Spinacia oleracea
spinach
27 Related Pests
Tomato black ring virus
virus
Lettuce Ringspot Virus, Bean Ringspot Virus, Beet Ringspot Virus, Celery Yellow Vein Virus, Lettuce Ringspot Virus,Potato Bouquet Virus, Potato Pseudo-Aucuba Virus,Tomato Black Ring Nepovirus
India, Japan, Turkey, throughout Europe
Not known to occur
China, Korea, Mexico, Thailand
2022-11-03 18:40:04
Wide host range reported. Requires the Dagger nematode to transmit this virus
Wide host range, however many are experimental only. Important crops listed below.
No
No references found indicating spinach is a host for this virus.
Rhodococcus fascians
bacterium
Corynebacterium fascians, Bacterium fascians, Phytomonas fascians, Pseudobacterium fascians, Rhodococcus rubropertinctus
Europe, North America, Central America, Australia, New Zealand, Iran, Russia, Egypt, Colombia
Widespread
Brazil, Thailand
2023-08-21 16:50:36
Though found in many US states, the pathogen is usually restricted and localized. Probably Worldwide, though not reported. Disease outbreaks are sporadic and usually related to poor sanitation. Bulbs, floral and greenhouse crops most susceptible to disease outbreaks. No reports of seed as a pathway in vegetables and agronomic crops.
Primarily a pest of ornamentals, woody ornamentals and floowers. Vegetables and agronomic crops reported susceptible to the bacterium are listed below. Transmits primarily through propagation.
No
CORBFA-2,
Though listed as a host in CABI CPC, no references found verifying that spinach is a host for this bacterium.
CORBFA-2,
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Candidatus phytoplasma asteris
phytoplasma
Worldwide
Widespread
2021-11-15 19:27:42
AY phytoplasmas are not seed transmissable and seed is not a pathway in any host.
Wide host range, primarily herbaceous dicots, though strains infect monocots and woody ornamentals
No
PHY01-1,PHY01-2
Seed is not a pathway for AY phytoplasmas
PHY01-1,PHY01-2
Verticillium nigrescens
fungus
China, Japan, Canada, Italy, Australia, New Zealand. (Most likely a worldwide saprophyte.)
GA, MS, MO
Brazil
2022-10-09 00:10:34
Not considered a highly virulent fungal pathogen. Often found as a saprophyte or weakly pathogenic at most. This fungus should not be regulated on seed.
Soybean and cotton are main hosts, but even on these hosts it is a weak pathogen. Has been isolated from other hosts, though primarily as a saprophyte or weakly pathogenic
No
VERTNI-3,
Found on seed of spinach accessions, but not proven to be pathogenic. No references found indicating seed is a pathway in seed production.
VERTNI-3,
Freezing blotter
VERTNI-3,
Freezing blotter method used to isolate this fungus from spinach seed in research. This method has not been standardized or validated.
Villarroel-Zeballos, Feng, Iglesias, du Toit, Correll. 2012. Screening for Resistance to Verticillium Wilt in Spinach and Isolation of Verticillium dahliae from Seed of Spinach Accessions. HORTSCIENCE 47:1297–1303
Verticillium dahliae
fungus
Verticillium ovatum, Verticillium trachiephilum
Worldwide
Widespread
China
2022-11-11 18:36:13
Prevalent in China
Wide host range (ornamentals, vegetables, agronomic). Isolated from some small grains but not pathogenic on small grains
Yes
VERTDA-5,VERTDA-26,
Seed is a known pathway for Verticillium dahliae in spinach and the recommended management strategy is to evaluate seed productions by field inspection or seed testing of a representative sample of each seed lot.
Both methods are standard methods of the NSHS
VERTDA-5,VERTDA-26,
Freezer Blotter, Agar methods
VERTDA-7,VERTDA-26,
These methods have been validated and standardized.
Yes, disinfestation with 1.2 chlorine or hot water, though the later affected seed quality
VERTDA-5,
du Toit, L.J. and Hernandez-Perez, P. (2005). Efficacy of hot water and chlorine for eradication of Cladosporium variabile, Stemphylium botryosum, and Verticillium dahliae from spinach seed. Plant Disease, 89 (12), 1305-1312.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org. Nyon, Switzerland
Seed Health Testing Method for Verticillium dahlia Lcb 4.1 National Seed Health System. http://www.seedhealth.org
Phytophthora erythroseptica var. erythroseptica
fungus
Phytophthora himalayensis, Phytophthora erythroseptica
Worldwide, especially where potatoes are grown
Widespread in potato growing regions
China
2023-08-21 16:40:32
This pathogen has not been repoted in China. True seed is not known to be a pathway.
This is an important pathogen of potato. Affects a few other important crops, but not known to be a serious pathogen of other crops. Most crops not known to be a host in nature.
No
PHYTER-1,
Not a host. Spinach, as a host has only been established under artificial inoculation, infection in nature not reported. True seed is not known to be a pathway.
PHYTER-1,
Phytophthora erythroseptica var. erythroseptica In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Phytophthora fragariae
fungus
Phytophthora fragariae var. oryzobladis
Worldwide
Widespread
China
2022-12-01 19:25:04
Only the leaf blight of rice strain reported in China (PHYTFR-2)
In nature only strawberry and rice (leaf blight strain)
No
PHYTFR-2,
A host by artificial inoculation only.
PHYTFR-2,
Erwin DC, Ribeiro OK, 1996. Phytophthora Diseases Worldwide. American Phytopathological Society Press, St Paul, Minnesota, USA:
Broad bean wilt virus
virus
Broad bean wilt fabavirus, Catalpa chlorotic leaf spot virus, Nasturtium ringspot virus, Nasturtium white spot virus, Pea streak virus, Patchouli mild mosaic virus, Patchouli mild mottle virus, Petunia ringspot virus, Tropaeolum ringspot virus, Plantago II virus
Worldwide
FL, MN, NY, OH, VT, SC, WI
Mexico
2021-04-01 18:06:48
MX Organic List for beet and spinach. Only artificial inoculation of faba bean has resulted in possible seed transmission. Not known to be common in nature. BBWV is not known to be seed borne in other crops.
Broad bean wilt virus has been reported in natural infections of 180 species of 41 plant families and thus has a very extensive natural host range. Occurs primarily in Eurpoe and Asia
No
BBWV00-1,BBWV00-5,DVP WEB,
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
BBWV00-1,BBWV00-5,DVP WEB,
Lettuce mosaic virus
virus
Lactuca virus 1
lettuce, Mosaic potyvirus
lettuce virus 1, Marmor lactucae
Worldwide, where lettuce is grown.
CA, CO, FL, ID, NY, OH, OR, PA, SC, WA, WI
Mexico
2022-03-22 18:27:45
Lettuce mosaic virus is known to infect a wide range of plants, primarily in the Asteraceae family but seed as a pathway is only known in lettuce.
lettuce, spinach, pea, chicory, endive, chickpea, safflower
No
LMV000-13
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Spinach is not a common host of the virus.
LMV000-13
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www;pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon, Switerland
Sowbane mosaic virus
virus
Apple latent virus 2, Chenopodium mosaic virus, Chenopodium seed-borne mosaic virus, Sowbane mosaic sobemovirus
Japan, Turkey, Canada, Australia, Morocco, Eastern Europe, France, Italy
CA, MD
China
2021-04-27 17:41:49
Only seed from some species of the genus Chenopodium have been shown to be a pathway. Of little economic importance in spinach or table beet crops.
Primarily chenopodium weeds, spinach, beet, quinoa
No
SOMV00-2,SOMV00-5,SOMV00-6,SOMV00-7,SOMV00-1,
Pathway not proven. References indicating seed may be a pathway used artificially inoculated seed or seed contamination was shown in only one cultivar. There is not enough evidence to determine if seed is a pathway for this virus in this host. Only seed from some species of the genus Chenopodium have been shown to be a pathway
SOMV00-2,SOMV00-5,SOMV00-6,SOMV00-7,SOMV00-1,
Bennett CW, Costa AS, 1961. Sowbane mosaic caused by a seed-transmitted virus. Phytopathology, 51:546-550.
Bos, L. and Huijberts, N. (1996). Occurrence and transmission of sowbane mosaic virus in seed from naturally infected plants of spinach (Spinacia oleracea). European Journal of Plant Pathology, 102: 707-711.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Richardson, MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Diseases. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich Switzerland
Sowbane Mosaic Virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Peronospora farinosa f.sp. spinaciae
fungus
Botrytis effusa, Botrytis farinosa, Peronospora effusa,Peronospora spinaciae
Worldwide, primarily in cool temperate areas wherever spinach is grown.
Widespread
Brazil
2021-05-03 17:47:39
This pathogen has been reported in Brazil
spinach
Yes
PEROFS-3,PEROFS-4,
Seed as a pathway is well established and accepted.
NSHS has two standard wash methods.
PEROFS-3,PEROFS-4,
Wash Test, Grow out
PEROFS-4,PEROFS-5,
Wash test is a standard method of the NSHS. Commercially available growout testing also available.
Yes, fungicides have been shown effective
PEROFS-3,
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon, Switzerland
Inaba, T., Takahashi, K. and Morinaka, T. (1983). Seed transmission of spinach downy mildew. Plant Disease, 67, 1139-1141.
Seed Health Testing Method for Peronospora farinosa f.sp. spinaciae Rb 2.1 National Seed Health System. http://www.seedhealth.org
Pleospora herbarum
fungus
Too many to list, most commonly used names include Alternaria putrefaciens, Clasterosporium putrefaciens, Sporidesmium putrefaciens, Stemphyllium botryosum, Stemphylium herbarum.
Worldwide
Widespread
2023-08-21 16:43:10
Primarily a post harvest pathogen
Wide host range
Yes
PLEOHE-3,PLEOHE-4
Seed is a known pathway in spinach.
Freezing blotter incubation is the standard method of the NSHS
PLEOHE-3,PLEOHE-4
Freezing blotter incubation
PLEOHE-3,PLEOHE-5,
Fungicide seed treatments
PLEOHE-2,PLEOHE-4,PLEOHE-3,
du Toit L, Hernandez-Perez P, 2005. Efficacy of hot water and chlorine for eradication of Cladosporium variabile, Stemphylium botryosum, and Verticillium dahliae from spinach seed. Plant Disease, 89:1305-1312.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org. Nyon, switzerland
Seed Health Testing Method for Stemphylium botryosum fsp spinacia Lcb 6.1 National Seed Health System, 2017. www.seedhealth.org
Barnwal MK, Prasad SM, Maiti D, 2003. Efficacy of fungicides and bioagents against Stemphylium blight of onion. Indian Phytopathology, 56(3):291-292.
Arabis mosaic virus
virus
Arabis mosaic nepovirus, Ash ring and line pattern virus, Forsythia yellow net virus, Hop nettlehead virus,Jasmine yellow blotch virus, Raspberry yellow dwarf virus, Rhabarber mosaik virus (rhubarb mosaic virus), Rhubarb mosaic virus
Worldwide
CT, FL, MI, MN, MO, NE, NY, OH, SC
Mexico, China, Korea, Brazil, Thailand
2022-10-08 00:16:31
This virus has been reported in Mexico, China (CABI, 2017), but natural spread may be limited to EU (Murant, 1974).
Wide host range including many vegetable, agronomic and fruit species
No
ARMV00-7
No references found with evidence that spinach as a host of Arabis mosaic virus.
ARMV00-7
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org. Nyon Switzerkand
Spinach latent virus
virus
Yugoslavia, New Zealand, Netherlands, Hungary
CA, VA
Brazil, Korea
2021-04-27 17:53:55
Occurs as a seed-borne infection of spinach, in which it induces no symptoms.
Spinach in nature. Artificially inoculated into common bean, beet, quinoa, cucumber, tomato
Yes
SPLV00-1,SPLV00-2,
Seed can be a pathway for Spinach latent virus in spinach. It is symptomless and of little or no importance in spinach production.
SPLV00-1,SPLV00-2,
Nested PCR
SPLV00-1,
This test has not been verified or standardized and is no longer in use.
No references found on risk mitigation or seed treatment
Beet necrotic yellow vein virus
virus
Beet rhizomania virus
Worldwide
CA, CO, ID, MI, MN, MT, NE, NM, ND, OR, TX, WA, WY
Korea
2021-03-30 18:05:52
Primarily causing rhizomania in sugar beet. Transmitted by the fungal vector Polymyxa betae. Seed is not known to be a pathway. Widespread in sugar beet production areas.
sugar beet, table beet, swiss chard, spinach
No
BNYVV0-1,BNYVV0-3,
Spinach seed is not known to be a pathway for Bean necrotic yellow vein virus.
BNYVV0-1,BNYVV0-3,
Beet mild yellowing virus
virus
Asia, Europe, Australia, Chile
Not known to occur
Korea
2021-03-30 17:54:13
Aphid transmitted virus. Not transmitted by seed or pollen.
beet, chard, sugar beet, spinach
No
BMYV00-1,
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
BMYV00-1,
Beet Mild Yellowing Virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Beet curly top virus
virus
Beet curly top curtovirus, Potato green dwarf virus, Sugarbeet curly leaf virus, Sugarbeet virus 1, Tomato yellows virus, Western yellow blight virus
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2021-03-29 20:43:05
Beet leafhopper vector is more common in arid regions of sugar beet production areas. Not known to be seed transmitted in any host. More common in the western US where vectors are more common.
celery, table beet, sugarbeet, pepper, cucumber, melon, squash, common bean, tomato, cowpeas, spinach, potato
No
BCTV00-1,BCTV00-5
Seed is not known to be a pathway in any host of Bean curly top virus
BCTV00-1,BCTV00-5
Beet western yellows virus
virus
Brassica virus 5, Malva yellows virus, Radish yellows virus, Turnip mild yellows virus, Turnip yellows virus
Worldwide
CA, OR, WA
Korea
2021-04-01 18:43:54
Primarily in CA, OR, WA, but probably widespread. Luteovirus, phloem limited viruses are not typically seed transmitted.
Wide host range. Important crop species listed below
No
BWYV00-1,DVP WEB,
Seed is not known to be a pathway in any host of Beet western yellow virus
BWYV00-1,DVP WEB,
Impatiens necrotic spot virus
virus
Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus, Impatiens strain
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2021-04-20 19:25:01
The virus is closely related to Tomato spotted wilt virus and a member of the Tospovirus group of viruses which are thrip transmitted. Seed transmission is unlikely and not reported for any host.
Moderately wide natural host range, including many ornamentals. Vegetable, agronomic and important grass and flower species listed below.
No
INSV00-1,INSV00-2,
Thrip transmitted in nature. Seed is not known to be a pathway.
INSV00-1,INSV00-2,
Difficult to control. Field control must consider the virus and the vector for success.
Tobacco rattle virus
virus
Aster ringspot virus, Belladonna mosaic virus,Paeony mosaic virus, Paeony ringspot virus,Peony mosaic virus, Peony ringspot virus,Potato corky ringspot virus, Potato stem mottle virus,Ratel virus, Spinach yellow mottle virus, Tabakmauche Virus, Tabakstreifen und Kra, Tobacco rattle tobravirus,Tulip white streak virus
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2021-04-22 17:52:01
Transmitted in nature primarily by trichodorus and paratrichodorus nematodes. Seed is only known to be a pathway in some weed species.
Extensive host range
No
TRV000-1,TRV000-3,TRV000-5,
Spinach is a host for Tobacco rattle virus and may cause yellow mottle symptoms. No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
TRV000-1,TRV000-3,TRV000-5,
Tobacco rattle virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Richardson, MJ., 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Diseases. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich Switzerland
Robinson DJ and Harrison BD. 1989. Tobacco rattle virus Datasheet 346. Description of Plant Viruses; www.dvpweb.net.
Erysiphe betae
fungus
Erysiphe communis, Erysiphe communis f. betae, Erysiphe communis f.sp. polygonorum, Erysiphe polygoni, Erysiphe polygoni f.sp. betae,Microsphaera betae, Oidium erysiphoides
Worldwide
AZ, CA, CO, ID, KS, MI, MT, NE, NM, OR, TX, UT, WA, WY, ND
Korea
2021-04-14 21:18:04
Primarily affects sugar beets. Seed is not known to be a means of transport or spread (ERYSBE-1)
sugar beet, swiss chard, table beet, spinach
No
ERYSBE-1,
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
ERYSBE-1,
Erysiphe betae. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Pythium vexans
fungus
Pythium complectens, Phytopythium vexans, Pythium allantocladon, Pythium ascophallon, Pythium piperinum, Ovatisporangium vexans, Pythium euthyphyphon, Pythium polycladon
Africa, Asia, Europe, Guatemala, Caribbean, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, Chile, South Korea, New Zealand, Canada
HI, OK, CA, NC, MD, VA, DE, PA, NJ, WA, TN, LA, WI, IA
Korea
2023-08-21 16:48:58
Primarily affecting seedlings and roots and is transmitted mainly through infested soil. Seed is not known to be a pathway for any host. Zoospores of this fungus can swim in open water for a short distance. This pathogen has been reported in S. Korea. Korea lists this pathogen as Phytopythium vexans
Wide host range
No
PYTHVE-1,PYTHVE-3,
Seed is not known to be a pathway for any host.
PYTHVE-1,PYTHVE-3,
Tobacco leaf curl virus
virus
Tobacco cabbaging virus, Tobacco curly leaf virus, Tobacco frenching virus, Tobacco leaf curl begomovirus, Tobacco leaf curl bigeminivirus, Tobacco leaf curl geminivirus, Tobacco leaf curl virus 1, Tomato yellow dwarf virus
Africa, Asia, Denmark, Romania, Spain, Switzerland, Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Colombia, Venezuela
KY
Korea
2021-04-22 16:26:29
Seed is not known to be a pathway for this virus.
tobacco, pepper, tomato, spinach
No
TLCV-2,
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
TLCV-2,
Osaki, T and Inouye, T, 1981. Tobacco leaf curl virus. Datasheet 232. Description of Plant Viruses; www.dvpweb.net.
Nacobbus aberrans
nematode
Anguillulina aberrans, Nacobbus batatiformis, Nacobbus bolivianus, Nacobbus serendipiticus, Nacobbus serendipiticus bolivianus, Pratylenchus aberrans
Egypt, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Peru, Mexico
AR, CO, KS, MT, NE, SD, UT, WY
Korea
2023-08-21 22:10:17
Seed is not known to be a pathway for this nematode in any host.
potato, vegetables
No
NACOBA-1,NACOBA-2,
Seed is not known to be a pathway for this nematode in any host. ISF Pest List Database (2020) does not consider spinach a host for this pathogen.
NACOBA-1,NACOBA-2,
Cladosporium cladosporioides
fungus
Cladosporium graminum, Cladosporium herbarumMycosphaerella schoenoprasi, Mycosphaerella tulasnei, Mycosphaerella tassiana, Penicillium cladosporioides,Hormodendrum cladosporioides, Monilia humicola
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-11-11 18:45:32
This pathogen is considered primarily a post harvest pathogen that does not cause disease in most of it's hosts (CLADCL-1). The fungus has been isolated from seed in some hosts, but does not transmit or cause disease in most cases.
Wide host range
No
CLADCL-1,
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. This fungus is primarily a post harvest fungus and field debris may provide survival habitat for the fungus.
CLADCL-1,
Cladosporium cladosporioides. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Alternaria alternata
fungus
Alternaria tenuis, Alternaria tenuissima, many others
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-09-13 19:18:44
Korea listed this pathogen as Alternaria spp. A. alternata, A. tenuis and A. tenuissima have all been reported in Korea. A. alternata has often been found on seed in laboratory testing. There is little evidence of seed transmission. This fungus is ubiquitous and often of minor importance in its hosts.
Wide host range
No
ALTEAL-34,ALTEAL-35,ALTEAL-4,
Pathway not proven. Spinach can be a host and this pathogen can be found on seed in laboratory tests. Primarily found on seed that has not been conditioned or cleaned for commercial sales (i.e. farmer saved or local sources). No evidence of seed transmission, though seed quality may be affected.
ALTEAL-34,ALTEAL-35,ALTEAL-4,
Agar plating
ALTEAL-35,
This test has not been standardized or validated.
Anwar, W., et. al. 2010. Quality deterioration from fungi associated with spinach (Spinacia oleracea) seeds, collected from vegetable market of Lahore. Pakistan Journal of Seed Technology 2:58-62
Suprava, S. 2017. Seed Mycoflora, Pathogenicity and Control of Pathogens of Spinach. TUCL Digital Repository. http://107.170.122.150:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/823
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Cladosporium variabile
fungus
Heterosporium variabile
Not reported.
AZ, CA, NC
Brazil
2023-04-27 17:30:26
Severe cases have been found in spinach seed. A quality systems approach in production of the seeds by crop inspections should reduce the chances of this organism being associated with the seed.
spinach
Yes
ISF RPLD,
Seed can be a pathway. Severe cases can kill all leaves and infect seed. Infected volunteer spinach can serve as a source of inoculum.
ISF RPLD,
Blotter - solid or liquid media methods
ISF RPLD,
A seed test using a freeze blotter method is commercially available. This method has not been standardized or validated.
Physical, Chemical (seed coating and seed disinfection)
ISF RPLD,
Seed treatment with fungicides is effective against the fungus. Commercial cleaning and sanitization of spinach seed would reduce the potential for this organism being associated with the seed.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Search the database