Glycine max
soybean
58 Related Pests
Tobacco streak virus
virus
Annulus orae, Asparagus stunt virus, Black raspberry latent ilarvirus, Datura quercina virus, New logan virus, Micotiana virus 8, Nicotiana virus vulaerans, Tobacoo streak ilarvirus, Tracttus orea
Worldwide
CA, CO, FL ID IA, KT, MA, MI, MN, NC, OH, OK, OR, PA, WA, WI
Korea, Thailand
2022-11-04 18:19:53
Requires thrips to transmit from plant to plant.
Extensive host range includes many weeds, fruit and ornamental plant species. Over 70 species reported as hosts. The vegetables and agronomic crops listed below are important hosts of Tobacco streak virus
No
TSV000-5,TSV000-6,TSV000-7,
Pathway not proven. Occasionally listed as a host. Seed pathway has been shown in laboratory experiments only with the cowpea strain. No references found indicating seed is a pathway in soybean in nature.
TSV000-5,TSV000-6,TSV000-7,
Kaiser WJ, Wyatt SD, and Pesho G 1982. Natural Hosts and Vectors of Tobacco Streak Virus in Eastern Washington. Phytopathology 72:1508-1512.
Edwardson JR, Christie RG, 1997. Viruses infecting peppers and other solanaceous crops. Volume 1, 336 pp.; Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Florida, Gainsville, FL
Ghanegar, AM, Schwenk, FW. 1974. New experimental hosts of tobacco streak virus. Plant Disease Reporter 58:354-355
Tomato black ring virus
virus
Lettuce Ringspot Virus, Bean Ringspot Virus, Beet Ringspot Virus, Celery Yellow Vein Virus, Lettuce Ringspot Virus,Potato Bouquet Virus, Potato Pseudo-Aucuba Virus,Tomato Black Ring Nepovirus
India, Japan, Turkey, throughout Europe
Not known to occur
China, Korea, Mexico, Thailand
2022-11-03 18:40:04
Wide host range reported. Requires the Dagger nematode to transmit this virus
Wide host range, however many are experimental only. Important crops listed below.
No
TBRV00-4,TBRV00-2,TBRV00-3,
Pathway not proven. Older literature (TBRV00-2, TBRV00-3) lists seed as a possible pathway, but no evidence of seed transmission was presented for this host. Seed pathway often inferred due to other hosts or nepoviruses seed pathway. No evidence of seed as a pathway from naturally infected seed was found.
TBRV00-4,TBRV00-2,TBRV00-3,
Murant AF, 1983. Seed and pollen transmission of nematode-borne viruses. Seed Science and Technology, 11:973-987.
Lister RM, Murant AF, 1967. Seed-transmission of nematode-borne viruses. Annals of Applied Biology, 59:49-62.
Murant AF, Lister RM, 1967. Seed-transmission in the ecology of nematode-borne viruses. Annals of Applied Biology, 59:63-76.
Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens
bacterium
Bacterium flaccumfaciens, Corynebacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens, Corynebacterium flaccumfaciens ssp. flaccumfaciens, Phytomonas flaccumfaciens, Pseudomonas flaccumfaciens
South Europe, North Africa, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Venezuela, Colombia, Australia
CO, CT, ID, IA, MI, MN, NE, ND, OH, OR, VA, WI, WY
Chile, China, Mexico, Korea
2023-08-21 22:07:48
Rare in common bean with certification schemes. Found in most bean and soybean production areas
beans, soybean, cowpea, mung bean
Yes
CORBFL-3,CORBFL-7,CORBFL-4,
Soybean seed as a pathway for this pathogen is established and accepted, though it is a minor pathogen of soybean.
Grow out
CORBFL-3,CORBFL-7,CORBFL-4,
Grow out, Serological, PCR
CORBFL-2,CORBFL-3,CORBFL-6,CORBFL-9,CORBFL-13,
Grow out is the standard method of the USDA. This method is a temporary standard for National Seed Health System.
No effective seed treatments known. Resistant varieties exist
Dunleavy JM, 1986. Effect of temperature on systemic spread of tan spot of soybean from seed to unifoliate leaves. Phytopathology 76:1079 ;
CORBFL-4,Dunleavy JM, 1988. Bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases affecting soybean leaves. In: Wyllie TD, Scott DH, eds. Soybean Diseases of the North Central Region. St. Paul, USA: American Phytopathological Society, 40-46.
Gnatyuk, T. T.;Zhitkevich, N. V.;Gritsay, R. V.;Patyka, V. F.Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens is the agent of bacterial disease of soybean. 2013. Mīkrobiologīchniĭ Zhurnal 7522-27
Dunleavy JM, 1988. Bacterial, fungal, and viral diseases affecting soybean leaves. In: Wyllie TD, Scott DH, eds. Soybean Diseases of the North Central Region. St. Paul, USA: American Phytopathological Society, 40-46.
Calzolari A, Cavanni P and Ponti I, 1987. Bacterial and fungus diseases of soyabean. Informatore Fitopatologico, 37:7-12
A. J. González, J. C. Tello, and M. R. Rodicio. 2005. Bacterial Wilt of Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) Caused by Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens in Southeastern Spain, Plant Disease, 89:1361
Tegli S, Sereni A, Surico G, 2002. PCR-based assay for the detection of Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens in bean seeds. Letters in Applied Microbiology, 35:331-337
Seed Health Testing Method Sb1.1 Curtobacterium flaccumfaciens pv. flaccumfaciens (archived). The National Seed Health System (NSHS) www.seedhealth.org
Rhodococcus fascians
bacterium
Corynebacterium fascians, Bacterium fascians, Phytomonas fascians, Pseudobacterium fascians, Rhodococcus rubropertinctus
Europe, North America, Central America, Australia, New Zealand, Iran, Russia, Egypt, Colombia
Widespread
Brazil, Thailand
2023-08-21 16:50:36
Though found in many US states, the pathogen is usually restricted and localized. Probably Worldwide, though not reported. Disease outbreaks are sporadic and usually related to poor sanitation. Bulbs, floral and greenhouse crops most susceptible to disease outbreaks. No reports of seed as a pathway in vegetables and agronomic crops.
Primarily a pest of ornamentals, woody ornamentals and floowers. Vegetables and agronomic crops reported susceptible to the bacterium are listed below. Transmits primarily through propagation.
No
CORBFA-3,
Listed as a potential host, not common. No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
CORBFA-3,
Putnam,M.L. and Miller, M.L. 2007. Rhodococcus facians in Herbaceous Perennials. Plant Disease 91: 1064-1076
Candidatus phytoplasma asteris
phytoplasma
Worldwide
Widespread
2021-11-15 19:27:42
AY phytoplasmas are not seed transmissable and seed is not a pathway in any host.
Wide host range, primarily herbaceous dicots, though strains infect monocots and woody ornamentals
No
PHY01-1,PHY01-2
Seed is not a pathway for AY phytoplasmas
PHY01-1,PHY01-2
Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. phaseolicola
bacterium
Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola, Pseudomonas phaseolicola
Worldwide
Reported in the US where beans are grown. Not common in dry climates where most bean seed is produced.
2023-08-21 16:45:24
Primarily species of Phaseolus. Reported on pea and soybean, though rare
No
Soybean is not a primary host for this pathogen. No references found indicating soybean seed is a pathway.
Colletotrichum truncatum
fungus
Colletotrichum dematium f. sp.truncatum, Vermicularia truncata
Worldwide
Widespread
Chile, Mexico
2022-11-11 19:08:42
A possible anamporh of Colletotrichum capsici (ARS GRIN)
soybean, pepper, tomato, bean, pea and a broad range of weed species
Yes
COLLDU-2,
Soybean seed is known to be a pathway for this pest.
COLLDU-2,
Blotter, Culture plating
COLLDU-3
These methods have not been validated or standardized.
Seed treatments; thiram, difolatan and captan; fludioxonil + mefenoxam and thiabendazole + thiram.
COLLDU-2,COLLDU-6,COLLDU-1,
Khare MN, Chacko S, 1983. Factors affecting seed infection and transmission of Colletotrichum dematium f. sp. truncata in soybean. Seed Sci. Technol., 11:853-858.
Hepperly PR, Mignucci JS, Sinclair JB, Mendoza JB, 1983. Soyabean anthracnose and its seed assay in Puerto Rico. Seed Science and Technology, 11(2):371-380
Begam, et. al 2007. Detection of seed-borne fungi and site of infection by Colletotrichum truncatum in naturally-infected soybean seeds. International Journal of Agricultural Research 2; 812-819
Colletotrichum truncatum In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Botrytis fabae
fungus
Worldwide
CA
Brazil
2021-10-26 19:00:48
Reported in many countries but only widespread in Egypt and the United Kingdom
Primarily a pathogen of faba or broad bean. May attack pea, common bean, soybean and lentils, though not often and not as severly.
No
BOTFRA-1,BOTRFA-7,
There is no evidence that seed is a pathway for this pathogen in this crop. This is a minor pathogen of soybean.
BOTFRA-1,BOTRFA-7,
Botrytis fabae In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Beaver, R.E., Weeds, P.L. 2004, Taxonomy and Genetic Variation of Botrytis and Botryotinia; 29-52. In Botrytis: Biology, Pathology and Control. Elad, Y. et. al., eds. Kluwer Acedemic Publishers, The Netherlands.
Verticillium nigrescens
fungus
China, Japan, Canada, Italy, Australia, New Zealand. (Most likely a worldwide saprophyte.)
GA, MS, MO
Brazil
2022-10-09 00:10:34
Not considered a highly virulent fungal pathogen. Often found as a saprophyte or weakly pathogenic at most. This fungus should not be regulated on seed.
Soybean and cotton are main hosts, but even on these hosts it is a weak pathogen. Has been isolated from other hosts, though primarily as a saprophyte or weakly pathogenic
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Not considered an important pathogen for this crop. Often saprophytic or weakly pathogenic at most.
Phytophthora sojae
fungus
Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. glycinea, Phytophthora megasperma var. sojae, Phytophthora sojae f.sp. glycines
Worldwide
Widespread
China
2022-06-27 17:15:00
This pathogen has been reported in China.
soybean, lupine
No
PHYTMS-5,PHYTMS-3,
Seed is not known to be a pathway. The pathogen has been isolated from debris associated with seed samples, however, seed contamination was not found. Commercial seed contamination, after cleaning and conditioning is not known to occur.
PHYTMS-5,PHYTMS-3,
Verticillium albo-atrum
fungus
Verticillium albo-atrum var. caespitosum, Verticillium albo-atrum var. tuberosum
Worldwide, primarily in cool temperate climates and in potato producing areas
Widespread, especially in northern states
China, Thailand
2022-11-11 17:40:00
Many reports of Verticillium albo-atrum in crops reported prior to 1970 may have actually been Verticillium dahlia. Only lucerne, potatoes, tomatoes and hops are considered important hosts. This pathogen has been reported in China
Wide host range. An important pathogen of potatoes.
No
VERTAA-2,VERTAA-9,
On reference found indicating soybean is attacked by this fungus. but no citation presented. No evidence that seed is a pathway for this crop.
VERTAA-2,VERTAA-9,
Verticillium dahliae
fungus
Verticillium ovatum, Verticillium trachiephilum
Worldwide
Widespread
China
2022-11-11 18:36:13
Prevalent in China
Wide host range (ornamentals, vegetables, agronomic). Isolated from some small grains but not pathogenic on small grains
No
VERTDA-16,
Verticillium dahliae has been reported on soybean, but is not an important host. No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
VERTDA-16,
Richardson, MJ. 1990. An Annotated List of Seedborne Diseases. International Seed Testing Association. Zurich, Switzerland.
Fusarium virguliforme
fungus
Fusarium solani f.sp. glycines, Fusarium brasiliense, Fusarium cuneirostrum, Fusarium tucumaniae
China, Malaysia, South Africa,Ontario Canada, Argentina, Brazil
Widespread
China
2022-03-16 17:33:54
soybean
No
FUSAVI-3,
Seed is not known to be a direct pathway. Nematode cysts associated with non-conditioned or cleaned seed lots have been discussed as possible means of dissemination but no references found to confirm.
FUSAVI-3,
Roy KW, Hershman DE, Rupe JC and. Abney, TS. 1997. Sudden Death Syndrome of Soybean. Plant Disease 81:1100-1111
Phoma pinodella
fungus
Phoma medicaginis var. pinodella,Ascochyta pinodella, Phoma trifolii; Peyronellaea pinodella
Worldwide
Widespread
China
2023-08-21 16:37:21
This pathogen has not been reported in China
Pea, soybean and alfalfa are the most important hosts. Has been reported on beet, lentils, cotton, parsley, fava bean, mung bean, cowpea, oats, barley, clovers and leguminous plants
No
PHOMME-3,RICH ISTA,PHOMMP-1,
One reference commonly cited for seed as a possible pathway (PHOMME-3), but this reference could not be located to validate data. Regardless, this is the only report found indicating soybean seed might be a pathway for this pathogen. There is no evidence of seed transmission.
PHOMME-3,RICH ISTA,PHOMMP-1,
Boerema, GH, et.al. 2004. Phoma Identification Manual. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK pp470
Richardson, MJ. 1990. An Annotated List of Seedborne Diseases. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich Switzerland.
Phoma pinodella In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Fusarium tucumaniae
fungus
Argentina, Brazil
Not known to occur
China
2021-04-19 20:36:51
soybean
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
Diaporthe phaseolorum var. caulivora
fungus
Diaporthe caulivora
Argentina, Ecuador, Bulgaria, Serbia, Croatia, Brazil, Italy, France, Southern Russia, Yugoslavia (former), Republic of Korea, Ontario.
Eastern and Midwestern US
China
2022-02-23 19:27:02
This pathogen has not been reported in the western United States
soybean
Yes
DIAPPC-2,
This pathogen is part of the Phomopsis Complex and seed is known to be a pathway, although seed transmission does not always occur. The frequency of the pathogen on seed was less than 0.5% in research.
Culture plating or Blotter incubation are both NSHS standard methods.
DIAPPC-2,
Culture plating, Blotter incubation
DIAPPC-5,
These are standard methods of the NSHS.
Captan,Thiram fungicides reduce infection
DIAPPC-6,
Zhang, A. W.; Hartman, G. L.; Curio-Penny, B.; Pedersen, W. L.; Becker, K. B., 1999. Molecular detection of Diaporthe phaseolorum and Phomopsis longicolla from soybean seeds. Phytopathology 89:796-80
Seed Health Testing Method for Phomosis-Diaporthe Sb 2.1, 2016: National Seed Health System www.seedhealth.org
Backman PA, Weaver DB, Morgan-Jones G, 1985. Soybean stem canker: an emerging disease problem. Plant Disease, 69:641-647
Diaporthe phaseolorum var. meridionalis
fungus
Diaporthe aspalathi
Nigeria, Ghana, Tanzania, China, South America, Italy
IL, WI, MS, GA, FL, IN, MO, AL, TN, AR, LA, TX, SC.
China
2022-02-23 19:28:48
Pathogenic variability should be expected because the infective form of this fungus in the field is sexual, allowing genetic recombination (DIAPAS-4)). This pathogen has not been reported in the western United States.
soybean
Yes
DIAPAS-4,DIAPAS-7,DIAPAS-6,DIAPAS-8,
This pathogen is part of the Phomopsis Complex and seed is known to be a pathway, although seed infection is usually very low. Seed may play a minor role in the epidemiology of the disease.
Culture plating and Blotter incubation are NSHS standard tests
DIAPAS-4,DIAPAS-7,DIAPAS-6,DIAPAS-8,
Culture plating, Blotter incubation
DIAPAS-5,
These methods are standard methods of the NSHS
Fungicides (benomyl/thiram, benomyl/captan, carbendazim/thiram and thiabendazol combined with thiram, captan, PCNB and tolyfluanid) are effective
DIAPAS-1,
Sinclair JB, Hartman GL, 1999. Soybean diseases. In: Compendium of soybean diseases. 4th ed. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul Minnisota
McGee DC, Biddle JA. 1987. Seedborne Diaporthe phaseolorum var. caulivora in Iowa and its relationship to soybean stem canker in the Southern United States.Plant Disease 71; 620-622.
Roy KW, McLean K, 1984. Epidemiology of soybean stem canker in Mississippi. (Abstr.) Phytopathology 74:632.
Backman PA, Weaver DB, Morgan-Jones G, 1985. Soybean stem canker: an emerging disease problem. Plant Disease, 69(8):641-647
Seed Health Testing Method for Phomosis-Diaporthe Sb 2.1, 2016: National Seed Health System www.seedhealth.org
Diaporthe phaseolorum var. meridionalis In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Cadophora gregata
fungus
Phialophora gregata, Cephalosporium gregatum
Ontario, Puerto Rico, Japan, Egypt, Argentina, Brazil, Croatia, Serbia, Yugoslavia, Montenegro
Midwest and Southeast states
China, Korea
2021-10-28 19:35:58
Transmission of Cadophora gregata is primarily through plant debris and infected soil.
soybean, adzuki bean, mung bean
No
PHIAGR-3,PHIAGR-5,PHIAGR-6,
Pathway not proven. The first two references found this pathogen on or in seed, but there was little or no evidence of seed transmission. Additionally, research was done with seed produced under conditions favorable to disease development or with inoculated seed. No toothed references found indicating seed transmission. The NSHS (PHIAGR-6) classifies this pathogen as a "Regulated Non-seedborne Pest"
Culture plating is the NSHS standard method.
PHIAGR-3,PHIAGR-5,PHIAGR-6,
Culture plating
PHIAGR-6,
PHIAGR-2,
Soil amendments with Trichoderma were compared with benomyl seed treatments, however, no references found on direct seed treatments.
Ellis MA, Paschal EH, Powell PE, Tenne FD, 1979. Internally seedborne fungi of soya bean in Puerto Rico and their effect on seed germination and field emergence. Tropical Agriculture, 56:171-174
Abo-El-Dahab, M. 1968. Occurrence of the brown stem rot disease of Soybean in Egypt (U.A.R.). Phytopathologia Mediterranea, 7:28-33.
Seed Health Testing Method for Phialophora gregatum. 2016. National Seed Health System. www.seedhealth.org
Yehia AH, Abd-El-Kader DA, Salem DE, Sayed-Ahmed AA, 1994. Biological soil treatment with Trichoderma harzianum to control brown stem rot of soybean in Egypt. Egyptian Journal of Phytopathology, 22:143-157
Calonectria ilicicola
fungus
Cylindrocladium parasiticum, Calonectria theae var. crotalariae, Calonectria crotalariae, Cylindrocladium ilicicola
China, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Republic of Korea, Malaysia, Taiwan, Thailand, Kenya, Brazil, Venezuela, Belgium, Ecuador, Italy, Netherlands, United Kingdom, Australia
FL, GA, HI, LA, MS, NC, SC, TX, VA, WV
China
2021-10-28 19:38:24
A major pathogen of avacado, peanut and eucalyptus. Reported in soybean, alfalfa
No
There is no evidence that seed is a pathway for this pathogen in this crop. No references found.
Tobacco ringspot virus
virus
Anemone necrosis virus, Annulus tabaci, Blueberry necrotic ringspot virus, Nicotiana virus 12, Soybean bud blight virus, Tobacco Brazilian streak virus, Tobacco ringspot nepovirus, Tobacco ringspot virus No. 1
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea, China
2022-09-22 18:37:27
Nepovirus. Requires the Xiphinema americanum nematode for transmission. This pest has been reported to be in Korea.
Extensive host range includes many weed, fruit and ornamental plant species. The vegetables and agronomic crops listed below are important
Yes
TORSXX-2,TORSXX-7,TORSXX-8,
Seed transmission important in soybean and is well documented.
ELISA
TORSXX-2,TORSXX-7,TORSXX-8,
Indicator host inoculation, Grow out, ELISA
TORSXX-1,NSHS USDA,
ELISA is the temporary standard of the NSHS.
TORSXX-1,
Resistant varieties available. Hot water at 56°C for 10 min, hot air at 52°C and 56°C, or aerated steam at 60°C seed treatments have been unsuccessful on soybean.
Richrdson, MJ 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-Borne Diseases. Foruth Ed. The International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Laviolette FA, Athow KL, 1971. Longevity of tobacco ringspot virus in soybean seed. Phytopathology, 61:755.
Demski JW, Harris HB, 1974. Seed transmission of viruses in soybean. Crop Science, 14:888-890
Tobacco Ringspot Virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
United Stated Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Protection Service National Seed Health System (USDA-APHIS NSHS) www.seedhealth.org
Broad bean wilt virus
virus
Broad bean wilt fabavirus, Catalpa chlorotic leaf spot virus, Nasturtium ringspot virus, Nasturtium white spot virus, Pea streak virus, Patchouli mild mosaic virus, Patchouli mild mottle virus, Petunia ringspot virus, Tropaeolum ringspot virus, Plantago II virus
Worldwide
FL, MN, NY, OH, VT, SC, WI
Mexico
2021-04-01 18:06:48
MX Organic List for beet and spinach. Only artificial inoculation of faba bean has resulted in possible seed transmission. Not known to be common in nature. BBWV is not known to be seed borne in other crops.
Broad bean wilt virus has been reported in natural infections of 180 species of 41 plant families and thus has a very extensive natural host range. Occurs primarily in Eurpoe and Asia
No
BBWV00-1,DVP WEB,
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
BBWV00-1,DVP WEB,
Tomato ringspot virus
virus
Tomato ringspot nepovirus, Blackberry (Himalaya) mosaic virus, Euonymus chlorotic ringspot virus, Euonymus ringspot virus, Grape yellow vein virus, Grapevine yellow vein virus, Nicotiana 13 virus, Peach stem pitting virus, Prune brown line virus, Prunus stem pitting virus, Red currant mosaic virus, Tobacco ringspot virus 2, Winter peach mosaic virus
Worldwide
Widespread, primarily along the Pacific coast, NY, PA
Korea, Mexico, Thailand
2022-11-07 17:26:14
Natural spread is confined to areas where there are moderate to high populations of nematode vectors belonging to the genus Xiphinema. Requires the nematode to spread. Seed transmission only shown in strawberry and raspberry in nature.
Wide host range, primarily ornamentals and fruit trees. Vegetable crops infected are listed below. Not known to infect grains and grasses
No
TORSV0-3,TORSV0-7,DVP WEB,
Pathway not proven. Varying degrees of seed transmission have been reported in soybean in the laboratory, however, most references are very old. There is no conclusive evidence of natural seed transmission in soybean.
ELISA (NSHS Method Sb 6.1)
TORSV0-3,TORSV0-7,DVP WEB,
ELISA
NSHS USDA,
This is a temporary standard of the NSHS. Seed pathway is inconclusive.
No seed treatments
Prevention and control requires several strategies to be undertaken in
concert. Fallowing is not an effective means of disease control because weeds and remaining roots of woody crop plants act as carryover hosts for the nematode vector and the virus. Soil fumigation is an alternative to fallowing.
Tomato Ringspot Virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Kahn RP, 1956. Seed transmission of the tomato ringspot virus in the Lincoln variety of soybeans. Phytopathology, 46:295
United Stated Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Protection Service National Seed Health System (USDA-APHIS NSHS) www.seedhealth.org
Tobacco mosaic virus
virus
TMV U1, type, Vulgare or Common strain
tobacco mosaic tobamovirus,
VMT (Virus mosaique de tabac)
Worldwide
Widespread
Mexico
2023-08-21 16:58:52
Broad host range. Cultivated species listed below.
No
Occasionally listed as a host, no evidence that seed is a pathway.
White clover mosaic virus
virus
Potexvirus
Western Australia. Possibly Japan, Turkey, Brazil, United Kingdom
IN
Brazil
2023-08-21 17:05:30
Primarily clover, pea, sweet pea, alfalfa. Artificially inoculated into other legumes and plant species in the laboratory. Only crops with reported natural infections of this virus included below.
No
WCLMV0-2,
Mechanically transmitted in laboratory studies. There is no evidence of that seed is a pathway for this host in nature.
WCLMV0-2,
Bancroft, Tuite & Hissong. 1960. Properties of White Clover Mosaic Virus in Indiana, Phytopathology 50: 711.
Southern bean mosaic virus
virus
Bean mosaic virus 4, Bean southern mosaic virus, Southern bean mosaic sobemovirus, Southern bean mosaic virus 1, Phaseolusvirus
Asia, Africa, S. American, Mexico, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Europe.
AR, CA, FL, GA, LA, MD, MI, SC, TN, TX, VA
China, Korea
2022-08-16 18:55:39
Several strains of Southern bean mosaic virus are known and are very specific to thier host. SBMV-B infects bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) but not cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), SBMV-CP infects cowpea, Ghana strain (SBMV-G) infects cowpeas and some bean cultivars, Mexican strain (SBMV-M) (Severe bean mosaic strain) infects beans and some cowpea cultivars.
soybean, common bean, cowpea
Yes
SBMV00-6,SBMV00-11,
Soybean is not considered an important host of this virus. Produces a mild mottle when infected artificially. Seed as a pathway seems relatively unimportant and has primarily been shown with artificially inoculated plants from seed extracts.
SBMV00-6,SBMV00-11,
ELISA
SBMV00-12,
ELISA and other serological tests have been applied for other hosts. Test has not been validated or standardized.
Zhang, Tan, Wei, Zhang an Li, 2009. Detection of southern bean mosaic virus and tobacco ringspot virus in soybean seed by GICA-RT-PCR. Journal of Anhui Agricultural University, 36:319-322.
Iizuka N, 1974. Southern bean mosaic virus occurred in soybean. Shokubutsu-bocki, 28:471-474.
Hampton RO; Albrechtsen SE; Mathur SB, 1992. Seed health (viruses) of Vigna unguiculata selections from developing countries. Seed Science and Technology, 20:23-38
Bean pod mottle virus
virus
Bean pod mottle comovirus, Pod mottle virus, Pod mottle of bean
Iran, Nigeria, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Canada
Widespread
China, Korea
2021-09-16 21:28:59
soybean, bean
Yes
BPMV00-2,BPMV00-3,BPMV00-4,
Bean pod mottle virus can be transmitted at very low rates (~ 0.10%)
NSHS B Method.
BPMV00-2,BPMV00-3,BPMV00-4,
ELISA
BPMV00-8,
NSHS B Method, not yet validated.
BPMV00-3,BPMV00-7,
Beetle control reduces virus infection.
Lin MT, Hill JH, 1983. Bean pod mottle virus: occurrence in Nebraska and seed transmission in soybeans. Plant Disease, 67(2):230-233
Giesler LJ, Ghabrial SA, Hunt TE, Hill JH, 2002. Bean pod mottle virus: a threat to U.S. soybean production. Plant Disease, 86(12):1280-1289; 101 ref.
Ross JP, 1986. Response of early- and late-planted soybeans to natural infection by bean pod mottle virus. Plant Disease, 70(3):222-224
Bean pod mottle virus Seed Health Method sb 8.1 National Seed Health System. 2016. www.seedhealth.org
R. K. Krell, L.P. Pedigo,J. H. Hill, Marlin E. Rice, 2003, Potential Primary Inoculum Sources of Bean pod mottle virus in Iowa.Plant Disease, 87,(12),1416-1422
Tomato spotted wilt virus
virus
Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus, Tomato spotted wilt virus group
Worldwide
Widespread
2023-08-21 17:00:09
Seed is not a pathway for Tospoviruses, including Tomato spotted wilt virus
Wide host range. Over 800 plant species are known hosts. Primarily ornamentals,flowers. No evidence that small grains or corn are hosts.
No
TSWV00-1,TSV000-3,
Seed is not a pathway for Tospoviruses, including Tomato spotted wilt virus
TSWV00-1,TSV000-3,
Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Kaiser, WJ; Wyatt, SD; Klein, RE, 1991. Epidemiology and Seed Transmission of Two Tobacco Streak Virus Pathotypes Associated with Seed Increases of Legume Germ Plasm in Eastern Washington. Plant Disease 75:258-264
Cowpea severe mosaic virus
virus
Cowpea severe mosaic comovirus, Puerto Rico cowpea mosaic virus
Trinidad and Tobago,Puerto Rico, El Salvador, Costa
Rica, Venezuela, Surinam, Brazil, Peru
AR, IL
China
2022-02-15 21:03:32
soybean, mung bean, cowpea
No
CPSMV0-2,CPSMV0-6,
Seed is not known to be a pathway in soybean. Transmission by beetles.
CPSMV0-2,CPSMV0-6,
McLaughlin, M.R., Thongmeearkom, P., Goodman, R.M., Milbrath, G.M., Ries, S.M. and Royse, D.J., 1978. Isolation and beetle transmission of cowpea mosaic virus (severe subgroup) from Desmodium canescens and soybeans in Illinois. Plant Disease Reporter, 62(12), pp.1069-1073.
Tolin, S.A. 2015. Cowpea Severe Mosaic Virus, In, Compendium of Soybean Diseases and Pests, fifth ed. Eds; Hartman, Rupe, Sikora, Domier, Davis and Steffey. APS Press, St. Paul, MN
Cotton leaf curl virus
virus
Cotton leaf curl bigeminivirus, Cotton leaf curl geminivirus
India, Africa
Not known to occur
China
2022-02-08 22:02:55
Not known to be seed transmitted (VIDE PVO)
cotton
No
CLCuV-1,CLCuV-2,VIDE PVO,
Whitefly transmitted virus only. Only one report of possible infection of soybean by this virus in India (CLCuV-2). Seed is not known to be a pathway. Whitefly transmitted only.
CLCuV-1,CLCuV-2,VIDE PVO,
Cotton Leaf Curl Virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Raj SK, Khan MS, Snehi SK, Srivastava S, Singh HB, 2006. A yellow mosaic disease of soybean in northern India is caused by Cotton leaf curl Kokhran virus. Plant Disease, 90:975.
Brunt, AA, Crabtree, K., Dallwitz, MJ, Gibbs, AJ, Watson, L. and Zurcher, EJ. (eds.). Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database, Version: 16th 1997. http://bio-mirror.im.ac.cn/mirrors/pvo/vide/refs.htm
Pleospora herbarum
fungus
Too many to list, most commonly used names include Alternaria putrefaciens, Clasterosporium putrefaciens, Sporidesmium putrefaciens, Stemphyllium botryosum, Stemphylium herbarum.
Worldwide
Widespread
2023-08-21 16:43:10
Primarily a post harvest pathogen
Wide host range
No
No references found indicating that seed is a pathway
Stemphylium vesicarium
fungus
Pleospora alli, Helminthosporium vesicarium, Macrosporium alliorum, Mystrosporium alliorum, Macrosporium parasiticum, Stemphylium parasiticum
Worldwide
CA, FL, MI, NY, TX, WA
2021-04-27 18:09:21
Ascospores (P. allii) and conidia (S. vesicarium) are mainly air-dispersed. This pathogen is often referred to as Pleospora alli in the literature
onion, leek, alfalfa, wheat, sunflower, pea, radish, tomato, parsley
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway for this crop. Only one reference found indicating this is a host for the pathogen (PLEOAL-11)
Colletotrichum trifolii
fungus
Worldwide
Widespread
Sudan
2021-04-08 16:54:06
alfalfa, soybean, adzuki bean
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway for this crop
Alfalfa mosaic virus
virus
Alfalfa virus 1 and 2, Lucerne mosaic virus, Marmor medicaginis, Potato calico virus, Tomato necrotic tip curl, Alfalfa yellow spot
Worldwide
Widespread
Sudan, Mexico
2022-09-13 19:10:36
Wide host range
No
AMV000-1,AMV000-7,AMV000-8,
Pathway not proven. Though seed has been reported as a possible pathway in Brazil and Argentina, no references were found with data to conclusive show seed transmission or that seed is a pathway.
AMV000-1,AMV000-7,AMV000-8,
Alfalfa Mosaic Virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Richardson, MJ 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Diseases. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich Switzerland
Jaspers and Bos, 1980. Description of Plant Viruses ; http://dpvweb.net/dpv/
Bean golden mosaic virus
virus
Bean golden mosaic begomoivirus, Bean golden mosaic geminivirus, Bean golden mosaic virus (type 1) Brazil
South America
Not known to occur
Korea
2021-09-16 21:17:03
All reported detections in the US have been invalidated. Transmitted by Bemisia spp. whitefly. Occurs especially in Brazil.
common bean, soybean, other beans
No
BGMV00-1,BGMV00-2,BGMV00-3,
No reports of natural seed transmission found. DVP (BGMV00-2) states that Bean golden mosaic virus is not seed transmitted. Tough one reference (BGMV00-3) was able to detect cloned DNA components of the virus in seed artificially inoculated with these components, intact virus was not used or recovered.
BGMV00-1,BGMV00-2,BGMV00-3,
Bean golden mosaic virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Goodman RM and bird J. 1978. Bean golden mosaic virus Datasheet 192. Description of Plant Viruses. dvpweb.net
Aragao FJL, Brasileiro ACM, Ribeiro SG, Faria JC, Rech EL, 1995. Inoculation of bean and soybean with cloned bean golden mosaic virus (BGMV) DNA using particle acceleration. Fitopatologia Brasileira, 20:642-644
Arabis mosaic virus
virus
Arabis mosaic nepovirus, Ash ring and line pattern virus, Forsythia yellow net virus, Hop nettlehead virus,Jasmine yellow blotch virus, Raspberry yellow dwarf virus, Rhabarber mosaik virus (rhubarb mosaic virus), Rhubarb mosaic virus
Worldwide
CT, FL, MI, MN, MO, NE, NY, OH, SC
Mexico, China, Korea, Brazil, Thailand
2022-10-08 00:16:31
This virus has been reported in Mexico, China (CABI, 2017), but natural spread may be limited to EU (Murant, 1974).
Wide host range including many vegetable, agronomic and fruit species
No
ARMV00-3,ARMV00-4,ARMV00-5,
Pathway not proven. Lister and Murant (ARMV00-5) research done with artificially inoculated plants only. Mandahar (ARMV00-4) states that seed transmission of Arabis mosaic virus in field uncommon
ARMV00-3,ARMV00-4,ARMV00-5,
Murant. 1983. Seed and Pollen Transmission of Nematode-borne viruses. Seed Sci and Technol. 11:973-987
Mandahar, CL. 1981. Virus Transmission through seed and pollen. In, Plant Diseases and Vectors, Maramorosch, K and Harris, KF, ed. Acedemic Press.
Lister and Murant. 1967. Seed-transmission of nematode-borne viruses. Annals of Applied Biology, 59:49-62.
Fusarium redolens
fungus
Fusarium oxysporum var. redolens
China, Japan, Turkey, New Zealand, Czech Republic, Finland
Not known to occur
Korea
2021-04-07 16:27:34
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
An economic pathogen of carnation. Though reported on other vegetable and grain crops, it is not considered an economic pathogen of many hosts or its economic importance is not known. Only hosts with peer reviewed publications are listed below. Other crops often listed in various countries harmful pest lists or inventories without evidence presented.
No
No references found indicating that seed is a pathway.
Beet western yellows virus
virus
Brassica virus 5, Malva yellows virus, Radish yellows virus, Turnip mild yellows virus, Turnip yellows virus
Worldwide
CA, OR, WA
Korea
2021-04-01 18:43:54
Primarily in CA, OR, WA, but probably widespread. Luteovirus, phloem limited viruses are not typically seed transmitted.
Wide host range. Important crop species listed below
No
BWYV00-1,DVP WEB,
Seed is not known to be a pathway in any host of Beet western yellow virus.
BWYV00-1,DVP WEB,
Fusarium poae
fungus
Fusarium sporotrichiella, Fusarium sporotrichiella var. poae, Fusarium tricinctum f.sp. poae, Sporotrichum poae, Sporotrichum anthophilum.
Worldwide in temperate regions
Widespread, primarily in northern states
Korea
2022-04-06 18:21:35
One of many Fusarium spp. isolated from grains and grasses in temperate regions of the world.
pea, grains, corn, grasses. Reported on several vegetables under some conditions. Vegetables are not listed below as the fungus is primarily opportunistic and secondary.
No
RICH ISTA,
Pathway not proven. Though Fusarium poae is one of many species of fusaria reported on this host and if seed is not properly handled, conditioned and stored, conidia may be found on seeds. The fungus is commonly soil borne and there were no references found indicating that seed is an important means of spread.
RICH ISTA,
Common seed production practices, careful harvest, seed cleaning, conditioning, seed treatment and proper storage should decrease any risk from this pathogen.
Richardson, MJ. 1990. An Annotated List of Seedborne Diseases. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich Switzerland.
Cowpea mild mottle virus
virus
Bean angular mosaic virus, Cowpea mild mottle carlavirus, Eggplant mild mottle virus, Groundnut crinkle virus, Groundnut ngomeni mottle virus, Psophocarpus necrotic mosaic virus,Tomato pale chlorosis virus,Voandzeia mosaic virus
Asia, Africa, Oceania, Belgium, Netherlands
Not known to occur
Korea
2022-11-11 19:14:53
The virus is transmitted by white flies.
cowpea, soybean, common bean, tomato, peanut, faba bean
No
CPMMV0-3,CPMMV0-4,CPMMV0-5,CPMMV0-6,CPMMV0-7,CPMMV0-8,
Pathway not proven. Seed transmission in soybean is contradictory, as early reports indicated that seed may be a pathway, though in low levels (Iwaki, et al, 1982) or seed transmission was detected from seed produced from artificially inoculated plants (Brunt and Kenten, 1973). Later references (Gillaspie, 1995 and Horn, 1991) were unable to detect the virus using direct ELISA tests on seed from naturally infected plants. Virus strain, plant genotype and duration of infection may have affected seed transmission studies (Jeyanandara and Brunt, 1992)
CPMMV0-3,CPMMV0-4,CPMMV0-5,CPMMV0-6,CPMMV0-7,CPMMV0-8,
ELISA
CPMMV0-6,CPMMV0-8,
This test has not been validated or standardized.
Fauquet C, Thouvenel J-C, 1987. Plant viruses in the Ivory Coast. Initiations, Documentations, Techniques, No. 46. Paris, France:ORSTOM, 243
Jeyanandarajah and Brunt AA 1993. The Natural Occurrence, Transmission, Properties and Possible Affinities of Cowpea Mild Mottle Virus. Journal of Phytopathology 109: 245-253
Brunt AA and Kenten RH, 1973. Cowpea mild mottle, a newly recognized virus infecting cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) in Ghana. Annals of Applied Biology, 74:67-74
Horn, N. M.; Saleh, N.; Baliadi, Y.Cowpea mild mottle virus could not be detected by ELISA in soybean and groundnut seeds in Indonesia.Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology 97:125-127"
Iwaki M, 1986. Soybean crinkle leaf and cowpea mild mottle viruses. International Symposium on Virus Diseases of Rice and Leguminous Crops. Tropical Agriculture Research Series, 19:92-100
Gillaspie, A. G., Jr.; Hopkins, M. S.; Pinnow, D. L. 1993. Seedborne viruses in preintroduction cowpea seed lots and establishment of virus-free accessions. Plant Disease, 1993, 77, 9, pp 875-877
Cowpea chlorotic mottle virus
virus
Bean yellow stipple virus, Marmor flavopunctum,Virus del moteado amarillo
USA, Costa Rica
Unknown, appears to be restricted.
Korea
2023-04-27 18:29:24
Beetle transmitted bromovirus. Sporadic outbreaks over the years, as resistance and beetle control have improved.
bean, soybean, cowpea
No
CCMV00-3,
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
CCMV00-3,
CCMV00-4,
Resistant varieties available
Brunt, AA, Crabtree, K., Dallwitz, MJ, Gibbs, AJ, Watson, L. and Zurcher, EJ. (eds.). Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database, Version: 16th 1997. http://bio-mirror.im.ac.cn/mirrors/pvo/vide/refs.htm
G. L. Hartman, J. C. Rupe, E. J. Sikora, L. L. Domier, J. A. Davis, and K. L. Steffey Compendium of Soybean Diseases and Pests, Fifth Edition. , 17-135
Cochliobolus hawaiiensis
fungus
Drechslera hawaiiensis, Helminthosporium hawaiiense, Bipolaris hawaiiensis, Curvularia hawaiiensis, Pseudocochliobolus hawaiiensis
Bangladesh, India, Iran, Myanmar, Kenya, Australia, Cuba, Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Egypt, South Africa, Brazil, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka, Denmark, Mexico, Tanzania, Nepal, Oman, Mozambique, Tonga
Fl, MS, HI
Korea
2022-02-08 21:04:32
Seed has not been reported as a pathway
corn, wheat, rice, barley, sorghum, sugarcane, grasses. Occasionally reported on cowpea, fruit trees soybean, pumpkin.
No
COCHHA-3,
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
COCHHA-3,
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Pseudocochliobolus pallescens
fungus
Cochliobolus pallescens, Curvularia leonensis, Curvularia pallescens
Africa, Southeast Asia, Caribbean, South America, Pakistan, Australia, Denmark, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Togo, Canada, Mexico
DC, IA
Korea
2023-08-21 16:44:02
pepper, corn, bean, fava bean, wheat , rice, sorghum, sugarcane, soybean, potato, buckwheat,
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway
Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus
virus
Tomato leaf curl New Delhi begomovirus, ToLCNDV
Algeria, Morocco, Seychelles, Tunisia, Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Iran, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Estonia, Greece, Italy, Portugal, Spain
Not known to occur
Korea
2021-04-22 17:53:25
Tomato leaf curl New Delhi virus is transmitted by the whitefly. Seed transmission of ToLCNDV has not been reported.
tomato, eggplant, soybean, potato, cucurbits
No
TLCV-1,
Seed transmission of ToLCNDV has not been reported.
TLCV-1,
Tobacco leaf curl virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci
bacterium
Bacterium angulatum, Bacterium tabaci, Bacterium tabacum, Chlorobacter angulatum, Chlorobacter tabaci, Phytomonas angulata, Phytomonas tabaci, Pseudomonas angulata, Pseudomonas tabaci, Xanthomonas tabaci
Worldwide
Eastern and southeastern states.
Thailand
2022-12-01 19:54:00
soybean, common bean, pea, pepper, cucumber, tomato, eggplant
No
PSDMTA-3,PSDMTA-5,PSDMTA-6,
Pathway not proven. All references above present circumstantial evidence for seed transmission of P. syringae pv. tabaci in soybean was suggested by the fact that wildfire developed in the field on seedlings grown from seed harvested from infected soybean plants, but not from seeds harvested from healthy plants. No references with direct evidence of seed transmission in nature were found.
PSDMTA-3,PSDMTA-5,PSDMTA-6,
Hot water treatmentÂ
PSDMTA-1,
Field management and pathogen free seed also suggested.
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Graham JH, 1953. Overwintering of three bacterial pathogens of Soybean. Phytopathology, 43:189-192
Hartman, GL. 2015. Wildfire. In, Compendium of Soybean Diseases and Pests, Fifth Edition.eds. Hartman GL, Rupe JC, Sikora EJ, Domier LL, Davis JA and Steffey KL. APS Press, St. Paul MN, USA
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Phytophthora macrochlamydospora
fungus
Australia, Netherlands
Not known to occur
Korea
2022-06-27 17:14:28
soybean
No
PHYTMA-1,
Pathway not proven. Pathogen may adhere to soil on the surface of the seed, however, there is no evidence of internal seed infections. No other references indicating seed is a pathway were found. Commercial seed contamination, after cleaning and conditioning is not known to occur.
PHYTMA-1,
None
Phytophthora macrochlamydospora. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Pratylenchus fallax
nematode
Turkey, Canada
WI, ND
Korea
2022-06-28 17:59:11
Seed is not known to be a pathway for Pratylenchus spp. Pratylenchus spp. primarily move passively through the soil water matrix.
watermelon, beet, wheat, barley, soybean, rapeseed
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Seed is not known to be a pathway for Pratylenchus spp.
Gibberella zeae
fungus
Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium roseum, Fusarium roseum f.sp. cerealis, Fusarium roseum var. graminearum, Gibbera saubinettii, Gibberella saubinetii, Sphaeria zeae Schwein.
Worldwide
Widespread
Thailand
2022-11-22 19:31:42
One of many Fusariium spp. and Gibberella spp. that may contaminate kernels.
Primarily a cereal grain pathogen with a wide host range.
Yes
GIBBZE-10,GIBBZE-11,GIBBZE-12,
Seed as a pathway has been established and accepted. Seed of soybean can become infected and effect germination and cause seedling blights.
GIBBZE-10,GIBBZE-11,GIBBZE-12,
Culture plating and blotter incubation have been described for corn (NSHS USDA)
Fungicide seed treatments.
GIBBZE-11,GIBBZE-12,
Nelson, BD. 2015. Fusarium Seed Rot and Fusarium Species Associated with Seed. In, Compendium of Soybean Diseases and Pests, Fifth Edition.eds. Hartman GL, Rupe JC, Sikora EJ, Domier LL, Davis JA and Steffey KL. APS Press, St. Paul MN, USA
Broders, KD, Lipps, PE, Paul, PA, and Dorrance, AE. 2007. Evaluation of Fusarium graminearum associated with corn and soybean seed and seedling disease in Ohio. Plant Dis. 91:1155-1160.
Ellis, L., Broders, KD., Paul, PA. and Dorrance, AE. 2011. Infection of soybean seed by Fusarium graminearum and effect of
seed treatments on disease under controlled conditions. Plant Dis. 95:401- 407.
Coniothyrium glycines
fungus
Dactuliochaeta glycines, Dactuliophora glycines, Phoma glycinicola, Pyrenochaeta glycines
Africa, Asia, Bolivia
Not known to occur
Korea
2021-04-13 16:02:33
Korea lists this pathogen as Dactuliochaeta glycines,
soybean
No
CABI CPC,
Seed is not known to be a pathway. Debris with seed has been speculated as a means of dispersal.
CABI CPC,
CABI CPC,
Commercial seed that has been conditioned and cleaned reduces the small chance of introducing this pathogen in seed.
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Phakospora meibomiae
fungus
Aecidium crotalariae, Aecidium crotalariicola, Malupa vignae, Phakopsora aeschynomenes, Phakopsora crotalariae, Phakopsora diehlii, Phakopsora psoraleae, Phakopsora vigna, Physopella aeschynomenes, Physopella concors, Physopella meibomiae, Uredo aeschynomenes, Uredo concors, Uredo teramni, Uredo vignae
Central America, South America, Caribbean
FL, HI, KY
Korea
2021-03-25 17:14:38
Primarily a problem in tropical and subtropical climates. Urediniospores are distributed by the wind locally and over long-distances (PHAKME-1; PHAKME-2; PHAKME-3)
soybean, bean
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
PHAKME-1,
Seed treatments have been used as a means of controlling early season infection by wind blown spores.
Phakosora meibomiae. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Pratylenchus brachyurus
nematode
Anguillulina brachyura, Pratylenchus leiocephalus, Pratylenchus pratensis, Pratylenchus steineri, Tylenchus brachyurus
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-06-28 18:00:54
Seed is not known to be a pathway. Common in tropics (PRATBR-1)
Wide host range
No
PRATBR-2,
Seed is not known to be a pathway for this nematode in any host.
PRATBR-2,
Pratylenchus brachyurus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Nematospora coryli
fungus
Eremothecium coryli
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-12-01 18:47:28
Requires stink bug feeding to transmit fungus to seeds. (NMATCO-3)
bean, soybean
Yes
NMATCO-1,NMATCO-3,
Seed infection and transmission has been established and accepted. Though no data was found regarding the importance of seed inoculum in disease development. Seed infection does affect seed quality.
NMATCO-1,NMATCO-3,
Agar plating
NMATCO-1,
Agar plating was used in research to determine seed infection. This method has not been validated or standardized.
Use of clean seed
NMATCO-3,
Insecticides to control stink bugs
Jordan, EG, Manandhar, JB, Thapliyal, PN, and Sinclair, JB. 1988. Soybean seed quality of 16 cultivars and four maturity groups. in Illinois. Plant Dis. 72:64- 67
Kulik MM and Sinclair JB. 2015. Yeast Spot of Pods and Seeds. In: Compendium of Soybean Diseases and Pests, Fifth Edition G. L. Hartman, J. C. Rupe, E. J. Sikora, L. L. Domier, J. A. Davis and K. L. Steffey, Eds. The APS Press. St. Paul, MN.
Boeremia exigua var. exigua
fungus
Phoma exigua, Phoma exigua var. exigua, many others
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2021-04-01 18:54:01
This pathogen has been reported in Korea under other synonyms. This is an ubiquitous soil fungi affecting many crops. Weak pathogen. Common bean and possible sugarcane only hosts shown where seed may be a pathway. Only important vegetable and grain crops listed below.
Wide host range
No
RICH ISTA,PHOMHE-2,
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. A weak pathogen but widespread in soils throughout the world. Richardson (RICH ISTA) does not list this pathogen as seed borne.
RICH ISTA,PHOMHE-2,
Grovesinia pyramidalis
fungus
Botrytis moricola, Cristulariella moricola, Hinomyces moricola, Sclerotium cinnamomi, Sclerotinia moricola, Botryotinia moricola, Cristulariella pyramidalis, Grovesinia moricola
Asia, Brazil
Southeast and Eastern States.
Korea
2021-04-20 19:01:49
Korea lists this pathogen as Cristulariella moricola. This pathogen has been reported in Korea (ARS GRIN)
Walnuts, grapes, other trees and woody ornamentals.
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
Cladosporium cladosporioides
fungus
Cladosporium graminum, Cladosporium herbarumMycosphaerella schoenoprasi, Mycosphaerella tulasnei, Mycosphaerella tassiana, Penicillium cladosporioides,Hormodendrum cladosporioides, Monilia humicola
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-11-11 18:45:32
This pathogen is considered primarily a post harvest pathogen that does not cause disease in most of it's hosts (CLADCL-1). The fungus has been isolated from seed in some hosts, but does not transmit or cause disease in most cases.
Wide host range
No
CLADCL-1,CLADCL-6,CLADCL-7,
Pathway not proven. This fungus was recovered from seed samples in Pakistan (CLADCL-6) and India (CLADCL-7) in the laboratory. No evidence of seed transmission was found in nature. This fungus is primarily a post harvest fungus and field debris may provide survival habitat for the fungus (CLADCL-1, CLADCL-7)
CLADCL-1,CLADCL-6,CLADCL-7,
Blotter or agar incubation
CLADCL-6,CLADCL-7,
These tests were used for research purposes and have not been standardized or validated.
Cladosporium cladosporioides. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Nasir N, 2003. Effect of fungicides in limiting the growth of seed borne fungi of soybean. Pakistan Journal of Plant Pathology, 2:119-122.
Mathur DS, Ashok G, Omkar S and Singh CP. 2008. Seed quality enhancement in soybean by Spiral separators. Seed Research, 36:115-119.
Alternaria alternata
fungus
Alternaria tenuis, Alternaria tenuissima, many others
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-09-13 19:18:44
Korea listed this pathogen as Alternaria spp. A. alternata, A. tenuis and A. tenuissima have all been reported in Korea. A. alternata has often been found on seed in laboratory testing. There is little evidence of seed transmission. This fungus is ubiquitous and often of minor importance in its hosts.
Wide host range
No
ALTEAL-13,ALTEAL-14,ALTEAL-15,
Pathway not proven. A. alternata is a weak pathogen of soybean and has been reported on seed. Seed quality and germination may be affected by seed contamination, however, no references were found indicating seed transmission. Seeds contaminated usually do not germinate and if they do germinate in soil, they do not emerge.
ALTEAL-13,ALTEAL-14,ALTEAL-15,
Blotter incubation, Culture plating
ALTEAL-15,ALTEAL-16,
Both methods were used for research purposes. The Blotter incubation method was described for A. alternata on zinnia. These methods have not been standardized or validated.
Fungicide seed treatments
ALTEAL-13,ALTEAL-1,
Seed treatments have been described for other hosts. No information on soybean found. Pathogen management is rarely required. Seed contamination increases with delayed harvest, freezing and beetle injury.
Hartman GL, Sikora EJ and Rupe JC. 2015. Soybean rust. In: Compendium of Soybean Diseases and Pests, Fifth Edition G. L. Hartman, J. C. Rupe, E. J. Sikora, L. L. Domier, J. A. Davis and K. L. Steffey, Eds. The APS Press. St. Paul, MN.
Shortt BJ, Sinclair JB, Helm CG, Jeffords MR, and Kogan M. 1982. Soybean Seed Quality Losses Associated with Bean Leaf Beetles and Alternaria tenuissima. Phytopathology 72: 615-618
Kunwar IK, Manandhar JB, and Sinclair JB. 1986. Histopathology of Soybean Seeds Infected with Alternaria alternata. Phytopathology 76: 543-546.
Ska DS, Tylkowska K, Deng CHJ and Gao Y, 2012. Comparison of modified blotter and agar incubation methods for detecting fungi in Zinnia elegans seeds. Seed Science and Technology, 40:32-42.
Alternaria alternata. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus
virus
Oman
Not known to occur
Korea
2022-12-01 18:43:11
Whitefly transmitted virus.Not to be confused with Mungbean yellow mosaic virus affecting mungbean in Asia.
Only reported in cucumber, kidney bean. Tomato and soybean are uncommon hosts.
No
MYMIV-1,
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Not considered a common host of the virus.
MYMIV-1,
Mungbean yellow mosaic India virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Ralstonia solanacearum
bacterium
Too many to list, see CABI CPC for a complete list
Worldwide
Widespread
China
2022-08-30 17:40:04
Most important economic crop is potato. Host range is extremely wide.
No
RLSTSO-1,RLSTSO-9,RLSTSO-10,
Pathway not proven. Though references indicating that seed may be a pathway were found, these references only indicated that the pathogen was found on the seed in the laboratory. No evidence of seed transmission of this pathogen on this crop in nature was found.
RLSTSO-1,RLSTSO-9,RLSTSO-10,
Blotter
RLSTSO-9,
Blotter incubation was used in this research. This method has not been standardized or validated.
Ralstonia solanacearum In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Muras, VA. 1963. On Bacterial Wilt of Soyabeans in Ukraine. Microbiology Journal 25:42-49 (https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD0642025.pdf)
Nikitina KV and Korsakov NI, 1978. Bacterial diseases of soybean in the Soviet Far East and in southern regions of the USSR: search for sources of resistance to them. Trudy po Prikladnoi Botanike, Genetike i Selektsii, 62:13-18
Peanut stunt virus
virus
black locust true mosaic virus, clover blotch virus, groundnut stunt virus, peanut common mosaic virus, peanut stunt cucumovirus, robinia mosaic virus
Morocco, Sudan, Asia, Bulgaria, France, Hungary, Italy, Poland, Spain
Southeast, Midwest states, WA
Brazil
2023-04-05 20:20:40
Common virus in peanuts. Can be seedborne in peanuts at low levels.
Primarily a virus of Fabaceae family, tomato, celery,
No
PSV000-1,PSV000-2,CABI CPC,RICH ISTA,
Pathway not proven. References from Japan appear to have used artificially inoculated plants in the laboratory. No evidence of seed transmission in nature. No other references found indicating seed is a pathway.
PSV000-1,PSV000-2,CABI CPC,RICH ISTA,
CABI CPC,
Use cultural practices such as eliminating the source of infection and using good quality seed to prevent the disease spreading. The use of resistant or tolerant varieties is recommended.
Iizuka N, Yunoki T, 1974. Peanut stunt virus isolated from soybeans, Glycine max Merr. Bulletin of the Tohoku National Agricultural Experiment Station, No.47:1-12
Iizuka N, Yoshida K, 1988. Incidence of mosaic disease in soybean in Hokkaido, and seed transmission of the causal viruses. Research Bulletin of the Hokkaido Agricultural Experiment Station, 150:33-43
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Richardson, MJ. 1990. An Annotated List of Seedborne Diseases. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich Switzerland.
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