Helianthus annuus
sunflower
22 Related Pests
Tomato black ring virus
virus
Lettuce Ringspot Virus, Bean Ringspot Virus, Beet Ringspot Virus, Celery Yellow Vein Virus, Lettuce Ringspot Virus,Potato Bouquet Virus, Potato Pseudo-Aucuba Virus,Tomato Black Ring Nepovirus
India, Japan, Turkey, throughout Europe
Not known to occur
China, Korea, Mexico, Thailand
2022-11-03 18:40:04
Wide host range reported. Requires the Dagger nematode to transmit this virus
Wide host range, however many are experimental only. Important crops listed below.
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Only one reference found indicating sunflower may be a host.
Pseudomonas syringae pv aptata
bacterium
Bacterium aptatum, Chlorobacter aptatus, Phytomonas aptata, Pseudomonas aptata
Asia, Australia, Europe, India, Iran, North and South Korea, New South Wales, Australia, New Zealand, United Kingdom
CA, MA, OR, PA, UT, VA, WA
China
2021-04-26 20:48:00
swiis chard, sugar beets
No
No references found indicating that seed is a pathway.
Burkholderia caryophylli
bacterium
Phytomonas caryophylli, Pseudomonas caryophylli
Worldwide
Fl, IL, IN, IA, MA, MN, MO, MT, NY, PA, WA
China
2021-10-26 21:10:15
Seed is not known to be a pathway in trade (PSDMCA-1)
Dianthus caryophyllus (carnation), Helianthus annuus (sunflower). This pathogen ihas been reported on flowers, such as, Gypsophila paniculata (baby’s breath), Eustoma grandiflorum (Lisianthus), Limonium sinuatum (sea pink), but appears to be a relatively unimportant pathogen of these species.
No
PSDMCA-1,
Seed is not known to be a pathway. The main path of distribution is by means of infected cuttings which may be obtained from infected but symptomless mother plants.
PSDMCA-1,
Burkholderia caryophylli In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Aphelenchoides ritzemabosi
nematode
Aphelenchoides ribes, Aphelenchoides phyllophagus, Aphelenchoides ritzema-bosi, Pathophelenchus ritzemabosi, Pseudaphelenchoides ritzemabosi, Tylenchus ribes
Worldwide
CA, CO, WY, FL
China
2021-09-14 21:07:53
Has restricted distribution in China
Primary hosts are chrysanthemum and strawberry. Reported on a wide range of hosts, only important hosts listed below.
No
APLORI-1,APLORI-2,
No evidence that seed is a pathway. Only seed of Chinese aster a known pathway for this nematode (APLORI-1
APLORI-1,APLORI-2,
Brown, 1956. A seed-borne attack of chrysanthemum eelworm (Aphelenchoides ritzema-bosi) on the annual aster (Callistephus chinensis). Journal of Helminthology, 30:145-148.
Aphelencoides ritzemabosi In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Globisporangium splendens
fungus
Pythium splendens
Worldwide
Widespread
China, Mexico
2022-03-17 16:44:13
Primarily spread through propagative material. Primarily soil borne in nature. Seed is not known to be a pathway for any host.
Wide host rainge, primarily flowers and ornamentals
No
PYTHSL-1,PYTHSL-2,
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
PYTHSL-1,PYTHSL-2,
Pustula helianthicola
fungus
Albugo tragopogonis, Albugo tragopogonis var. helianthi, Pustula trogopogonis
Argentina, Uruguay, Soviet
Union, Australia, Belgium, France, Germany,
Italy, Ukraine.
CO, KS, NE, WI, IL, MO
China
2021-04-27 15:54:54
Restircted to sunflower and a few weed hosts
Yes
PUSTHE-3,PUSTHE-4,
Oospores primarily embedded in achenes. These oospores transmitted to seedlings in controlled experiments.
PUSTHE-3,PUSTHE-4,
Visual examination
PUSTHE-3,
Test used for research purposes only. Test has not been validated or standardized.
Yes. Metalaxyl or mefenoxam fungicides
PUSTHE-2,
Resistant varieites are available
Viljoen, A., van Wyk, P. S., and Joost, W. J. 1999. Occurrence of the white rust pathogen, Albugo tragopogonis, in seed of sunflower. Plant Dis. 83:77.
Lava SS, Heller A, Spring O. 2013. Oospores of Pustula helianthicola in sunflower seeds and their role in the epidemiology of white blister rust. IMA Fungus; 4(2):251-258.
Jardine DJ, and Kloppers R, 2015. White Rust. pg. 26-28. In, Compendium of Sunflower Diseases and Pests. pg. eds.; Robert M. Harveson, Samuel G. Markell, Charles C. Block, and Thomas J. Gulya. APS Press St. Paul, MN.
Verticillium albo-atrum
fungus
Verticillium albo-atrum var. caespitosum, Verticillium albo-atrum var. tuberosum
Worldwide, primarily in cool temperate climates and in potato producing areas
Widespread, especially in northern states
China, Thailand
2022-11-11 17:40:00
Many reports of Verticillium albo-atrum in crops reported prior to 1970 may have actually been Verticillium dahlia. Only lucerne, potatoes, tomatoes and hops are considered important hosts. This pathogen has been reported in China
Wide host range. An important pathogen of potatoes.
No
VERTAA-9,VERTAA-11,
Pathway not proven. Though seed is listed as a pathway, only seed from plants growing in a "verticillium nursery" under controlled conditions were used. The pathogen was not isolated from seeds from diseased plants outside the verticillium nursery. No reports of seed as a pathway under natural conditions.
VERTAA-9,VERTAA-11,
Richardson, MJ. 1990. Annotated List of Seedborne Diseases, Fourth Ed. International Seed Testing Association. Zurich, Switzerland
Sackston, W. E., & Martens, J. W. (1959). Dissemination of Verticillium albo-atrum on seed of sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Canadian Journal of Botany, 37: 759-768.
Verticillium dahliae
fungus
Verticillium ovatum, Verticillium trachiephilum
Worldwide
Widespread
China
2022-11-11 18:36:13
Prevalent in China
Wide host range (ornamentals, vegetables, agronomic). Isolated from some small grains but not pathogenic on small grains
Yes
VERTDA-13,VERTDA-14,VERTDA-15,VERTDA-25,
Seed as a pathway for moving Verticillium dahliae to new locations is documented in sunflower. Very little information on seed transmission. Though with the establishment of resistant varieties, the disease is less important.
VERTDA-13,VERTDA-14,VERTDA-15,VERTDA-25,
Resistant varieties are common
Sackston, W E. 1981. The Sunflower Crop and Disease: Progress, Problems, and Prospects. Plant disease 65: 643-648.
Sackston WE, 1983. Epidemiology and control of seed-borne Verticillium spp. causing vascular wilt. Seed Science and Technology, 11:731-747.
Ataga AE, Akueshi CO, 1996. Fungi associated with sunflower seed in Nigeria. Seed Research, 24:64-65
Bruni, O. 1970. New investigations on the sunflowere disease caused by Verticilium dahliae Kleb. INTA Publication #39. Argentina
Didymella ligulicola
fungus
Mycosphaerella ligulicola, Stagonosporopsis chrysanthemi, Ascochyta chrysanthemi, Phoma chrysanthemi, Phoma ligulicola var. ligulicola, Phoma ligulicola, Stagonosporopsis ligulicola var. ligulicol, Didymella ligulicola var. ligulicola, Stagonosporopsis ligulicola
Japan, Swaziland, Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea
CA, CT, DE, FL, GA, NC, NJ, OR, RI, SC, VA
China, Korea
2022-03-01 21:58:26
Primarily dispersed by infected cuttings, plants, flowers. Seed is not known to be a pathway for any host.
Primarily asters and chrysanthemum. Reported in lettuce, sunflower, chicory, endive, escarole, radicchio, Belgian endive,
Italian dandelion, globe artichokes
No
MYCOLG-1,
Seed is not known to be a pathway. Sunflower is a minor host of the pathogen.
MYCOLG-1,
Didymella ligulicola In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Tobacco mosaic virus
virus
TMV U1, type, Vulgare or Common strain
tobacco mosaic tobamovirus,
VMT (Virus mosaique de tabac)
Worldwide
Widespread
Mexico
2023-08-21 16:58:52
Broad host range. Cultivated species listed below.
No
Occasionally listed as a host, no evidence that seed is a pathway.
Tomato spotted wilt virus
virus
Tomato spotted wilt tospovirus, Tomato spotted wilt virus group
Worldwide
Widespread
2023-08-21 17:00:09
Seed is not a pathway for Tospoviruses, including Tomato spotted wilt virus
Wide host range. Over 800 plant species are known hosts. Primarily ornamentals,flowers. No evidence that small grains or corn are hosts.
No
TSWV00-1,TSWV00-3,
Seed is not a pathway for Tospoviruses, including Tomato spotted wilt virus
TSWV00-1,TSWV00-3,
Plenodomus lindquistii
fungus
Phoma macdonalii, Leptosphaeria lindquistii
France, Romania, Bulgaria, Canada, Argentina, Sri Lanka, China, Yugoslavia
MN, GA, HI, ND
China, Korea
2021-05-04 16:08:34
This pathogen is known to occur in China (LEPTLI-1). Korea listed this pathogen as Leptosphaeria spp. This pathogen probably occurs wherever sunflower is cultivated.
sunflower
Yes
LEPTLI-2,LEPTLI-4,LEPTLI-5,
Seed is a pathway, though it is minor compared to debris and rain splash and insects.
LEPTLI-2,LEPTLI-4,LEPTLI-5,
Blotter incubation, agar plating
LEPTLI-2,LEPTLI-5,
These tests have not been standardized or validated.
Fungicide seed treatments
LEPTLI-5,LEPTLI-6,
Fungicides may contribute to the relative minor importance of seed as a pathway. Seed conditioning and removal of debris. Cultural practices help in controlling black stem.
Luo, Wu, Liu, Liao, Liu, Zhang and Huang. 2011. Detection and identification of Phoma macdonaldii in sunflower seeds imported from Argentina. Australasian Plant Pathol. 40:504–509.
Schwartz, HF and Markell, SG. 2016. Phoma Black Stem. In, Compendium of Sunflower Diseases and Pests. Harveson RM, Markell, SG. Block, CC and Gulya, TJ, eds. American Phytopathogical Society, St. Paul, MN, USA
Masirevic SN, Medic-Pap SS,Terzic AN, Dedic BP, Balalic ID, 2014. Phoma macdonaldi on seed and its importance in etiology of Phoma black stem in sunflower. http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0352-4906/2014/0352-49061426057M.pdf
Debaekea, P, and Peres, A. 2003. Influence of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) crop management on Phoma black stem (Phoma macdonaldii Boerema). Crop Protection 22: 741–752
Diaporthe helianthi
fungus
Phomopsis helianthi
Worldwide. Primarily found in southern Europe, northern Africa, Central Russia & Southern Russia, Mexico, Argentina, Venezuela, Pakistan
CA, IL, MN, OH, TX
China
2022-02-23 19:24:01
Pathogen is limited in the US and due to cultivation practices does not usually cause significant disease losses. (DIAPHE-6)
Helianthus annuus (sunflower)
Yes
DIAPHE-2,DIAPHE-7,DIAPHE-3,DIAPHE-5,DIAPHE-7,
Seeds may become infected, but infected seeds are usually not viable. Infected seeds lose viability after storage for 10 months. Seed transmission has low importance as a source of inoculum and disease development in areas that are already infested, but could be a means of introduction to new areas.
DIAPHE-2,DIAPHE-7,DIAPHE-3,DIAPHE-5,DIAPHE-7,
The test for Diaporthe, Phomopsis on soybean often applied to testing sunflower seed. (NSHS USDA)
EPPO has proposed good plant protection practice for control of the disease . 4 yr rotation up to 5 yr rotation.
DIAPHE-4,
Good plant protection practice for control of the disease and a 4-5 year crop rotation.
Slyusar' eL, Antonova TS, Bochkarev NI, 1998. On the spread of Phomopsis infection on sunflower. Zashchita i Karantin Rastenii^breve~, No. 1:33-35, (Article in Russian, needs translation to verify information)
Block, C.C. 2015. In Compendium of Sunflower Diseases and Pests. eds.; Robert M. Harveson, Samuel G. Markell, Charles C. Block, and Thomas J. Gulya. APS Press
Battilani P, Rossi V, Girometta B, Delos M, Rouzet J, André N, Esposito S, 2003. Estimating the potential development of Diaporthe helianthi epidemics in Italy. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin, 33:
Smetnik AI, Aleksandrov IN, Skripka OV, Izmalkova AG, 1998. Sunflower seeds as a way of preservation of Phomopsis infection. Zashchita i Karantin Rastenii^breve~, No. 1:35-36.
OEPP/EPPO, 2001. EPPO Standards PP 2/21 Good plant protection practice for sunflower. Bulletin OEPP/EPPO Bulletin, 31: 243-255
Stemphylium vesicarium
fungus
Pleospora alli, Helminthosporium vesicarium, Macrosporium alliorum, Mystrosporium alliorum, Macrosporium parasiticum, Stemphylium parasiticum
Worldwide
CA, FL, MI, NY, TX, WA
2021-04-27 18:09:21
Ascospores (P. allii) and conidia (S. vesicarium) are mainly air-dispersed. This pathogen is often referred to as Pleospora alli in the literature
onion, leek, alfalfa, wheat, sunflower, pea, radish, tomato, parsley
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway for this crop. Sunflower is not a primary host for this pathogen.
Pelargonium zonate spot virus
virus
Israel, Italy, France, Spain, Australia, Argentina
CA
Korea, Thailand
2022-12-01 19:00:13
Tomato, sunflower, pepper, pelargonium in nature. Others by artificial inoculation.
No
PZSV00-2,
No evidence of seed transmission found. Seed is not known to be a pathway.
PZSV00-2,
Giolitti F; Bejerman N; Nome C; Visintin G; Breuil Sde; Lenardon S, 2014. Biological and molecular characterization of an isolate of Pelargonium zonate spot virus infecting sunflower in Argentina. Journal of Plant Pathology, 96:189-194
Plasmopara halstedii
fungus
Plasmopara helianthi, Plasmopara helianthi f. sp. helianthi
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2021-04-29 16:53:47
This pathogen has been reported in Korea
sunflower, other Asteraceare species.
Yes
PLASHA-2,PLASHA-3,PLASHA-4,
Seed as a pathway has been established and accepted.
PLASHA-2,PLASHA-3,PLASHA-4,
Blotter incubation, ELISA, PCR
PLASHA-1,
It is difficult to detect P. halstedii from sunflower seeds and the commercial usefulness of the tests has not yet been proved. Testing methods have not been standardized or validated.
Fungicidal seed treatments.
PLASHA-1,PLASHA-2,
Resistant varieties for various races exist. Seed treatments with meta-laxyl and mefenoxam (FRAC 4 fungicides) have been effective.
R. M. Harveson, S. G. Markell, C. C. Block, and T. J. Gulya. 2016. Compendium of Sunflower Diseases and Pests. APS Press, St. Paul, MN, USA
Doken MT, 1989. Plasmopara halstedii (Farl.) Berl. et de Toni in sunflower seeds and the role of infected seeds in producing plants with systemic symptoms. Journal of Phytopathology, 124:23-26
Cohen Y; Sackson WE, 1974. Seed infection and latent infection of sunflowers by Plasmopara halstedii. Canadian Journal of Botany, 52:231-238.
Plasmopara halstedi. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Curvularia portulacae
fungus
Bipolaris portulacae, Drechslera portulacae, Helminthosporium portulacae, Bipolaris novae-zelandiae
Romania
NC, NY, FL
Korea
2021-04-13 17:52:36
Only reported on sunflower in Hungary. Information from ARS GRIN
pulsate, sunflower
No
ARS GRIN,
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Sunflower as a host has only been reported in Hungary.
ARS GRIN,
Farr, DF and Rossman AY 2015. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/
Cladosporium cladosporioides
fungus
Cladosporium graminum, Cladosporium herbarumMycosphaerella schoenoprasi, Mycosphaerella tulasnei, Mycosphaerella tassiana, Penicillium cladosporioides,Hormodendrum cladosporioides, Monilia humicola
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-11-11 18:45:32
This pathogen is considered primarily a post harvest pathogen that does not cause disease in most of it's hosts (CLADCL-1). The fungus has been isolated from seed in some hosts, but does not transmit or cause disease in most cases.
Wide host range
No
CLADCL-1,CLADCL-4,
Pathway not proven. Sharfun-nahar, et.al. reported finding this fungus on seed on blotter tests, but no evidence of seed transmission was provided. This fungus is primarily a post harvest fungus and field debris may provide survival habitat for the fungus, but sunflower is not attacked by the fungus (CLADCL-1)
CLADCL-1,CLADCL-4,
Freezing blotter
CLADCL-4,
This test was used for research purposes and has not been standardized or validated.
Alternaria helianthi
fungus
Alternariaster helianthi,Helminthosporium helianthi
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2021-03-25 19:12:15
Korea lists this pathogen as Alternaria spp. This pathogen has been reported in Korea (Farr and Rossman, 2020)
sunflower
No
ALTEHE-3,ALTEHE-4,ALTEHE-5,ALTEHE-6,
Pathway not proven. Although references indicating seed may be a pathway (Jeffrey, et.al., 1985; Sackston, 1981; Shane, et.al., 1981), there is no evidence of seed transmission from natural sources in the field. Seed to seedling transmission has been demonstrated in the laboratory (Jeffrey, et.al., 1985; Raut, 1985; Shane, et.al., 1981). Seed inoculum may affect seed quality.
ALTEHE-3,ALTEHE-4,ALTEHE-5,ALTEHE-6,
Culture plating
ALTEHE-4,ALTEHE-1,
This method has not been standardized or validated and was used in research only.
Seed treatments.
ALTEHE-4,
Captan, chlorothalonil, iprodione, mancozeb or triadimenol all improved seedling stands in laboratory trials.
Sackston, WE. 1981. The Sunflower Crop and Disease: Progress, Problems and Prospects. Plant Disease 65: 643-648
Jeffrey KK, Lipps PE and Herr LJ, 1984. Effects of isolate virulence, plant age, and crop residues on seedling blight of sunflower caused by Alternaria helianthi. Phytopathology, 74:1107-1110
Raut JG. 1985. Location of Alternaria helianthi in sunflower seed and its transmission from seed to plant. Indian Phytopathology, 38:522
Shane WW, Baumer JS and Sederstrom SG. 1981. Alternaria helianthi: Apathogen of sunflower new to Minnesota. Plant Disease 65:269-271
Alternaria helianthi. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Alternaria longipes
fungus
Alternaria brassicae var. tabaci, Alternaria tenuis f.sp. tabaci, Macrosporium longipes
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-09-22 18:48:21
Korea lists this pathogen as Alternaria spp. This pathogen has been reported in Korea (Farr and Rossman, 2020). Tobacco is the only economic host of this pathogen. Occasional reports on some vegetables. Seed is not known to be a pathway (CABI, 2020)
tobacco
No
ALTELO-1,
CABI (2020) lists sunflower as a non-economical host. However, no other reference was found indicating sunflower is a host. Seed is not known to be a pathway for this pathogen.
ALTELO-1,
Alternaria longipes. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Alternaria alternata
fungus
Alternaria tenuis, Alternaria tenuissima, many others
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-09-13 19:18:44
Korea listed this pathogen as Alternaria spp. A. alternata, A. tenuis and A. tenuissima have all been reported in Korea. A. alternata has often been found on seed in laboratory testing. There is little evidence of seed transmission. This fungus is ubiquitous and often of minor importance in its hosts.
Wide host range
No
ALTEAL-20,ALTEAL-21,ALTEAL-22,
Pathway not proven. A. alternata is a weak pathogen of sunflower and has been found on sunflower seed, in laboratory surveys and seed quality may be affected by toxins produced. However, no references were found indicating seed transmission. A. helianthi and A. helianticola are more serious pathogens of sunflower
ALTEAL-20,ALTEAL-21,ALTEAL-22,
Blotter incubation
ALTEAL-21,ALTEAL-22,
This method was used in seed surveys and has not been standardized or validated.
ALTEAL-1,
Seed treatments affective against A. alternaria have been described for other hosts.
Kgatle MG, Flett B, Truter M, Ramusi M and
Aveling T. 2019. Distribution of Alternaria leaf blight of sunflowers caused by
Alternaria alternata in South Africa
Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics 120:71-77
Abdullah SK and Al-Mosawi KA. 2010. Fungi Associated with Seeds of Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) Cultivars Grown in Iraq.Phytopathologia 57: 11–20
Sharfun-Nahar, Mushtaq M, and Hashmi MH. 2005. Seed-borne Mycoflora of Sunflower. (Helianthus annuus L.) Pak. J. Bot., 37(2): 451-457
Alternaria alternata. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Tobacco streak virus
virus
Annulus orae, Asparagus stunt virus, Black raspberry latent ilarvirus, Datura quercina virus, New logan virus, Micotiana virus 8, Nicotiana virus vulaerans, Tobacoo streak ilarvirus, Tracttus orea
Worldwide
CA, CO, FL ID IA, KT, MA, MI, MN, NC, OH, OK, OR, PA, WA, WI
Korea, Thailand
2022-11-04 18:19:53
Requires thrips to transmit from plant to plant.
Extensive host range includes many weeds, fruit and ornamental plant species. Over 70 species reported as hosts. The vegetables and agronomic crops listed below are important hosts of Tobacco streak virus
No
Sunflower has been reported as a host for TSV, but no references found indicating seed is a pathway.
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