 21:46:40
When symptoms are present, confirm the causal agent with laboratory diagnoses. Symptoms of this disease may be suppressed, indistinguishable from other diseases or inconspicuous under unfavorable climatic conditions or plant physiological stress, requiring thorough laboratory analysis. Prolonged periods of latency resulting in asymptotic plants has not been documented for this pathogen, though the period from infection to symptom expression may vary with climatic conditions, plant genetics, physiological stress and plant pathogen strain. Literature showing that random sampling of apparently healthy plants to detect latent populations of this pathogen has not been found.
Cucurbits
Yes
XANTCU-3,XANTCU-4,XANTCU-2,ISF RPLD,XANTCU-8,
The pathogen has been detected on or in seed but movement to seedlings was not shown to occur in controlled experiments. Seed as a pathway for transmission of Xanthomonas cucurbitae appears to be minor or insignificant (XANTCU-2). The bacteria can remain pathogenic in pumpkin seeds for at least 24 months. (XANTCU-8)
XANTCU-3,XANTCU-4,XANTCU-2,ISF RPLD,XANTCU-8,
Incubation, Seed wash
ISF RPLD,
These methods have not been validated or standardized.
CABI CPC,
Use good seed growing practices. Grow in disease free areas and in arid climates. No overhead irrigation. Copper sprays when needed. Seed treatments are needed to eradicate the pathogen carried on and/or in the seeds. (XANTCU-8)
Zitter, T.A., Hopkins, D.L. and Thomas, C.E. (Eds) (1996). Compendium of Cucurbit Diseases. American Phytopathological Society: St. Paul, Minnesota (USA). 120 pp.
MClean, DM, 1958. A Seed-Borne Bacterial Cotyledon Disease of Squash. Plant Disease Rept. 42;425-426
Babadoost, 2016. Personnel communication University of Illinois:
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Zhang, X., & Babadoost, M. (2018). Characteristics of xanthomonas cucurbitae isolates from pumpkins and survival of the bacterium in pumpkin seeds. Plant Disease, 102(9), 1779–1784. Retrieved September, 2021.
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans
bacterium
Bacillus lachrymans, Bacterium burgeri, Bacterium lachrymans, Chlorobacter lachrymans, Phytomonas lachrymans, Pseudomonas burgeri, Pseudomonas lachrymans, Pseudomonas lachrymans f. cucumis
Worldwide, everywhere cucurbits are grown.
Widespread
MX
2021-04-26 21:02:20
This pathogen occurs in MX
Cucurbitaceae family
No
PSDMLA-1,PSDLMA-7,PSDLMA-11,PSDLMA-12,
Pathway not proven. Squash, pumpkin and gourd maybe hosts of this pathogen, but usually are resistant to infection. Pseudomonas lachyrmans was isolated from one squash variety involved in a disease outbreak in Italy (PSDLMA-7). Article needs translation to verify methods. No evidence of seed as a pathway found. Often inferred as seed borne because it is seedborne in cucumber.
PSDMLA-1,PSDLMA-7,PSDLMA-11,PSDLMA-12,
Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Scortichini M, 1992. Occurrence of Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans in imported commercial black zucchini squash seeds. Informatore Fitopatologico, 42:55-58
Shila,S. J., Islam, M. R., Ahmed, N. N., Dastogeer K. M. G., M. B. Meah. 2013. Detection of Pseudomonas Syringae pv. Lachrymans Associated with the Seeds of Cucurbits. Universal Journal of Agricultural Research 1: 1-8
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Candidatus phytoplasma asteris
phytoplasma
Worldwide
Widespread
2021-11-15 19:27:42
AY phytoplasmas are not seed transmissable and seed is not a pathway in any host.
Wide host range, primarily herbaceous dicots, though strains infect monocots and woody ornamentals
No
PHY01-1,PHY01-2
Seed is not a pathway for AY phytoplasmas
PHY01-1,PHY01-2
Ralstonia solanacearum
bacterium
Too many to list, see CABI CPC for a complete list
Worldwide
Widespread
China
2022-08-30 17:40:04
Most important economic crop is potato. Host range is extremely wide.
No
RLSTSO-1,
Squash, pumpkin and gourd are not considered an important hosts of the pathogen. Seed is not known to be a pathway.
RLSTSO-1,
Ralstonia solanacearum In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Colletotrichum orbiculare
fungus
Colletotrichum lagenarium, Glomerella lagenarium
Worldwide, wherever cucurbits are grown.
Widespread, wherever cucurbits are grown
Mexico, Chile
2022-11-11 19:07:15
Cucurbitaceae family
No
COLLLA-1,COLLLA-2,COLLLA-3,COLLLA-5,COLLLA-6,
Pathway not proven. Though seed is often listed as a pathway, there has been no research or literature found showing seed is a pathway for this pathogen on this host.
COLLLA-1,COLLLA-2,COLLLA-3,COLLLA-5,COLLLA-6,
Blotter incubation
COLLLA-6,
Though not seed borne, Blotter assays using methods described for Didymella bryoniae (gummy stem blight) are commonly used in the seed industry.
COLLLA-3,
Although not proven to be seedborne in cucurbits, a seed treatment is recommended.
Colletotrichum orbiculare In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc."
Koike ST, Tidwell TE, Fogle DG, Patterson CL, 1991. Anthracnose of greenhouse-grown watermelon transplants caused by Colletotrichum orbiculare in California. Plant Disease, 75:644
Madaan RL, Grover RK, 1979. Chemical control of Colletotrichum lagenarium causing anthracnose and scab of bottle gourd. Indian Phytopathology, 32:210-215
Vakalounakis, DJ. 1996. In, Compendium of Cucurbit Diseases. Eds. Zitter, TA, Hopkins DL and Thomas CE. APS Press, Minniapolis, MN
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org. Nyon Switzerland
Alternaria cucumerina
fungus
Alternaria brassicae var. nigrescens, Macrosporium cucumerinum, Alternaria loofahae
Worldwide
Widespread
Mexico
2022-09-21 21:08:05
Distribution information from USDA GRIN
Cucurbitaceae family
No
ALTECU-3,
Pathway not proven. According to Thomas, 1996, artificially infested seed has resulted in seedling infection, but infection was low. Spread from naturally infested seed has not been demonstrated.
ALTECU-3,
Seed treatments are often inferred as effective, but no data exists and seed has not been proven to be a pathway.
ALTECU-4,
A quality systems approach in production of the seeds with crop inspections, careful selection of healthy fruits and seed conditioning and cleaning should be used to ensure seed quality and reduce unwanted seed contaminants.
Cladosporium cucumerinum
fungus
Cladosporium cucumeris, Cladosporium scabies, Macrosporium cucumerinum, Macrosporium melophthorum, Scolicotrichum melophthorum
Worldwide
FL. ME, MI, NY, NC, OK, OR, TX, WA
China
2022-11-11 18:48:26
Widespread in many cool, temperate regions of the world. This pathogen is known to occur in China.
cucumber, pumpkin, gourd,melon, watermelon
No
CLADCU-1,CLADCU-2,CLADCU-3,CLADCU-4,CLADCU-7,
Pathway not proven. Though seed is often listed as a pathway, there is little evidence that seed is a pathway for this host. Seed-borne inoculum appears to be of minor importance and it is often found in soil debris. Cladosporium spp. on pumpkin seed, has been reported, but it is unclear if the it was identified to species and assumed Cladosporium cucumerinum was the species observed. Seed transmission was not proven and was externally associated with the seed.
CLADCU-1,CLADCU-2,CLADCU-3,CLADCU-4,CLADCU-7,
Freezing blotter
CLADCU-4,
Used to identify Cladosporium spp. on seed, but did not identify the Cladosporium to species. This method has not been validated or standardized.
Seed surface-disinfestation with 0.5% sodium hypochlorite for 10 min to decrease all fungal contamination
CLADCU-1,
Cladosporium cucumerinum In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Zitter, T.A. Scab 2016. The American Phytopathologogical Society APSnetfeatures. (http://www.apsnet.org/publications/apsnetfeatures/Pages/Scab.aspx) St. Paul, MN
Cassaroli, D., Garcia, D.C., Muniz, M.F.B & Menezes, N.L. 2006. Qualidade sanitária e siológica de sementes de abóbora variedade Menina Brasileira. Fitopatologia Brasileira 31:158-163
Ellis, M.B. and Holliday, P., 1972. Cladosporium cucumerinum.[Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria]. IMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, (35).
Verticillium albo-atrum
fungus
Verticillium albo-atrum var. caespitosum, Verticillium albo-atrum var. tuberosum
Worldwide, primarily in cool temperate climates and in potato producing areas
Widespread, especially in northern states
China, Thailand
2022-11-11 17:40:00
Many reports of Verticillium albo-atrum in crops reported prior to 1970 may have actually been Verticillium dahlia. Only lucerne, potatoes, tomatoes and hops are considered important hosts. This pathogen has been reported in China
Wide host range. An important pathogen of potatoes.
No
VERTAA-2,VERTAA-9,
On reference found indicating Cucurbit spp. may be attacked by this fungus.. No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
VERTAA-2,VERTAA-9,
Verticillium dahliae
fungus
Verticillium ovatum, Verticillium trachiephilum
Worldwide
Widespread
China
2022-11-11 18:36:13
Prevalent in China
Wide host range (ornamentals, vegetables, agronomic). Isolated from some small grains but not pathogenic on small grains
No
VERTDA-16,
Verticillium dahliae has been reported on squash, pumpkin, but they are not an important hosts. No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
VERTDA-16,
Richardson, MJ. 1990. An Annotated List of Seedborne Diseases. International Seed Testing Association. Zurich, Switzerland.
Phytoplasma australiense
fungus
Candidatus phytoplasma australiense, Phormium yellow leaf phytoplasma, Australian grapevine yellows phytoplasma, Pawpaw dieback phytoplasma. *Tran-Nguyen 2008
Australia, New Zealand
Not known to occur
China
2021-04-19 18:11:00
This pathogen has not been reported in China
Primarily grapevines, strawberry, alfalfa, pumpkin, giant pumpkin.
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Pumpkin has been identified as a minor host of the pathogen.
Tobacco ringspot virus
virus
Anemone necrosis virus, Annulus tabaci, Blueberry necrotic ringspot virus, Nicotiana virus 12, Soybean bud blight virus, Tobacco Brazilian streak virus, Tobacco ringspot nepovirus, Tobacco ringspot virus No. 1
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea, China
2022-09-22 18:37:27
Nepovirus. Requires the Xiphinema americanum nematode for transmission. This pest has been reported to be in Korea.
Extensive host range includes many weed, fruit and ornamental plant species. The vegetables and agronomic crops listed below are important
No
TORSXX-5,
Seed as a pathway is not known to occur. Only Cucurbita spp. known to be infected by this virus is marrow.
TORSXX-5,
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database, www.pestlist.worldseed.org, Nyon, Switzerland
Cucumber leaf spot virus
virus
Cucumber fruit streak virus
Iran, Bulgaria, Poland
Not known to occur
China, Nepal
2022-11-11 19:32:29
Cucumber leaf spot virus is transmitted by the soil fungus Olpidium radicale
Primarily cucumber in nature. Reported in squash and melon; 19 experimental hosts, most producing local lesions only.
No
CLSV00-6,CLSV00-5,CLSV00-7,
Most references do not consider this crop a host of the virus or it has been reported as a host in laboratory host range studied only. No references found indicating that seed is a pathway.
CLSV00-6,CLSV00-5,CLSV00-7,
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org. Nyon Switzerland
Bananej, K., Kianfar, N., Vahdat, A., Winter, S., and Menzel, W. 2014 "Molecular and serological identification of Cucumber leaf spot virus in Iran." Journal of Phytopathology 162 (3) 205-208
Gallitelli, D., Vovlas, C. and Avgelis, A., 1983. Some properties of cucumber fruit streak virus. Journal of Phytopathology, 106:149-162.
Melon necrotic spot virus
virus
Worldwide
CA
Mexico
2023-08-21 16:21:42
Only systemic in Cucumis melo (melon). Local lesions produced in Cucumis sativus (cucumber), Citrullus lanatus (watermelon), Cucurbita moschata (pumpkin), Lagenaria siceraria (bottle gourd), Vigna unguiculata (cowpea), Vigna unguiculata ssp. Sesquipedalis (yardlong bean).
No
MNSV00-5,DVP WEB,
Considered a local lesion host only and only in host range experiments. Not systemic or reported in nature.
MNSV00-5,DVP WEB,
Squash mosaic virus
virus
Cantaloupe mosaic virus, Melon mosaic virus, Muskmelon mosaic virus, Watermelon virus, Cucurbit ring mosaic virus, Muskmelon mosaic comovirus, Muskmelon necrotic mosaic virus, Pumpkin mosaic virus, Squash mosaic comovirus
Worldwide
Widespread in cucurbit production areas
Korea, Mexico
2021-04-27 18:01:40
Spread by Diabrotica beetles
All Cucurbitaceae crops, Chenopodium spp., Amaranthaceae, Apiaceae, Chenopodiaceae, Fabaceae and Hydrophyllaceae
Yes
SQMV00-10,SQMV00-9,
Seed transmission in pumpkin is known to occur, though infrequently. It is not clear if seed from pumpkin varieties of C pepo can be a pathway or if seed transmission is in other pumpkin species.
ELISA, positive confirmation by Grow out is the standard method of the NSHS
SQMV00-10,SQMV00-9,
ELISA, Grow out
NSHS USDA,
This is the standard method of the NSHS.
International Seed Federation Pest List Database. http://www.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Nelson, MR, and Kunhtsen HK, 1973, Squash mosaic virus variability: epidemiological consequences of differences in seed transmission frequency between strains. Phytopathology 63:918-920
United Stated Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Protection Service National Seed Health System (USDA-APHIS NSHS) www.seedhealth.org
Tomato ringspot virus
virus
Tomato ringspot nepovirus, Blackberry (Himalaya) mosaic virus, Euonymus chlorotic ringspot virus, Euonymus ringspot virus, Grape yellow vein virus, Grapevine yellow vein virus, Nicotiana 13 virus, Peach stem pitting virus, Prune brown line virus, Prunus stem pitting virus, Red currant mosaic virus, Tobacco ringspot virus 2, Winter peach mosaic virus
Worldwide
Widespread, primarily along the Pacific coast, NY, PA
Korea, Mexico, Thailand
2022-11-07 17:26:14
Natural spread is confined to areas where there are moderate to high populations of nematode vectors belonging to the genus Xiphinema. Requires the nematode to spread. Seed transmission only shown in strawberry and raspberry in nature.
Wide host range, primarily ornamentals and fruit trees. Vegetable crops infected are listed below. Not known to infect grains and grasses
No
TORSV0-4,TORSV0-5,
One reference found indicating seed may be a pathway but no other references were found to substantiate. Seed is not known to be a pathway in nature. No conclusive evidence of natural seed transmission exists.
TORSV0-4,TORSV0-5,
ELISA
TORSV0-1,
This test has not been validated or standardized. Commercial testing is available.
International Seed Federation Pest List Database. http://www.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Richardson, MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Diseases. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich Switzerland
Al-Tamimi, N., Kawas, H. and Mansour, A. (2009). Seed transmission viruses in squash seeds (Cucurbita pepo) in southern Syria and Jordan valley. [In Arabic]. Jordan Journal of Agricultural Sciences (ISSN: 1815-8625), 5 (4), 497-506.
Tomato spotted wilt virus
virus
Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus, Tomato spotted wilt virus group
Worldwide
Widespread
2023-08-21 17:00:09
Seed is not a pathway for Tospoviruses, including Tomato spotted wilt virus
Wide host range. Over 800 plant species are known hosts. Primarily ornamentals,flowers. No evidence that small grains or corn are hosts.
No
TSWV00-1,TSWV00-2,TSWV00-3
Seed is not a pathway for Tospoviruses, including Tomato spotted wilt virus
TSWV00-1,TSWV00-2,TSWV00-3
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org
Kormelink R. 2005. Tomato spotted wilt virus Datasheet 412. Description of Plant Viruses Online. 2016. www.dpvweb.net.
Phomopsis sclerotioides
fungus
Diaporthe sclerotioides
India, Malaysia, British Columbia, Northern Europe, United Kingdom
Not known to occur
Korea
2022-05-26 18:35:23
Primarily in greenhouse grown production. Soil borne organism (PHOPSC-3)
squash, pumpkin, watermelon, melon, cucumber
No
PHOPSC-3,PHOPSC-5,
No evidence that seed is a pathway. Primarily found in greenhouse soils.
PHOPSC-3,PHOPSC-5,
Bruton BD and Biles CL. 2017. Phomosis Black Root Rot of Cucumber. In, Compendium of Cucurbit Diseases and Pests, Second Edition. Keinath AP, Wintermantel WM and Zitter TA, eds. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.
Richardson, M.J. 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-Borne Diseases. Fourth Edition. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Pleospora herbarum
fungus
Too many to list, most commonly used names include Alternaria putrefaciens, Clasterosporium putrefaciens, Sporidesmium putrefaciens, Stemphyllium botryosum, Stemphylium herbarum.
Worldwide
Widespread
2023-08-21 16:43:10
Primarily a post harvest pathogen
Wide host range
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway
Fusarium solani f.sp. cucurbitae
fungus
Europe. Iraq, Japan, New Zealand, Brazil, Canada, South Africa
CA, OR, WA, NY, AR, NC
Mexico, Korea
2022-11-22 19:23:31
Primarily squash and pumpkin. Reported in melon.
Yes
FUSASC-2,FUSASC-3,FUSASC-4,
Seed can be a pathway in Cucurbita spp., but only when symptoms are found on the fruit.
FUSASC-2,FUSASC-3,FUSASC-4,
Agar incubation
FUSASC-4,
This test has not been validated or standardized
Fungicide seed treatments
FUSASC-1,FUSASC-2,
Crop rotation (4 years). Harvesting fruit without symptoms prevents seed lot contamination.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org. Nyon, switzerland
Toussoun, T. A., and Snyder, W. C. 1961. The pathogenicity, distribution, and control of two races of Fusarium (Hypomyces) solani f. cu- curbitae. Phytopathology 51:17-22.
Mehl, H.L. and Epstein, L., 2007. Identification of Fusarium solani f. sp. cucurbitae race 1 and race 2 with PCR and production of disease-free pumpkin seeds. Plant Disease, 91:1288-1292.
Fusarium solani f.sp. cucurbitae In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Arabis mosaic virus
virus
Arabis mosaic nepovirus, Ash ring and line pattern virus, Forsythia yellow net virus, Hop nettlehead virus,Jasmine yellow blotch virus, Raspberry yellow dwarf virus, Rhabarber mosaik virus (rhubarb mosaic virus), Rhubarb mosaic virus
Worldwide
CT, FL, MI, MN, MO, NE, NY, OH, SC
Mexico, China, Korea, Brazil, Thailand
2022-10-08 00:16:31
This virus has been reported in Mexico, China (CABI, 2017), but natural spread may be limited to EU (Murant, 1974).
Wide host range including many vegetable, agronomic and fruit species
No
ARMV00-1,ARMV00-3,ARMV00-5,ARMV00-7,
There is no evidence that seed is a pathway for this crop.
ARMV00-1,ARMV00-3,ARMV00-5,ARMV00-7,
Arabis Mosaic Virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Murant. 1983. Seed and Pollen Transmission of Nematode-borne viruses. Seed Sci and Technol. 11:973-987
Lister and Murant. 1967. Seed-transmission of nematode-borne viruses. Annals of Applied Biology, 59:49-62.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org. Nyon Switzerkand
Cucumber vein yellowing virus
virus
Bottle gourd mosaic virus
India, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Turkey, Egypt, Sudan, Tunisia, Cyprus, Portugal, Spain
Not known to occur
Korea
2023-08-21 22:07:14
Not known to be seed transmitted. Whitefly transmitted virus.
watermelon, melon, cucumber, squash, pumpkin
No
CVYV00-1,
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
CVYV00-1,
Cucumber Vein Yellowing Virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus
virus
Mexico, Southern Europe, North Africa, Asia
AL, AZ, CA, FL, GA, SC, TX
Korea, Nepal
2022-02-15 21:38:23
Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) transmitted virus. Seed is not known to be a pathway.
watermelon, melon, cucumber, squash, pumpkin.
No
CABI CPC,
Seed is not known to be a pathway. The natural spread of CYSDV occurs through its vector, Bemisia tabaci.
CABI CPC,
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Beet curly top virus
virus
Beet curly top curtovirus, Potato green dwarf virus, Sugarbeet curly leaf virus, Sugarbeet virus 1, Tomato yellows virus, Western yellow blight virus
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2021-03-29 20:43:05
Beet leafhopper vector is more common in arid regions of sugar beet production areas. Not known to be seed transmitted in any host. More common in the western US where vectors are more common.
celery, table beet, sugarbeet, pepper, cucumber, melon, squash, common bean, tomato, cowpeas, spinach, potato
No
BCTV00-1,BCTV00-5,
Seed is not known to be a pathway in any host of Beet curly top virus
BCTV00-1,BCTV00-5,
Kyuri green mottle mosaic virus
virus
KGMMV , Kyuri green mottle mosaic tobamovirus
Japan, Korea, Indonesia
Not known to occur
Korea
2022-11-29 18:45:10
Seed as a pathway for Kyrui green mottle mosaic virus has been suggested for cucurbits. There were no references found confirming seed as a pathway in Cucurbita spp. Kyrui green mottle mosaic virus is closely related to Zucchini green mottle mosaic virus and Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus. Kyrui green mottle mosaic virus is a known soil borne problem in Japan. The reported presence for Kyrui green mottle mosaic virus is limited primarily to Japan, one area of Korea and one report in Indonesia.
squash, pumpkin
No
KGMMV0-1,
Pathway not proven. Seed as a pathway for Kyrui green mottle mosaic virus has been suggested for cucurbits. There were no references found confirming seed as a pathway in Cucurbita spp.
KGMMV0-1,
ELISA
KGMMV0-1,
A seed test method using ELISA is available in some commercial labs.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org
Zucchini green mottle mosaic virus
virus
ZGMMV
Korea
Not known to occur
Korea
2021-05-18 20:35:39
This pathogen has only been reported in Korea
squash, pumpkin
Yes
ZGMMV0-1,
Seed as a pathway for zucchini green mottle mosaic is documented and accepted.
ZGMMV0-1,
A PCR test was developed for research purposes but has not gained acceptance due to a lack of controls when used (ISF RPLD).
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org
Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus
virus
Tomato leaf curl New Delhi begomovirus, ToLCNDV
Algeria, Morocco, Seychelles, Tunisia, Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Iran, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Estonia, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Spain
Not known to occur
Korea
2021-04-22 17:53:25
Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus is transmitted by the whitefly. Seed transmission of ToLCNDV has not been reported.
tomato, eggplant, soybean, potato, cucurbits
No
TLCV-1,
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
TLCV-1,
Tobacco leaf curl virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Gibberella avenacea
fungus
Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium avenaceum f.sp. fabae, Fusarium avenaceum subsp. aywerte, Fusarium roseum var. avenaceum
Worldwide, primarily in temperate regions.
Widespread
Thailand
2022-11-22 19:27:52
One of many Fusaria, Gibberella's that may contaminate kernels.
Primarily a grain and clover pathogen with a wide host range.
No
GIBBAV-2,GIBBAV-4,
Pathway not proven. Some references (GIBBAV-4) list seed as a pathway for this pathogen, no references with supporting data were found.
GIBBAV-2,GIBBAV-4,
Nacobbus aberrans
nematode
Anguillulina aberrans, Nacobbus batatiformis, Nacobbus bolivianus, Nacobbus serendipiticus, Nacobbus serendipiticus bolivianus, Pratylenchus aberrans
Egypt, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Peru, Mexico
AR, CO, KS, MT, NE, SD, UT, WY
Korea
2023-08-21 22:10:17
Seed is not known to be a pathway for this nematode in any host.
potato, vegetables
No
NACOBA-1,NACOBA-2,
Seed is not known to be a pathway for this nematode in any host.
NACOBA-1,NACOBA-2,
Xiphinema diversicaudatum
nematode
Dorylaimus diversicaudatus, Dorylaimus elongatus apud, Longidorus diversicaudatus, Xiphinema diversicaudatum, Xiphinema amarantum, Xiphinema basiri apud, Xiphinema israeliae apud, Xiphinema paraelongatum, Xiphinema sahelense apud, Xiphinema seredouense
Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, India, Turkey, Morocco, South Africa
CA
Korea
2021-04-22 18:13:59
Found primarily in pasture and woodland areas. May spread nepoviruses. Seed is not known to be a pathway for dagger nematodes.
Wide host range
No
XIPHDI-2,
Seed is not known to be a pathway for dagger nematodes.
XIPHDI-2,
Xiphinema diversicaudatum. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc. In:
Golovinomyces orontii
fungus
Erysiphe orontii, Erysiphe polyphaga, Erysiphe tabaci, Oidium begoniae, Oidium violae
Worldwide
AZ, CA, GA, ID, MA, MO ,TX, WA
Korea
2021-04-20 18:59:30
Korea lists this pathogen as Erysiphe orontii.
sugarbeet, pepper, watermelon, melon, cucumber, pumpkin, pea, tomato, potato
No
OIDIBE-1,
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Wind-borne conidia most common means of dispersal.
OIDIBE-1,
OIDIBE-1,
Seed treatment to control powdery mildew on seedlings from wind blown spores during the first 1.5 weeks of growth.
Golovinomyces orontii In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Boeremia exigua var. exigua
fungus
Phoma exigua, Phoma exigua var. exigua, many others
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2021-04-01 18:54:01
This pathogen has been reported in Korea under other synonyms. This is an ubiquitous soil fungi affecting many crops. Weak pathogen. Common bean and possible sugarcane only hosts shown where seed may be a pathway. Only important vegetable and grain crops listed below.
Wide host range
No
RICH ISTA,PHOMHE-2,
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. A weak pathogen but widespread in soils throughout the world. Richardson (RICH ISTA) does not list this pathogen as seed borne.
RICH ISTA,PHOMHE-2,
Pratylenchus brachyurus
nematode
Anguillulina brachyura, Pratylenchus leiocephalus, Pratylenchus pratensis, Pratylenchus steineri, Tylenchus brachyurus
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-06-28 18:00:54
Seed is not known to be a pathway. Common in tropics (PRATBR-1)
Wide host range
No
PRATBR-2,PRATBR-3
Seed is not known to be a pathway for this nematode in any host.
PRATBR-2,PRATBR-3
Didymella bryoniae
fungus
Stagonosporopsis cucurbitacearum, Ascochyta citrullinaAscochyta cucumis, Ascochyta melonis, Cercospora citrullinaCercospora cucurbitae, Didymella melonis, Didymosphaeria bryoniae, Didymosphaeria effusa, Didymosphaeria melonisMycosphaerella citrullina, Mycosphaerella melonis,Phoma cucurbitacearum, Phyllosticta citrullina, Sphaerella bryoniae, Sphaeria bryoniae
Worldwide
FL, GA, NY, NC, SC
Nepal
2023-09-08 23:44:46
Cucumber, watermelon, melon, squash and pumpkin
Yes
CABI CPC,ISF RPLD,DIDYBR-5,DIDYBR-6,
Seed is a known pathway.
CABI CPC,ISF RPLD,DIDYBR-5,DIDYBR-6,
Blotter, PCR
NSHS USDA,
Both blotter and PCR are the temporary standard of the NSHS.
Chemical, cultural
CABI CPC,DIDYBR-1,DIDYBR-2,
Seed treatment with fungicides has shown to be effective. D. bryoniae can survive on seeds, weeds, and plant debris from previously infected cucurbit crops. It is recommended to use only disease-free seed, and evaluate seed production through field inspections.
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Grube, M., Fürnkranz, M., Zitzenbacher, S., Huss, H., & Berg, G. (2011). Emerging multi-pathogen disease caused by didymella bryoniae and pathogenic bacteria on styrian oil pumpkin. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 131(3), 539–548. Retrieved September, 2023, from https://doi.org/10.1007/s10658-011-9829-8
Lee, D.-H., Mathur, S. B., & Neergaard, P. (1984). Detection and location of seed-borne inoculum of didymella bryoniae and its transmission in seedlings of cucumber and pumpkin. Journal of Phytopathology, 109(4), 301–308. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.1984.tb00723.x
United Stated Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Protection Service National Seed Health System (USDA-APHIS NSHS) www.seedhealth.org
Miller SA, Rowe CR, Riedel MR, 2001. The Ohio State University Gummy Stem Blight and Black Rot of Cucurbits HYG-3126-96.
Hopkins, D. L., Thompson, C. M., Hilgren, J., & Lovic, B. (2003). Wet seed treatment with peroxyacetic acid for the control of bacterial fruit blotch and other seedborne diseases of watermelon. Plant Disease, 87(12), 1495–1499. Retrieved September, 2023, from https://doi.org/10.1094/pdis.2003.87.12.1495
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