Oryza sativa
rice
45 Related Pests
Dickeya chrysanthemi
bacterium
Eriwina chrysanthemi (and pathovars,varieites), Pectobacterium chrysanthemi (and pathovars,varieties), Erwinia carotovora pvs. chrysanthemi/parthenii, Pectobacterium carotovorum pvs. chrysanthemi/parthenni
Worldwide
Widespread
Mexico, China
2022-11-11 19:41:39
Dickeya chrysanthemi strains have been isolated from a number of different hosts in different countries. The list of all susceptible plants after inoculation by Dickeya chrysanthemi would be far longer than the natural host range, and difficult to establish. There is little if any information on seed as a pathway for this pathogen and therefore should not be regulated.
Eriwina chrysanthemi has been reclassified into Pectobacterium spp. and Dickeya spp.
Primarily ornamentals and flowers. Only hosts of Dickeye chrysanthemi or Dickeya zeae are listed below. (Ma, et.al. 2007)
No
ERIWCH-1,ERIWCH-5,
Reference established Dickeya chrysanthemi as a pathogen of rice. No evidence that seed is a pathway.
ERIWCH-1,ERIWCH-5,
ERIWCH-6,
Kabir, et. al. 2006 showed that vitavox and disinfestation helped decrease disease from this pathogen, as well as others. However, this seed treatment was not applied to control seed infections by this pathogen, rather protected seeds and seedlings from early infections from soil borne inoculum
Dickeya chrysanthemi In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
GOTO, M. 1979. Bacterial foot rot of rice caused by a strain of Erwinia chrysanthemi. Phytopathology 69: 213-216.
Kabir, Islam, Sultana, Azad and Fakir. 2006. Effect of seed cleaning, washing and treating with Vitavax on incidence and severity of Boro rice diseases. International Journal of Sustainable Agricultural Technology 2:27-31
Burkholderia glumae
bacterium
Pseudomonas glumae
Worldwide
TX, LA, MS, AK.
China, Korea, Mexico
2021-10-26 21:33:10
Occurs in rice production areas. Does not occur in CA
Restricted to rice and Italian ryegrass
Yes
PSDMGM-1,PSDMGM-2,PSDMGM-3,PSDMGM-4,
Disease is known to cause discoloration of rice grain and bacteria is readily recovered. Data on actual seed transmission is primaily from artificially inoculated plants and evidence of seed transmission is vague, Research from Japan indicates that bacteria on seed may contribute to movement of the disease.
PSDMGM-1,PSDMGM-2,PSDMGM-3,PSDMGM-4,
Seed wash, Selective medium
PSDMGM-1,
Reference cited for this method from the 1940's. Test has not been validated or standardized.
Oxolinic acid, nonyl-phenyl-sulfonic-copper and kasugamycin were effective. Seed disinfectants such as calcium hypoclhloride gave some control. Thiram.
PSDMGM-1,
Cultural control and sanitary methods during production. Biological control
Burkholderia glumae In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Tsushima, Mogi, Naito and Saito, 1989. Existence of Pseudomonas glumae on the rice seeds and development of the simple method for detecting P. glumae from the rice seeds. Bulletin of the Kyushu National Agricultural Experiment Station 25:261-270
Uematsu, T., et al. 1976. Occurrence of bacterial seedling rot in nursery flat, caused by grain rot bacterium Pseudomonas glumae [rice]. Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan.
Tabei, H.; Azegami, K.; Fukuda, T.; Goto, T. 1989. Stomatal infection of rice grain with Pseudomonas glumae, the causal agent of the bacterial grain rot of rice. Annals of the Phytopathological Society of Japan 55; 224-228
Phytophthora fragariae
fungus
Phytophthora fragariae var. oryzobladis
Worldwide
Widespread
China
2022-12-01 19:25:04
Only the leaf blight of rice strain reported in China (PHYTFR-2)
In nature only strawberry and rice (leaf blight strain)
No
No references found indicating that seed is a pathway
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola
bacterium
Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzicola, Xanthomonas oryzicola, Xanthomonas translucens f.sp. oryzicola
Primarily in Asia. Restricted distribution in Africa and Australia
Not known to occur
China, Korea
2022-10-11 01:09:23
This pathogen is prohibited from entry into the US
rice. Bacterium is also known to survive in many Poaceae grasses.
Yes
XANTTO-2,XANTTO-4,
Seed as a pathway for this pathogen is well established. The pathogen is seed transmitted, though incidence is low.
XANTTO-2,XANTTO-4,
Agar plating, Inoculation, Serology
XANTTO-2,XANTTO-3,XANTTO-4,
These tests have not been validated or standardized. Detection by PCR based methods is underdevelopment.
Ming D, Ye HZ, Schaad NW, Roth DA, 1991. Selective recovery of Xanthomonas spp. from rice seed. Phytopathology, 81:1358-1363
Xie GL, Wang HR, Sun SY, Wang GJ, 1991. Studies on rice seed inspection of bacterial leaf streak of rice: II. Rice leaf in vitro method. Chinese Journal of Rice Science, 5:121-126
Xie GL, Mew TW, 1998. A leaf inoculation method for detection of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola from rice seed. Plant Disease, 82:1007-1011;
Balansia oryzae-sativae
fungus
Balansia oryzae, Ephelis oryzae, Ephelis pallida
Primarily Asia. Reported in Sierra Leone, Africa, New Caledonia, Vanuatu
LA, FL
2023-08-21 22:03:38
Reported only in LA, FL on rice.
Rice, sorghum. Considered a minor pathogen of several other grains and grasses, including bermuda grass.
Yes
BALAOS-2,BALAOS-3,BALAOS-4,
Seed as a pathway for this pathogen is well documented and accepted.
BALAOS-2,BALAOS-3,BALAOS-4,
Blotter method
BALAOS-5,
This method has not been standardized or validated.
Seed disinfestation: hot water at 54 deg C for 10 min, solar treatment. Seed treatment; Granosan MDB + vitavax or plantvaxÂ
BALAOS-6,
Richardson, MJ., 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Diseases. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Mohanty NN, 1977. Mode of infection of "udbatta" disease of rice. Riso, 26:243-247
Mohanty NN, 1979. Seed borne nature and systemic character of infection of Udbatta disease of rice. Riso, 28:133-139
Misra, JK, Merca SD, Mew TW, 1994. Fungal pathogens. In: Mew TW, Misra JK, eds. A manual of rice seed health testing. Manila, Philippines: International Rice Research Institute, 75-89.
Mohanty NN, 1971. Control of udbatta disease of rice. Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy, B, 37:432-439
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae
bacterium
Worldwide
Erradicated in 1980's
Brazil, China
2022-10-11 01:09:15
Highly pathogenic strains eradicated in the US in late 1980's. (Recent strains of Xanthomonads on rice in LA and TX were genetically distinct from this pathvar and weakly pathogenic (XANTOR-10).
rice. Bacterium is also known to survive in many Poaceae grasses.
Yes
XANTOR-8,XANTOR-1,XANTOR-4,
Seed as a pathway is documented and accepted.
XANTOR-8,XANTOR-1,XANTOR-4,
Culture plating, PCR, ELISA, IF, Liquid plating
XANTOR-2,XANTOR-3,XANTOR-4,XANTOR-6,XANTOR-7,
These tests have not been validated or standardized.
Seed Treatments: triphenyltin chloride and HPMTS (2-hydroxy propyl-methane-thiosulphonate) applied dry or as a slurry or HPMTS (2-hydroxy propyl-methane-thiosulphonate) applied as slurry eradicated the pathogen.
XANTOR-9,
Phytosanitary control and quarantine measures have been important in preventing spread of the pathogen.
Singh RA, Rao MHS, 1977. A simple technique for detecting Xanthomonas oryzae in rice seeds. Seed Science and Technology, 5:123-127
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Kauffman HE, Reddy APK, 1975. Seed transmission studies of Xanthomonas oryzae in rice. Phytopathology, 65:663-666
Swings J, Mooter M van den, Vauterin L, Hoste B, Gillis M, Mew TW, Kersters K, 1990. Reclassification of the causal agents of bacterial blight (Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzae) and bacterial leaf streak (Xanthomonas campestris pv. oryzicola) of rice as pathovars of Xanthomonas oryzae (ex Ishiyama 1922) sp. nov., nom. rev. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, 40:309-311
Sakthivel N, Mortensen CN, Mathur SB, 2001. Detection of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in artificially inoculated and naturally infected rice seeds and plants by molecular techniques. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 56:435-441.
Zhu H, Gao JL, Li QX, Hu GX, 1988. Detection of Xanthomonas oryzae in rice by monoclonal antibodies. Journal of Jiangsu Agricultural College, 9:41-43
Alvarez AM, Rehman FU, Leach JE, 1997. Comparison of serological and molecular methods for detection of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, In Rice Seed. Seed health testing: progress towards the 21st century., 175-183
Singh RA, Rao MHS, 1982. Evaluation of several chemical treatments for eradicating Xanthomonas oryzae from rice seeds. Seed Science and Technology, 10:119-123
Pleospora herbarum
fungus
Too many to list, most commonly used names include Alternaria putrefaciens, Clasterosporium putrefaciens, Sporidesmium putrefaciens, Stemphyllium botryosum, Stemphylium herbarum.
Worldwide
Widespread
2023-08-21 16:43:10
Primarily a post harvest pathogen
Wide host range
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway
Phytoplasma oryzae
bacterium
Candidatus Phytoplasma oryzae, Rice yellow dwarf MLO, Rice yellow dwarf virus
Asia, Kenya
Not known to occur
2021-04-19 18:12:04
Transmitted by the Nephotettix spp. leafhopper
Rice and a few other wild grass species
No
RICH ISTA,
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
RICH ISTA,
Richardson, MJ. 1990. An Annotated List of Seedborne Diseases. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich Switzerland.
Rice yellow mottle virus
virus
Rice yellow mottle sobemovirus
Africa, Turkey, Russia, Ukraine
Not known to occur
Korea
2021-04-15 16:28:52
Beetle transmitted virus
rice, wild grasses
No
RYMV00-1,
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
RYMV00-1,
Rice yellow mottle virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Pseudomonas fuscovaginae
bacterium
Pseudomonas fluorescens biovar II
Most tropical rice production areas in Asia, (Japan, Korea, Philippines, etc.), Central America, South America, Mexico, Australia, Russia, Yugoslavia
Not known to occur
2023-08-21 16:44:38
rice, wheat, other small grains and poaceae grasses
Yes
PSDMFU-3,PSDMFU-7,PSDMFU-1,
Seed as a pathway is well established for this pathogen.
PSDMFU-3,PSDMFU-7,PSDMFU-1,
Plating, Serological, Pathological methods
PSDMFU-1,PSDMFU-3,
These methods have not been validated or standardized for clinical use.
Heat treatment
PSDMFU-4,
Good sanitation and cultural practices have helped decrease losses to this disease
Zeigler RS; Alvarez E, 1987. Bacterial sheath brown rot of rice caused by Pseudomonas fuscovaginae in Latin America. Plant Disease, 71:592-597
Cartwright, Rd, et.al.eds. 2018 Compendium of Rice Diseases and Pests, 2nd. ed. American Phytopathological Society Press, St. Paul, MN., USA
Pseudomonas fuscovaginae In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Zeigler RS; Rubiano M; Alvarez E, 1987. Heat and chemical therapy to eradicate Pseudomonas fuscovaginae from rice seed. International Rice Research Newsletter, 12:18-19
Burkholderia planterii
bacterium
Psuedomonas planterii
Japan, China
Not known to occur
Korea
2021-04-05 16:02:49
Distribution information from; Wang, et.al. 2016
rice
No
No references found indicating that seed is a pathway.
Phomopsis oryzae-sativae
fungus
Ascochyta oryzae
India, Thailand
Not known to occur
2021-04-14 20:27:52
rice
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway
Setophoma terrestris
fungus
Pyrenochaeta terrestris, Phoma terrestris
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2021-04-22 16:18:49
Ubiquitous soil fungus. Often a secondary invader of plant roots when weakened by other pathogens.
Wide host range, though only producing symptoms and disease on onion, corn and rice.
No
PYRETE-2,
Rice may be a host of this pathogen and may express symptoms in the field, but seed is not known to be a pathway.
PYRETE-2,
Farr, D.F. and Rossman, A.Y. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. 2017, http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/
Cochliobolus cynodontis
fungus
Bipolaris cynodontis, Drechslera cynodontis, Helminthsporuim cynodontis
Worldwide,primarily in the tropics of Asia, Africa, Oceania.
Primarily in the SE.
Korea
2022-11-11 18:56:10
All reports of US presence from 1950-60s. CABI, 2019 does not consider the pathogen to be in the US. Pathogen does not cause serious disease or losses on any host. Also, it is often a secondary invader. (Farr and Rossman, 2019; Manamgoda, 2014)
grains, grasses
No
COCHCY-5,COCHCY-2,COCHCY-3,
Pathway not proven. One reference from Brazil found the pathogen on seed samples in laboratory tests. Other references speculated seed as a source without data. Seed as a pathway after seed cleaning and conditioning is not known. Pathogen does not cause serious disease or losses on any host. Also often a secondary invader.
COCHCY-5,COCHCY-2,COCHCY-3,
Blotter incubation
COCHCY-5,
The method used was adapted from other seed test methods for rice fungi. Method has not be validated or standardized for this pathogen. Seed has not been proven as a pathway.
Seed as a pathway after seed cleaning and conditioning is not known.
Farias CR, Afonfo AP, Brandão M, and Pierobom C. 2011. Regional survey and identification of Bipolarisspp. associated with rice seeds in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. Cienc. Rural 41 http://www.scielo.br
Farr, D.F. and Rossman, A.Y. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. 2019, http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/
Manamgoda, D.S., Rossman, A.Y., Castlebury, L.A., Crous, P.W., Madrid, H., Chukeatirote, E., and Hyde, K.D. 2014. The genus Bipolaris. Stud. Mycol. 79: 221-288.
Heterodera zeae
nematode
Primarily Asia, also reported in Egypt, Portugal, Greece
MD, VA, PA
Korea
2021-04-20 19:15:03
Cyst nematodes are root pathogens, Cyst nematode primarily move through flooding water and drainage. Movement of infected material and soil also important. Seed is not known to be a pathway.
Primarily corn, but reported on grains and grasses
No
HETDZE-1,HETDZE-2,
Seed is not known to be a pathway. Rice is a minor host of this nematode.
HETDZE-1,HETDZE-2,
Curvularia tsudae
fungus
Cochliobolus australiensis, Pseudocochliobolus australiensis
Asia, Africa, Australia
Not known to occur
Korea
2021-04-13 17:57:45
Often confused with Curvularia australiensis, another leaf blight of grass that occurs in Asia, Africa and Australia. Also not known to occur in the US (ARS GRIN)
poaceae grasses, barley, rice, corn
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Primarily a pathogen of leaf tissue.
Blotter incubation has been used for Curvularia australiensis testing
Dithane or metalaxyl + mancozeb are both effective fungicides at suppressing Curvularia australiensis on wheat seed
Rice stripe necrosis virus
virus
Rice stripe necrosis furovirus
Africa, Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, Ecuador, Panama
Not known to occur
Korea
2021-04-15 16:22:53
Transmitted by a fungus vector, Polymyxa graminis. Virus transmitted by mechanical inoculation, not transmitted by seed.
rice
No
RSNV00-2,RSNV00-1,
Transmitted by a fungus vector, Polymyxa graminis. Virus transmitted by mechanical inoculation. Not seed transmitted.
RSNV00-2,RSNV00-1,
Brunt, AA, Crabtree, K., Dallwitz, MJ, Gibbs, AJ, Watson, L. and Zurcher, EJ. (eds.). Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database, Version: 16th 1997. http://bio-mirror.im.ac.cn/mirrors/pvo/vide/refs.htm
Rice stripe necrosis benyvirus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Rice stripe virus
virus
Rice stripe tenuivirus
Asia, Russia
Not known to occur
Korea
2023-08-21 16:51:41
Transmitted by leafhoppers and plant hoppers. Difficult to transmit mechanically and it is not seed transmitted.
Primarily rice. Reported naturally on wheat, corn and millet
No
RSV00-1,RSV00-2,RSV00-3,
Seed is not a pathway for rice stripe virus. Transmitted in a persistent manner by leafhoppers and plant hoppers.
RSV00-1,RSV00-2,RSV00-3,
Rice stripe virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Brunt, AA, Crabtree, K., Dallwitz, MJ, Gibbs, AJ, Watson, L. and Zurcher, EJ. (eds.). Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database, Version: 16th 1997. http://bio-mirror.im.ac.cn/mirrors/pvo/vide/refs.htm
Toriyama S. 2000. Rice stripe virus Datasheet 375. Description of Plant Viruses; www.dvpweb.net.
Rice necrosis mosaic virus
virus
Rice necrosis mosaic benymovirus
Japan
Not known to occur
Korea
2021-04-22 16:01:51
Transmitted by a fungal vector, Polymyxa graminis. Virus also transmitted by mechanical inoculation and is not seed transmitted.
rice
No
RNMV-2,RNMV-3,
Transmitted by a fungal vector, Polymyxa graminis. Virus also transmitted by mechanical inoculation. Seed is not known to be a pathway.
RNMV-2,RNMV-3,
Brunt, AA, Crabtree, K., Dallwitz, MJ, Gibbs, AJ, Watson, L. and Zurcher, EJ. (eds.). Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database, Version: 16th 1997. http://bio-mirror.im.ac.cn/mirrors/pvo/vide/refs.htm
Inouye, T and Fujii S,. 1977. Rice necrosis mosaic virus Datasheet 172. Description of Plant Viruses; www.dvpweb.net.
Diplodia oryzae
fungus
Latin America, Japan, South Africa
Not known to occur
Korea
2022-11-22 19:00:43
Information from ARS GRIN.
rice
No
DIPLOR-2,RICH ISTA,
Pathway not proven. Above reference indicates seed maybe a pathway, but no other references found. Pathogenicity importance is unknown) and relatively few references about this pathogen past the 1950's were found.
DIPLOR-2,RICH ISTA,
Freezing blotter incubation
DIPLOR-2,
This method was used for research purposes and has not been validated or standardized.
Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae
bacterium
Many
Worldwide
Widespread
Thailand, China, Korea
2022-12-01 19:52:31
Seed is known to be a pathway on several crops. Thailand lists this pathogen as prohibited on corn. China lists this pathogen (Pseudomonas oryzicola) as prohibited on rice.
Wide host range. Important vegetable and agronomic crops listed below.
No
PSDMSY-6,PSDMSY-7,
Pathway not proven. Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae has been isolated from rice grains but research was not done to show seed transmission. Seeds may become sterile if infected. No reports of this pathogen on rice in the US were found. This pathogen on rice is also known as P. oryzicola.
PSDMSY-6,PSDMSY-7,
Visual examination.
PSDMSY-6,
This method was used for research and has not been standardized or validated,
R. S. Zeigler and E. Alvarez. 1990. Characteristics of Pseudomonas spp. Causing Grain Discoloration and Sheath Rot of Rice, and Associated Pseudomonad Epiphytes. Plant Dis. 74: 917-922.
Ou, S.H., 1985. Rice Disease, Second Edition. Commonwealth Mycological Institiute, Great Britain
Cochliobolus victoriae
fungus
Bipolaris victoriae, Drechslera victoriae, Helminthosporium victoriae
Zambia, Zimbabwe, India, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Ireland, Scotland, Netherlands, Switzerland, UK, Canada, Australia, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Kenya,
Eastern, Southeastern, Midwest and High plain states
Korea
2021-04-08 16:39:09
Victoria oats. Reported on rice, corn, barley, wheat and several grasses
No
COCHVI-2,
Seed is not known to be a pathway. Rice is a minor host of this pathogen.
COCHVI-2,
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Pseudocochliobolus eragrostidis
fungus
Curvularia eragrostidis, Brachysporium eragrostidis, Curvularia maculans, Spondylocladium maculan, Cochliobolus eragrostidis
Nigeria, Bangladesh, India, Australia, Myanmar, Malaysia, West Indies, Sierra Leone, Congo, Malawi, Indonesia, New Zealand, South Africa, Cuba, Brunei Darussalam, China, Guinea, Fiji, Solomon Islands, Brazil, Thailand
FL
Korea
2021-04-19 18:32:48
This is not considered an important pathogen on any hosts. Korea lists this pathogen as Curvularia eragrostidis.
rice
No
CURVER-2,
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Richardson (CURVER-2) does not list this pathogen as seed borne.
CURVER-2,
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Pseudocochliobolus verruculosus
fungus
Cochliobolus verruculosus, Curvularia verruculosa
American Samoa, India, Israel, Venezuela, Indonesia, Jamaica, India, Malaysia, Peru, West Indies, Egypt, Taiwan, Thailand, China, Nigeria, Fiji, Pakistan, Nicaragua, Tanzania, Korea, Cuba
Not known to occur
Korea
2022-12-01 19:40:44
This pathogen has been reported in Korea. Korea lists this pathogen as Curvularia verruculosa. This is a post harvest pathogen and a minor pathogen of living plants.
rice, corn
No
CURVVE-2,
Pathway not proven. Grain discoloration due to this fungus has been reported, but no evidence of seed transmission has been reported.
CURVVE-2,
Aulakh, K. 1966. Rice, a new host of Curvularia verruculosa. Plant Dis. Rept. 50:314-316
Curvularia senegalensis
fungus
Brachysporium senegalense, Curvularia falcata, Acrothecium falcatum
Puerto Rico, Japan, China, Virgin Islands, Cuba, Malaysia, India, Brunei Darussalam, Tanzania, Malaysia, Mexico, West Indies, Nigeria, Brazil, Samoa, South Africa, Myanmar, Thailand, Australia
TX, VA, LA, HI
Korea
2021-04-13 17:55:21
Appears to be a novelty in corn and rice (CURVSE-1)
Primarily banana and yam. Reported on rice and corn
No
RICH ISTA,
Not references found indicating seed is a pathway. Appears to be a novelty in rice.
RICH ISTA,
Richardson, MJ. 1990. An Annotated List of Seedborne Diseases. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich Switzerland.
Sclerophthora macrospora
fungus
Phytophthora macrospora, Phytophthora oryzae, Sclerospora macrospora, Sclerospora oryzae, Nozemia macrospora, Sclerospora kriegeriana
Worldwide
AZ, AR, FL, IL, LA, MS, ND, RI, TN, TX
Thailand
2023-08-21 16:53:05
corn, rice, oat, barley, rye, sorghum, sugarcane
No
SCPHMA-4,
No references found indicating that seed is a pathway.
SCPHMA-4,
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Pseudocochliobolus pallescens
fungus
Cochliobolus pallescens, Curvularia leonensis, Curvularia pallescens
Africa, Southeast Asia, Caribbean, South America, Pakistan, Australia, Denmark, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Togo, Canada, Mexico
DC, IA
Korea
2023-08-21 16:44:02
pepper, corn, bean, fava bean, wheat , rice, sorghum, sugarcane, soybean, potato, buckwheat,
No
CURVPA-2,
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Reference above only indicates that this pathogen has been reported on rice.
CURVPA-2,
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Exserohilum pedicellatum
fungus
Helminthosporium pedicellatum, Setosphaeria pedicellata, Trichometasphaeria pedicellatum, Bipolaris pedicellata, Drechslera pedicellata
Poland , South Africa, Australia, Egypt, India, Pakistan, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Australia, Iraq, Brazil
CA, HI, IA, MS, NY, OH, TX, MN
Korea
2022-11-22 19:09:26
Korea lists this pathogen as Setosphaeria pedicellata
wheat, corn , barley, rice, oat
No
TRMSPE-1,
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
TRMSPE-1,
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Setosphaeria rostrata
fungus
Exserohilum rostratum, Helminthosporium rostratum, Bipolaris rostrata, Drechslera rostrata, Exserohilum antillanum, Exserohilum gedarefense, Variant spelling Exserohilum gedarefensis, Helminthosporium halodes, Bipolaris halodes, Exserohilum halodes, Drechslera halodes, Helminthosporium halodes var. elaeicola, Helminthosporium halodes var. tritici, Helminthosporium leptochloae, Helminthosporium longirostratum, Exserohilum longirostratum, Exserohilum macginnisii, Setosphaeria prolata, Exserohilum prolatum, Drechslera prolata
Worldwide
Widespread, especially east of the Continental Divide
Korea
2023-08-21 16:54:40
Primarily grasses and grains, reported on other over 200 plant species, including several vegetable crops, but these seem to be experimental curiosity or occasional findings that are not confirmed. Only important grains listed below
No
DRECRO-3,DRECRO-4,
Pathway not proven. References indicated seed may be contaminated by this pathogen, however, seed transmission was not demonstrated. It is also not clear how the seed was harvested and from established seed companies.
DRECRO-3,DRECRO-4,
Blotter Assay
DRECRO-4,
This method was used for research and has not been validated or standardized.
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Ouedraogo I , Wonni I, Sereme D, Kabore K B. 2016. Survey of Fungal Seed-Borne Diseases of Rice in Burkina Faso. International Journal of Agriculture Innovations and Research 5; 2319-1473
Cochliobolus hawaiiensis
fungus
Drechslera hawaiiensis, Helminthosporium hawaiiense, Bipolaris hawaiiensis, Curvularia hawaiiensis, Pseudocochliobolus hawaiiensis
Bangladesh, India, Iran, Myanmar, Kenya, Australia, Cuba, Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Egypt, South Africa, Brazil, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka, Denmark, Mexico, Tanzania, Nepal, Oman, Mozambique, Tonga
Fl, MS, HI
Korea
2022-02-08 21:04:32
Seed has not been reported as a pathway
corn, wheat, rice, barley, sorghum, sugarcane, grasses. Occasionally reported on cowpea, fruit trees soybean, pumpkin.
No
COCHHA-3,
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
COCHHA-3,
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Indian peanut clump virus
virus
Indian peanut clump pecluvirus, IPCV
India, Pakistan
Not known to occur
2021-04-20 19:31:38
Primarily affects peanut and cereal grains. Requires the Polymyxa graminis to infect. Seed as a pathway has only been shown in peanut and millet (IPCV00-2)
wheat, corn, rice, barley, sorghum, peanut, millet
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Rice may be an incidental host because it can be infected by the Polymyxa vector.
Ditylenchus angustus
nematode
Anguillulina angusta, Tylenchus angustus
Bangladesh, India, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand
Not known to occur
Korea
2021-04-13 18:56:17
Primarily found in deep water cultivation. Debris and ratoons are primary sources of inoculum.
rice
Yes
DITYAN-2,DITYAN-3,DITYAN-1,
Although there are several reports of this nematode being seed borne, the importance seed inoculum is under investigation. Seed transmission is low when seed is dried.
DITYAN-2,DITYAN-3,DITYAN-1,
Visual examination
DITYAN-3,
Visual examination of seeds for nematodes was done in research. This method has not been standardized or validated.
Seed treatments
DITYAN-1,
Control of weeds and volunteer rice, prevention of river overflow by dikes and clean cultivation, and early roguing of diseased plants are suggested as control measures.
Tin Sein, 1977. Seed-borne infection and ufra disease. International Rice Research Newsletter, 2(2):6 (verified via abstract)
Prasad JS, Varaprasad KS, 2002. Ufra nematode, Ditylenchus angustus is seed borne!. Crop Protection, 21(1):75-76.
Ditylenchus angustus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc. In:
Pratylenchus zeae
nematode
Worldwide
AR, FL, GA, HI, LA, MS, NC, TX
Korea
2021-04-19 18:31:10
Seed is not known to carry the pest in trade/transport
corn, rice, sorghum, sugarcane
No
PRATZE-1,
Seed is not known to be a pathway
PRATZE-1,
Field management and crop rotation
Pratylenchus zeae. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Drechslera gigantea
fungus
Helminthosporium giganteum
South America, Central America, Caribbean, Mexico Iran, Japan
Eastern and Midwestern states
Korea
2021-04-13 18:04:12
barley, rice, wheat, rye
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
Gibberella zeae
fungus
Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium roseum, Fusarium roseum f.sp. cerealis, Fusarium roseum var. graminearum, Gibbera saubinettii, Gibberella saubinetii, Sphaeria zeae Schwein.
Worldwide
Widespread
Thailand
2022-11-22 19:31:42
One of many Fusariium spp. and Gibberella spp. that may contaminate kernels.
Primarily a cereal grain pathogen with a wide host range.
No
GIBBZE-17,GIBBZE-18,
Pathway not proven. Rice grains are infected by this pathogen but seed inoculum in disease development is unclear. Field debris is the primary source of incoulm.
GIBBZE-17,GIBBZE-18,
Culture plating and blotter incubation have been described for corn (NSHS USDA)
Fungicide seed treatments have been described for corn and wheat (GIBBZE-1)
Pestalotiopsis versicolor
fungus
Pestalotia versicolor, Pestalotia aucoumeae
Brazil, Mauritius, Africa, South Africa, Mexico, Caribbean, China, Italy, Armenia, Myanmar, Brunei Darussalam, India, Malawi, Papua New Guinea, Malaysia, Venezuela, Australia, Hong Kong, UK, Pakistan, Argentina
LA, FL, GA
Korea
2021-04-13 17:15:27
trees, coffee, cocoa, corn, rice
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
Meloidogyne oryzae
nematode
Brazil, Suriname
Not known to occur
Korea
2021-04-23 16:45:39
Seed is not known to be a pathway for Meloidogyne spp. root knot nematodes (Lammers, et.al., 2006)
Rice
No
MELGOR-2,
Seed is not known to be a pathway for Meloidogyne spp. root knot nematodes
MELGOR-2,
Lammers, W., Karssen, G., Jellema, P., Baker, R., Hockland, S., Fleming, C. and Turner, S. (2006). Meloidogyne minor Pest Risk Assessment. 08-14648 PPM Point 7.3. Plant Protection Services (NL) and Central Science Laboratory (UK). 52pp. (https://www.eppo.int...)
Pratylenchus brachyurus
nematode
Anguillulina brachyura, Pratylenchus leiocephalus, Pratylenchus pratensis, Pratylenchus steineri, Tylenchus brachyurus
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-06-28 18:00:54
Seed is not known to be a pathway. Common in tropics (PRATBR-1)
Wide host range
No
PRATBR-2,
Seed is not known to be a pathway for this nematode in any host.
PRATBR-2,
Pratylenchus brachyurus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Meloidogyne naasi
nematode
Libya, Iran, Belgium, Czechia, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Serbia, England, Wales, Canada, New Zealand, Argentina, Chile
CA, IL, KS, KY, MD, MI, NV, NC, OR, SC, UT, WA
Korea
2023-08-21 16:19:50
Seed is not known to be a pathway for Meloidogyne spp. root knot nematodes (MELGNA-2)
barley, wheat, rice, oat, rye, sorghum, grasses
No
MELGNA-2,
Seed is not known to be a pathway for Meloidogyne spp. root knot nematodes
MELGNA-2,
Crop Rotation
MELGNA-3,MELGNA-4,
Lammers, W., Karssen, G., Jellema, P., Baker, R., Hockland, S., Fleming, C. and Turner, S. (2006). Meloidogyne minor Pest Risk Assessment. 08-14648 PPM Point 7.3. Plant Protection Services (NL) and Central Science Laboratory (UK). 52pp. (https://www.eppo.int...)
Allen, MW, Hart WH, and Baghott, K. 1970. Crop rotation controls barley root-knot nematode at Tulelake. Calif. Agr. 24:4-5.
Michell, RE, Malek RB, Taylor DP, and Edwards DI. 1973. Races of the barley root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne naasi. I. Characterization by host preference. J. Nematol. 5:41-44
Phaeoseptoria spp.
fungus
Worldwide
ND, FL
Korea
2023-08-21 16:32:32
Only P. oryzae reported on rice and P. urvillaena reported on wheat are listed below. Primarily a pathogen in tropical climates.
Species of Phaeoseptoria are primarily pathogens of eucalyptus and banana.
No
ARS GRIN,
No references found indicating seed is a pathway for P. oryzae.. This is a minor pathogen, causing minor leaf spotting in rice.
ARS GRIN,
Farr, DF and Rossman AY 2015. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/
Fusarium semitectum var. majus
fungus
China, Africa, Australia, Colombia, Poland
Not known to occur
2022-11-22 19:20:02
Reported in the US only on crops that are propagated. No references found confirming this pathogen is found in the US.
Primarily citrus
No
FUSASM-2,FUSASM-1,
Although Farr and Rossman (FUSASM-1) lists rice as a host (report from Fiji), no references were found confirming this report. No other references found indicating rice is a host of this pathogen. No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
FUSASM-2,FUSASM-1,
Cladosporium cladosporioides
fungus
Cladosporium graminum, Cladosporium herbarumMycosphaerella schoenoprasi, Mycosphaerella tulasnei, Mycosphaerella tassiana, Penicillium cladosporioides,Hormodendrum cladosporioides, Monilia humicola
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-11-11 18:45:32
This pathogen is considered primarily a post harvest pathogen that does not cause disease in most of it's hosts (CLADCL-1). The fungus has been isolated from seed in some hosts, but does not transmit or cause disease in most cases.
Wide host range
No
CLADCL-1,CLADCL-9,
Pathway not proven. This fungus was isolated from farmer saved seed in Bangladesh. No other references found indicating seed is a pathway, especially from commercially grown seed. No evidence of seed transmission was provided. This fungus is primarily a post harvest fungus and field debris may provide survival habitat for the fungus, but rice is not attacked by the fungus (CABI, 2020)
CLADCL-1,CLADCL-9,
Blotter Incubation
CLADCL-9,
This test was used for research purposes and has not been standardized or validated.
Cladosporium cladosporioides. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Haque SMA, Begum JA, Islam MF, Islam MS and Mia MAT. 2003. Influence of farmers' seed processing activities on seed borne fungi of T.Aman rice. Bangladesh Journal of Plant Pathology, 19:59-62.
Aphelenchoides besseyi
nematode
Aphelenchoides oryzae, Asteroaphelenchoides besseyi
Worldwide in rice cultivation
Widespread in rice cultivation
Korea
2022-09-22 19:00:04
This nematode has been reported in Korea (CABI CPC)
rice, strawberry
Yes
CABI CPC,APLOBE-2,ALOBE-1,
Seed as a pathway is well established and accepted.
CABI CPC,APLOBE-2,ALOBE-1,
Sieve method, Dehulling
CABI CPC,ISTA,
Both methods have been standardized by ISTA
Hot water treatments
CABI CPC,
Various hot water treatment protocols have been described. Chemical seed treatments also described
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Khan MR, et.al., 2012. Observations on the Foliar Nematode, Aphelenchoides besseyi, Infecting Tuberose and Rice in India. J. Nematol. 44: 391–398
Ferris, H. 2019. Aphelenchoides besseyi. Nemaplex. www.nemaplex.ucdavis.edu.
International Rules for Seed Testing. International Seed Testing Association; www.seedtest.org
Pantoea ananatis
bacterium
Bacillus ananas, Bacterium ananas, Chromobacterium ananas, Erwinia ananas pv. uredovora, Erwinia ananatis,Erwinia herbicola var. ananas, Erwinia urediniolytica,Erwinia uredovora, Pantoea ananas pv. ananas, Pantoea ananas pv. uredovora, Pantoea ananatis pv. ananatis,Pantoea ananatis pv. uredovora, Pectobacterium ananas, Pectobacterium ananatis pv. ananatis, Xanthomonas uredovora
Africa, Asia, Belgium, Italy, Russia, Poland, Spain, Nova Scotia, Mexico, Haiti, Puerto Rico, Guatemala, Australia, Argentina, Ecuador, Brazil, Guyana, Uruguay, Venezuela
CA, CO, FL, GA, MI, TX, NY
Chile
2023-07-28 19:23:26
Probably ubiquitous, causes post harvest rots in vegetables such as tomato, cantaloupe and some berries. Causes diseases in the field in the hosts listed below. Reported in host range studies on other Poaceae species. Most common in warm, wet climatic conditions.
onion, corn, rice, sudangrass, pineapple.
No
CABI CPC,
Pathway not proven. CABI cites two research articles indicating that rice seed may be a pathway. However, it is unclear from the articles if the pathogen described is P. ananatis. Rice appears to be a host in the field.
CABI CPC,
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Pyricularia oryzae
fungus
Magnaportha oryzae, Magnaportha grisea
Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia
The Triticum pathotype of this pathogen is not known to occur in the US.
Mexico
2023-08-21 16:48:18
The rice strain of this pathogen is worldwide in distribution. Information for this fungus primarily from PYRIGR-1 and PYRIGR-2
wheat, rice
Yes
PYRIGR-1,PYRIGR-4,PYRIGR-5,
Incident of seed infection in laboratory testing can be significant. However, seed transmission tends to be lower. Seed is known to be a pathway for this pathogen.
PYRIGR-1,PYRIGR-4,PYRIGR-5,
Blotter
PYRIGR-1,
PCR tests have been described for the wheat pathotype on wheat samples. (PYRIGR-3)
PYRIGR-1,
Several chemical seed treatments are described with varying degrees of success.
Magnaportha grisea In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc."
Manandhar HK, et.al. 1998. Seedborne infection of rice by Pyricularia oryzae and its transmission to seedlings. Plant Disease, 82:1093-1099
Guerber C and TeBeest DO, 2006. Infection of rice seed grown in Arkansas by Pyricularia grisea and transmission to seedlings in the field. Plant Disease, 90:170-176.
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