Zea mays
corn
92 Related Pests
Harpophora maydis
fungus
Cephalosporium maydis, Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritic, Ophiobolus graminis var. tritici; Magnaporthiopsis maydis
Egypt, Hungary, India, Israel, Italy, Portugal, Span. Reported but not confirmed in Kenya and Romania
Not known to occur
Brazil, other S. American countries
2023-08-21 22:09:04
The organism can be easily moved in shipments that contain either infested soil or seed. Listed as Magnaporthiopsis maydis in Brazil and other S. American countries.
Corn. (Cotton and lupine maybe secondary hosts.)
Yes
HARPMA-2,HARPMA-1,HARPMA-3,ISF RPLD,
Seed as a pathway has been established. Hyphae may be internal.
HARPMA-2,HARPMA-1,HARPMA-3,ISF RPLD,
Agar incubation, PCR testing of seedlings.
HARPMA-3,ISF RPLD,
These tests have not been validated.
ISF RPLD,
Resistant varieties available.
Global Pest and Disease Database - Version 2.3.11, 2012; Pest ID 3069. Developed by the Center for Integrated Pest Management; USDA
Harpophora maydis In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc."
Mchial, et. al., 1999, Seed health testing of corn for Cephalosporium maydis. Acta Pathologica et Entomologica Hungaria. 34 35-41
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Peronosclerospora philippinensis
fungus
Peronospora sacchar, Sclerospora phillipinensis, Sclerospora indica, Sclerospora maydis
Primarily tropical Asia (India, China, Thailand, Nepal, Taiwan), Indonesia, Japan, Philippines, South Africa, Congo, Mauritius, Great Britain
Not known occur. Reports of pathogen in the US have not been verified (PRSCPH-4)
Mexico
2023-08-21 22:10:56
Downing mildew caused by Peronsclerospora phillippensis is primarily a disease of tropical Asia and Africa.
corn, sorghum, surgarcane, oat. Many grass species also reported as hosts.
Yes
PRSCPH-1,PRSCPH-4,ISF RPLD,McGEE,
Pathogen is only transmitted with freshly harvested immature seed that has not been dried. Transmission ceased once seed is dried to less than 30% moisture.
PRSCPH-1,PRSCPH-4,ISF RPLD,McGEE,
Embryo examination
PRSCPH-1,PRSCPH-2,
Two embryo examination methods described. Neither method has been standardized or validated for clinical use.
Mmetalaxyl, Ridomil; other systemic fungicides
PRSCPH-1,PRSCPH-3,PRSCPH-4,
Resistant cultivars available. Do not harvest immature seed and seed storage and drying to less than 20% mositure eliminated seed transmission.
Peronosclerospora philippinensis In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Global Pest and Disease Database - Version 2.3.11, 2012; Pest ID 512. Developed by the Center for Integrated Pest Management; USDA
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
McGee, DC. 1988, Maize Diseases; A reference source for Seed Technoligists. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN USA
Singh, et. al. 1967, Internally seedborne nature of two downy mildews on Corn. Plant Disease Reporter 51; 1010-1012
Exconde OR, Molina AB, 1978. Note: Ridomil (Ciba-Geigy) a seed-dressing fungicide for control of Philippine corn downy mildew. Philippine Journal Crop Science, 3:60-64.
Ditylenchus dipsaci
nematode
Anguillula devastatrix, Anguillula dipsaci, Anguillula secalis, Anguillulina dipsaci,Anguillulina dipsaci var. communis, Ditylenchus allocotus, Ditylenchus amsinckiae, Ditylenchus dipsaci var. tobaensis, Ditylenchus fragariae,Ditylenchus sonchophila, Ditylenchus trifolii, Tylenchus allii Tylenchus devastator, Tylenchus devastatrix
Tylenchus dipsaci, Tylenchus havensteini, Tylenchus hyacinthi, Tylenchus putrefaciens
Worldwide in temperate climates.
Widespread
Brazil
2023-05-05 19:09:29
Ditylenchus dipsaci is known to attack over 450 different plant species, including many weeds. There are approximately 20 biological races known that tend to prefer certain hosts.
No
ISF RPLD,DITYDI-6,
Pathway not proven. Though one reference indicates infested seed were used in eradication experiments, there was no information on how infested seeds were obtained. There were no other references found to verify seed pathway.
ISF RPLD,DITYDI-6,
Rhodococcus fascians
bacterium
Corynebacterium fascians, Bacterium fascians, Phytomonas fascians, Pseudobacterium fascians, Rhodococcus rubropertinctus
Europe, North America, Central America, Australia, New Zealand, Iran, Russia, Egypt, Colombia
Widespread
Brazil, Thailand
2023-08-21 16:50:36
Though found in many US states, the pathogen is usually restricted and localized. Probably Worldwide, though not reported. Disease outbreaks are sporadic and usually related to poor sanitation. Bulbs, floral and greenhouse crops most susceptible to disease outbreaks. No reports of seed as a pathway in vegetables and agronomic crops.
Primarily a pest of ornamentals, woody ornamentals and floowers. Vegetables and agronomic crops reported susceptible to the bacterium are listed below. Transmits primarily through propagation.
No
CORBFA-3,
No evidence of natural infections. May not be a host. No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
CORBFA-3,
Putnam,M.L. and Miller, M.L. 2007. Rhodococcus facians in Herbaceous Perennials. Plant Disease 91: 1064-1076
Dickeya chrysanthemi
bacterium
Eriwina chrysanthemi (and pathovars,varieites), Pectobacterium chrysanthemi (and pathovars,varieties), Erwinia carotovora pvs. chrysanthemi/parthenii, Pectobacterium carotovorum pvs. chrysanthemi/parthenni
Worldwide
Widespread
Mexico, China
2022-11-11 19:41:39
Dickeya chrysanthemi strains have been isolated from a number of different hosts in different countries. The list of all susceptible plants after inoculation by Dickeya chrysanthemi would be far longer than the natural host range, and difficult to establish. There is little if any information on seed as a pathway for this pathogen and therefore should not be regulated.
Eriwina chrysanthemi has been reclassified into Pectobacterium spp. and Dickeya spp.
Primarily ornamentals and flowers. Only hosts of Dickeye chrysanthemi or Dickeya zeae are listed below. (Ma, et.al. 2007)
No
ERIWCH-1,ERIWCH-7,ERIWCH-8,
References established that Dickeya chrysanthemi is a pathogen of corn. No evidence that seed is a pathway.
ERIWCH-1,ERIWCH-7,ERIWCH-8,
Dickeya chrysanthemi In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Hoppe, P.E. and Kelman, A. 1969. Bacterial tip and stalk rot disease of corn in Wisconsin. Plant Dis. Rept. 53:66-70
Kelman, Person and Hebert. 1957. A bacterial soft rot of irrigated corn in North Carolina. Plant Dis. Rept. 41:798-802
Candidatus phytoplasma asteris
phytoplasma
Worldwide
Widespread
2021-11-15 19:27:42
AY phytoplasmas are not seed transmissable and seed is not a pathway in any host.
Wide host range, primarily herbaceous dicots, though strains infect monocots and woody ornamentals
No
PHY01-1,ISF RPLD,
Seed is not a pathway for AY phytoplasmas
PHY01-1,ISF RPLD,
Xanthomonas albilneans
bacterium
Agrobacterium albilineans, Bacterium albilineans, Phytomonas albilineans, Pseudomonas albilineans, Xanthomonas albilineans var. paspali
Worldwide
FL, HI, LA, TX
China
2022-10-09 00:22:08
sugarcane, bamboo, other wild poaceae grasses. Reported in sweet corn
No
XANTAB-1,XANTAB-2,ISF RPLD,
Seed is not known to be a pathway for this pathogen.
XANTAB-1,XANTAB-2,ISF RPLD,
Xanthomonas albilneans In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Richardson, MJ. 1990. An Annotated List of Seed Borne Diseases. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Sclerophthora rayssiae var. zeae
fungus
Tropical Asia
Not known occur
China
2021-08-17 21:13:10
corn, crabgrasses
Yes
SCPHRZ-1,SCPHRZ-2,SCPHRZ-3,ISF RPLD,
Oospores external, Hyphae may be internal.
SCPHRZ-1,SCPHRZ-2,SCPHRZ-3,ISF RPLD,
Embryo staining and microscopic examination.
SCPHRZ-2,SCPHRZ-1,
This test has not been validated or standardized.
Metalaxyl, other systemic fungicides
SCPHRZ-1,SCPHRZ-3,ISF RPLD,
Resistant cultivars available. Cold storage reduced infection.
Sclerophthora rayssiae var. zeae In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc."
Singh, et. al. 1967, Internally seedborne nature of two downy mildews on Corn. Plant Disease Reporter 51; 1010-1012
Global Pest and Disease Database - Version 2.3.11, 2012; Pest ID 600. Developed by the Center for Integrated Pest Management; USDA
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Globisporangium splendens
fungus
Pythium splendens
Worldwide
Widespread
China, Mexico
2022-03-17 16:44:13
Primarily spread through propagative material. Primarily soil borne in nature. Seed is not known to be a pathway for any host.
Wide host rainge, primarily flowers and ornamentals
No
PYTHSL-1,PYTHSL-2,ISF RPLD,
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
PYTHSL-1,PYTHSL-2,ISF RPLD,
Globisporangium splendens In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Waterhouse GM, Waterston JM, 1966. Pythium splendens. CMI Descriptions of Pathogenic Fungi and Bacteria, No. 120. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Cephalosporium sacchari
fungus
Fusarium neoceras, Fusarium sacchari, Gibberella sacchari
New Zealand
DE
China
2021-03-10 18:54:31
Subtropical and tropical regions
sugar cane, corn
No
CPHUSA-7
No references found indicating that seed is a pathway.
CPHUSA-7
Farr, D.F. and Rossman, A.Y. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. 2016, http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/
Peronosclerospora maydis
fungus
Peronospora maydis, Sclerospora maydis
China, India, Indonesia, Japan, Thailand, Israel, Tiawan, Jamaica, Congo, Australia, Argentina, Venezuela
Not known to occur
Mexico, Korea
2022-05-24 16:53:43
A tropical downy mildew. Causes significant losses in Indonesia and Australia
corn
Yes
PRSCMA-4,ISF RPLD,McGEE,
Pathogen is only transmitted with freshly harvested immature seed that has not been dried. Once dried (>20%), the
pathogen is not transmitted.
PRSCMA-4,ISF RPLD,McGEE,
Visual examination
PRSCMA-1,
This test has not been validated or standardized
Metalaxyl
PRSCMA-1,
Seed storage and drying to less than 20% mositure eliminated seed transmission.
Bonde, MR. 1982. Epidemiology of Downy Mildews of Maize, Sorghum and Pearl Millet. Tropical Pest Management 28:49-60
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
McGee, DC. 1988, Maize Diseases; A reference source for Seed Technoligists. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN USA
Peronosclerospora maydis In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Peronosclerospora sorghi
fungus
Sclerospora andropogonis-sorghi, Sclerospora graminicola var. andropogonis-sorghi, Sclerospora sorghi, Sorosporium andropogonis-sorghi
Worldwide
Primarily in the SE US, though reported in MN, MD, IL, IN, NM, NV
Mexico, Korea
2022-05-24 17:12:11
Only tropical Peronosclerospora downy mildew known to occur in NA and EU
sorghum,corn
Yes
PRSCSO-4,PRSCSO-5,McGEE,ISF RPLD,
Seed transmission is rare and only occurs on immature seed or freshly harvested seed that has not been dried., Oospores are not produced abundantly in corn.
Grow out is a standard method of the NSHS.
PRSCSO-4,PRSCSO-5,McGEE,ISF RPLD,
Grow out
NSHS USDA,
This is a standard method of the NSHS
Metalaxyl
PRSCSO-1,PRSCSO-3,
The movement of this pathogen by seed is more of a problem in farmer saved seed. Routine seed conditioning and cleaning practiced by seed companies eliminates these sources. Normal seed practices such as drying (<20%) and seed storage for more than 40 days essentially eliminates seed transmission.
Bonde, MR. 1982. Epidemiology of Downy Mildews of Maize, Sorghum and Pearl Millet. Tropical Pest Management 28:49-60
Adenle VO, Cardwell KF, 2000. Seed transmission of maize downy mildew (Peronosclerospora sorghi) in Nigeria. Plant Pathology, 49:628-634
McGee, DC. 1988, Maize Diseases; A reference source for Seed Technoligists. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN USA
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
United Stated Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Protection Service National Seed Health System (USDA-APHIS NSHS) www.seedhealth.org
Peronosclerospora sorghi In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Odvody GN, Frederiksen RA, 1984. Use of systemic fungicides metalaxyl and fosetyl-Al for control of sorghum downy mildew in corn and sorghum in South Texas. I: seed treatment. Plant Disease, 68:604-607
Peronosclerospora sacchari
fungus
Sclerospora sacchari
Primarily China and India, though found in other tropical areas of Asia, Central America, Australia, Indonesia
Not known to occur.
Mexico, Korea
2023-08-21 22:11:23
sugarcane, corn
Yes
PRSCSA-4,PRSCSA-6,ISF RPLD,McGEE,
Pathogen is only transmitted with freshly harvested immature seed that has not been dried. Once dried (<20%), the pathogen is not transmitted.
PRSCSA-4,PRSCSA-6,ISF RPLD,McGEE,
Visual examination of the embryo
PRSCSA-6,
This test has not been validated or standardized.
Metalaxyl
PRSCSA-1,
Seed storage and drying to less than 20% mositure eliminated seed transmission.
Bonde, MR. 1982. Epidemiology of Downy Mildews of Maize, Sorghum and Pearl Millet. Tropical Pest Management 28:49-60
Singh RS, Joshi MM, andChaube HS, 1968. Further evidence of the seedborne nature of Corn downy mildews and their possible control with chemicals. Plant Disease Reporter, 52:446-449.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
McGee, DC. 1988, Maize Diseases; A reference source for Seed Technoligists. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN USA
Peronosclerospora sacchari In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Peronosclerospora heteropogoni, Peronosclerospora miscanthi, Peronosclerospora spontanea
fungus
Resticted to tropical Asia
Not known to occur
Mexico
2021-03-25 17:05:38
corn (all three pathogens), sugarcane (Peronosclerospora spontanea and Peronosclerospora miscanthi) Peronosclerospora spontanea has been reported on sorghum but not considered an important host
No
PRSCSPP-1,PRSCSPP-3,
No literture was found indicating seed is a natural pathway for these fungi. (CABI, 2017, for Peronsclerospora spontanea indicates that true seed may transport the fungus without citing any literature.) Like other tropical downy mildews, transmission only occurs when immature seed is planted after harvest.
PRSCSPP-1,PRSCSPP-3,
PRSCSPP-1,
Drying of seed and storage probably eliminates this risk, if seed pathway is proven.
Maize chlorotic mottle virus
virus
Maize mottle virus, Peru corn virus
Argentina,Brazil, Mexico, Peru and the US. China, Taiwan, Thailand, Africa (Congo, Kenya), Spain
KS, NE, TX, HI
China
2022-04-06 18:26:18
In Hawaii, this virus has been found in seed company corn nurseries.
Restricted to corn and sweet corn in nature. Poeaceae species and surgar cane artificially inoculated
Yes
MCMV00-1,MCMV00-2,ISF RPLD,
Transmission rates tend to be very low
MCMV00-1,MCMV00-2,ISF RPLD,
ELISA
MCMV00-2,
ELISA with Maize chlorotic mottle virus antibodies have been used on seedlings 10-14 days after germination. This test has not been validated or standardized.
MCMV00-1,
Resistant varieites are being developed
Maize Chlorotic Mottle Virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Jenson, S.G. et. al. 1991, Seed Transmission of Maize Chlorotic Mottle Virus. Plant Disease 75 (5); 497-498
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Wheat streak mosaic virus
virus
Wheat streak mosaic potyvirus
Worldwide
Widespread in wheat regions
China, Korea, Chile
2023-08-25 20:34:14
The wheat curl mite (Aceria tosichella,K.), is the only known vector for Wheat streak mosaic virus. When symptoms are present, confirm the causal agent with laboratory diagnoses. Symptoms of this disease may be similar to other viral diseases or inconspicuous under unfavorable climatic conditions or plant physiological stress, requiring thorough laboratory analysis. Latency resulting in asymptotic plants, though documented (WSMV00-4), is not common. Expression may vary with climatic conditions, plant genetics, physiological stress, and plant pathogen strain. Literature showing that random sampling of apparently healthy plants to detect latent populations of this pathogen has not been found.
Primarily a virus of wheat. Other grasses and grains, such as oats, rye, barley, and millet may act as reservoirs for the virus. Not common in maize, though it has been reported in some cultivars.
No
WSMV00-4,
Pathway not proven. This reference is the only one found with evidence of seed transmission and it was only found in one corn variety in laboratory experiments. Transmission rates were less than 0.1% and seed was not directly tested for the virus but indirectly by inoculating sap from seedlings to susceptible hosts before testing by ELISA. No literature found indicating natural infections of this virus. Corn is not an important host of the vector and the virus rarely causes damage to corn.
WSMV00-4,
Hill JH, Martinson CA, Russell WA, 1974. Seed transmission of maize dwarf mosaic and wheat streak mosaic viruses in maize and response of inbred lines. Crop Science, 14:232-235.
High plains virus
virus
Wheat mosaic virus, Wheat high plains virus, Maize seed stripe virus, High plains wheat mosaic emaravirus
Argentina, Australia, Canada (AB), Chile, Iran, Ukraine,
Pacific Northwest, Midwest, FL
Chile, Korea
2023-08-29 19:17:54
Mite transmitted virus
oats, barley, wheat, rye, corn
Yes
WHPV00-7,WHPV00-2,ISF RPLD,
The virus is naturally transmitted by the wheat curl mite (Aceria tosichella). HPWMoV is seed transmissible; very low seed transmission levels.
WHPV00-7,WHPV00-2,ISF RPLD,
Grow out with ELISA confirmation on seedlings. Serology and molecular tests (e.g. RT PCR, conventional PCR) have only been used on leaves. Seeds were sown, and then leaves were tested.
CABI CPC,ISF RPLD,
This test has not been validated or standardized.
ISF RPLD,CABI CPC,
Resistant varieties are available.
Seifers, D.L., 2010. High Plains Disease. In, Compendium of Wheat Diseases and Pests, Third Edition, Eds. W. W. Bockus, R. L. Bowden, R. M. Hunger, W. L. Morrill, T. D. Murray and R. W. Smiley. The American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, MN USA
Forster, R. L., Seifers, D. L., Strausbaugh, C. A., Jensen, S. G., Ball, E. M., and Harvey, T. L. 2001. Seed transmission of the High Plains virus in sweet corn. Plant Dis. 85:696-699.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Maize chlorotic dwarf virus
virus
Maize chlorotic dwarf machlovirus, Maize chlorotic dwarf Maize chlorotic dwarf virus group, Maize chlorotic dwarf ribotungrovirus, Maize chlorotic dwarf waikavirus, Ohio corn stunt agent
United States
Widespread in southeastern US. Present in MD, PA, OH
China
2022-04-06 18:25:10
Transmitted by leafhoppers only. Seed is not known to be a pathway.
corn, sorghum, wheat, millets, foxtail, Johnson grasses
No
MCDV00-1,MCDV00-2,ISF RPLD,
No evidence that seed is a pathway. Transmitted by leafhoppers only.
MCDV00-1,MCDV00-2,ISF RPLD,
Maize Chlorotic Dwarf Mosaic Virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Brunt, AA, Crabtree, K., Dallwitz, MJ, Gibbs, AJ, Watson, L. and Zurcher, EJ. (eds.). Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database, Version: 16th 1997. http://bio-mirror.im.ac.cn/mirrors/pvo/vide/refs.htm
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Maize streak virus
virus
Sugarcane streak virus, Cereal African streak virus, Maize mottle virus,
Maize streak monogeminivirus
India, Indonesia, Yemen, widespread in Africa
Not known to occur.
Korea
2023-08-21 22:09:26
No evidence that seed is a pathway for this virus. Transmitted by leafhoppers only. Maize streak virus is a quaratine pest in the USA
corn, sugarcane, oat, barley, rye, sorghum, wheat, grasses (Poaceae family)
No
MSV000-1,MSV000-2,MSV000-3,ISF RPLD,
No evidence that seed is a pathway. Transmission by leafhoppers only
MSV000-1,MSV000-2,MSV000-3,ISF RPLD,
Maize Streak Virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Richardson, MJ. 1990. An Anotated List of Seed-Borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association. Zurich, Switzerland
Brunt, AA, Crabtree, K., Dallwitz, MJ, Gibbs, AJ, Watson, L. and Zurcher, EJ. (eds.). Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database, Version: 16th 1997. http://bio-mirror.im.ac.cn/mirrors/pvo/vide/refs.htm
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Pantoea stewartii
bacterium
Aplanobacter stewartia, Bacillus stewartii, Bacterium stewartia, Erwinia stewartia, Pantoea stewartii subsp. Indologenes, Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii, Phytomonas stewartii, Pseudobacterium stewartii, Pseudomonas stewartii, Xanthomonas stewartii
Africa: Benin, Togo. Asia: China, India, Jordan, Malaysia, South Korea, Thailand, Vietnam. Europe: Italy, Russia, Slovenia. Americas: Canada, USA, Costa Rica, Mexico, Argentina, Bolivia, Guyana, Peru.
Widespread but not a lot in the northwest.
China, Mexico, South Korea, Vietnam
2024-04-12 18:15:49
Formerly Erwinia stewartii, this is an enterobacterial plant pathogen that causes Stewart’s wilt of maize. It is considered native to the Americas and has been introduced to other parts of the world by infested maize seeds (ERWIST-10).
Zea mays, all subspecies and types. Experimental inoculations into grasses, sudan grass and wheat
Yes
ERWIST-2,ERWIST-3,ERWIST-4,CABI CPC,ISF RPLD,ERWIST-10,ERWIST-10
The seed transmission of Pantoea stewartii is well documented and accepted. Embryonic infection documented. Requires significant disease symptoms in field for seed transmission to occur.
ELISA is the NSHS standard method
ERWIST-2,ERWIST-3,ERWIST-4,CABI CPC,ISF RPLD,ERWIST-10,ERWIST-10
Grow out, Semi-selective plating, PCR, ELISA
ERWIST-6,CABI CPC,NSHS USDA
ELISA is the NSHS standard method
Biological, Chemical
ERWIST-7,ERWIST-8,ERWIST-9,CABI CPC
The use of resistant varieties is effective. Several physical treatments, chemicals and antibiotic treatments have been tested with limited success. Mitigation of corn flea beetle with chemicals or biologicals is also effective.
Ivanoff SS, 1933. Stewart's wilt disease of corn, with emphasis on the life history of Phytomonas stewartii in relation to pathogenesis. Journal of Agricultural Research, 47:749-770.
Rand FV, Cash LC, 1933. Bacterial wilt of corn. United States Department of Agriculture Technical Bulletin, 362:1-32
Smith EF, 1914. Stewart's disease of sweet corn (maize). In: Vascular Diseases, 3. Washington, DC, USA: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 89-147.
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Nechwatal, J., Friedrich‐Zorn, M., Theil, S., Gebauer, P., & Wensing, A. (2018). Validation of a specific PCR screening test for Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii in maize (Zea mays) samples. Bulletin OEPP, 48(1), 78–85. https://doi.org/10.1111/epp.12448
Block CC, Shepherd LM, Munkvold G, 2011. Comparison of nine PCR primer sets designed to detect Pantoea stewartii subsp. stewartii in maize. In: Phytopathology, 101. S16.
United Stated Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Protection Service National Seed Health System (USDA-APHIS NSHS) www.seedhealth.org
Munkvold, G.P., McGee, D.C. and Iles A., 1996. Effects of imidacloprid seed treatment of corn on foliar feeding and Erwinia stewartii transmission by the corn flea beetle. Plant Disease 80; 747-749
Pataky, et. al., 2005. Rates of seed treatment insecticides and control of Stewart's wilt in sweet corn. Plant Disease 89; 262-268
Kuhar, et. al. 2002. Control of corn flea beetle and Stewart's wilt in sweet corn with imidacloprid and thiamethoxam seed treatments. Crop Protection 21; 25-31
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis
bacterium
Corynebacterium michiganense pv. nebraskense, Corynebacterium michiganense subsp. nebraskense, Corynebacterium nebraskense
Canada
Midwest states
China, Korea, Sudan
2023-08-03 16:08:18
Found in US Midwest where field corn is grown.
corn, sugarcane, sorghum, sudan grass.
Yes
CORBNE-2,CORBNE-3,CORBNE-1,CORBNE-4,
Seed transmission plays a minor role where the disease is established and requires significant disease symptoms in the field for seed transmission to occur. The inefficient seed transmission is one reason the pathogen is only a moderate quarantine risk
Culture plating is a standard method of the NSHS
CORBNE-2,CORBNE-3,CORBNE-1,CORBNE-4,
Culture plating, Molecular
NSHS USDA,ISF RPLD,
Culture Plating has been standardized and validated by the NSHS.
No
CORBNE-1,
Crop rotation and the destruction of maize debris are recommended control practices. Resistance to Goss's wilt is common in corn hybrids
Biddle, J. A., McGee, D. C., and Braun, E. J. 1990. Seed transmission of Clavibacter michiganensis ssp. nebraskensis in corn. Plant Dis. 74:908- 911.
Schuster ML, 1972. Leaf freckles and wilt, a new corn disease. In: Proc. Annu. Corn Sorghum Res. Conf. 27. Washington D.C., USA: American Seed Trade Association. 176-191.
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. nebraskensis. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Osdaghi et al., (2022). clavibacter nebraskensis causing goss's wilt of maize: Five decades of detaining the enemy in the new world. Molecular Plant Pathology, 24(7), 675–692. Retrieved August, 2023
United Stated Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Protection Service National Seed Health System (USDA-APHIS NSHS) www.seedhealth.org
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Maize dwarf mosaic virus
virus
Maize mosaic virus, European mosaic virus, India mosaic virus, Maize stripe mosaic, Virus sorghum red stripe virus
Worldwide
Widespread
2022-04-06 18:29:18
Aphid transmitted virus. Part of the Corn leathal necrosis complex
Corn, sorghum and surgarcane in nature. Poaceace species and other sorghum species have been artificially inoculated.
Yes
MDMV00-1,MDMV00-3,MDMV00-4,MDMV00-2,MDMV00-5,ISF RPLD,
Transmission rates tend to be very low. Seed transmission of Maize dwarf mosaic virus is well documented in corn.
ELISA is a standard test of the NSHS.
MDMV00-1,MDMV00-3,MDMV00-4,MDMV00-2,MDMV00-5,ISF RPLD,
ELISA
NSHS USDA,MDMV00-1,
ELISA is a standard test of the NSHS. CABI, 2017, also describes a grow out test.
MDMV00-1,
Resistant varieties are developed. Good cultural practices and sanitation help in the control of this virus and its vectors
Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Mikel, M.A., D'Arcy, C.J. and Ford, R.E. 1984. Seed transmission of maize dwarf mosaic virus in sweet corn. Phytopath Z.110: 185-191
Shepherd RJ, Holdeman QL, 1965. Seed transmission of the Johnsongrass strain of the sugarcane mosaic virus of corn. Plant Disease Reporter, 49:468-469.
Hill JH, Martinson CA, Russell WA, 1974. Seed transmission of maize dwarf mosaic and wheat streak mosaic viruses in maize and response of inbred lines. Crop Science, 14:232-235.
Williams LE, Findley WR, Dollinger EJ, Ritter RM, 1968. Seed transmission studies of maize dwarf mosaic virus in corn. Plant Disease Reporter, 52:863-864.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
United Stated Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Protection Service National Seed Health System (USDA-APHIS NSHS) www.seedhealth.org
Sugarcane mosaic virus
virus
Abaca mosaic virus, European mosaic virus, Grass mosaic virus, Maize dwarf mosaic virus strain B, Sorghum red stripe virus, Sorghum concentric ring virus
Worldwide in sugarcane growing regions
Fl, HA
2022-09-13 18:43:03
The identification of this virus is often confused with Sorghum mosaic virus. Both Sugarcane mosaic virus and Sorgham mosaic virus cause similar symptoms in surgarcane. Strains of this virus are usually restricted to certain hosts. (DVP WEB). Aphid transmitted and part of the corn lethal necrosis complex.
Corn and surgarcane are the only crops infected. Sugarcane by the sugarcane strains of Sugrcane mosaic virus and corn by the Maize dwarf mosaic virus strain B (SCMV-MB)
Yes
SCV00-1,SCV00-2,ISF RPLD,
Seed transmission at very low levels (<0.01%). Virus detected in seed pericarp and endosperm but not embryo's.
SCV00-1,SCV00-2,ISF RPLD,
ELISA, PCR
SCV00-2,ISF RPLD,
Test has not been standardized or validated.
SCV00-1,
Resistant varieites are developed. Good cultural practices and sanitation help in the control of this virus and its vectors.
Sugarcane Mosaic Virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Mikel, M.A., D'Arcy, C.J. and Ford, R.E. 1984. Seed transmission of maize dwarf mosaic virus in sweet corn. Phytopath Z.110: 185-191
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Mycosphaerella zeae-maydis
fungus
Phoma zeae-maydis, Phyllosticta maydis, Phyllosticta zeae, Peyronellaea zeae-maydis, Didymella zeae-maydis
Kenya, South Africa, Bolivia, Ecuador, France, Ontario
WI, NY, IA, IL, MI
Brazil
2022-04-13 18:08:18
This pathogen was shown to attack corn lines with Texas male sterility and is of relative minor consequences to species without this trait (MYCOZM-3). US distribution information from ARS GRIN
corn, sweet corn
No
MYCOZM-3,MYCOZM-4,ISF RPLD,
Seed is not known to be a pathway. This pathogen was shown to attack corn lines with Texas male sterility and is of relative minor consequences to species without this trait.
MYCOZM-3,MYCOZM-4,ISF RPLD,
Arny, Worf, Ahrens and Lindsey, 1970. Yellow Leaf Blight in Wisconsin; It's History and the Reactions of Inbreds and Crosses to the Inciting Fungus (Phyllosticta sp.) Plant Disease Reporter 54;281-285
McGee, DC. 1988. Maize Diseases: A reference Source for Seed Technologists. APS Press, St. Paul, MN USA. 150 pp.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Cercospora sorghi
fungus
Worldwide
Southeast and Midwest states
2021-11-16 18:41:09
Not common in Western Europe. Cercospora sorghi is usually considered a minor disease, except where susceptible cultivars are grown in areas where wet or humid and warm conditions prevail during the growing period of the crop. Most Cercospora species have teleomorph stages within the family Mycosphaerellaceae (Ascomycota), but no teleomorph is known for Cercospora sorghi.
corn, maize, sorghum, columbus grass, johnson grass, sudan grass
No
CERCSG-1,RICH ISTA,ISF RPLD,McGEE,
Seed is not known to be a pathway for this pathogen in this host.
CERCSG-1,RICH ISTA,ISF RPLD,McGEE,
Cercospora sorghi In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Richardson, MJ. 1990. An Annotated List of Seedborne Diseases. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich Switzerland.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
McGee, DC. 1988, Maize Diseases; A reference source for Seed Technoligists. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN USA
Pleospora herbarum
fungus
Too many to list, most commonly used names include Alternaria putrefaciens, Clasterosporium putrefaciens, Sporidesmium putrefaciens, Stemphyllium botryosum, Stemphylium herbarum.
Worldwide
Widespread
2023-08-21 16:43:10
Primarily a post harvest pathogen
Wide host range
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway
Pseudomonas syringae pv. coronafaciens
bacterium
Bacterium coronafaciens, Chlorobacter coronafaciens, Phytomonas coronafaciens, Pseudomonas coronafaciens, Pseudomonas coronafaciens pv. zeae
Worldwide
AK, AR, MN, WI
Korea, Thailand
2021-04-26 20:54:39
oats, rye, barley, wheat, corn, other wild grasses
No
ISF RPLD,
No references found indicating that seed is a pathway. Corn is a minor host of this pathogen. Only reported sporadically in MN and WI (causes chocolate spot in corn)
ISF RPLD,
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Xanthomonas vasicola pv. holcicola
bacterium
Bacterium holcicola, Phytomonas holcicola, Pseudomonas holcicola, Xanthomonas campestris pv. holcicola, Xanthomonas holcicola
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-10-11 01:13:35
Seed is not known to be a pathway for this pathogen on any crop
sorghum, sudan grass, millet, corn (minor)
No
XANTHO-1,ISF RPLD,
Seed is not known to be a pathway for this pathogen on any crop. Corn is a minor host for this pathogen, if at all.
XANTHO-1,ISF RPLD,
Botryosphaeria zeae
fungus
Macrophoma zeae, Physalospora zeae
South Africa, France, Australia
IL, IN
Korea
2021-10-26 18:24:13
corn, wheat
No
PHYOZE-3,PHYOZE-4,McGEE,ISF RPLD,
Pathway not proven. Laboratory tests of seed have isolated the pathogen but no references found indicating seed transmission.
PHYOZE-3,PHYOZE-4,McGEE,ISF RPLD,
Blotter paper
ISF RPLD,McGEE,
This test has not been standardized or validated. Used in research only.
No references describing seed treatments found. Crop rotation is described for field management.
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
UllStrup, A.J. 1953. Several Ear Rots of Corn. In; A Yearbook of Agriculture. USDA Publication, USA
McGee, DC. 1988, Maize Diseases; A reference source for Seed Technoligists. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN USA
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Kabatiella zeae
fungus
Aureobasidium zeae
Worldwide in temperate regions
Midwest states
Korea
2022-11-29 18:42:59
Not known to occur in Australia
corn
No
KABAZE-1,KABAZE-3,KABAZE-4,ISF RPLD,
Pathway not proven. Though two references above (KABAZE-3 and KABAZE-4) indicate that Kabatiella zeae may be introduced on seed, no data to verify seed transmission or research only used artificial inoculation methods and speculated that seed may be a means of dispersal. KABAZE-1 states that Kabatiella zeae has not been detected on seed. No evidence found indicating seed is a pathway in nature.
KABAZE-1,KABAZE-3,KABAZE-4,ISF RPLD,
Kabatiella zeae In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Reifschneider FJB; Arny DC, 1979. Seed infection of maize (Zea mays) by Kabatiella zeae. Plant Disease Reporter, 63:352-354
Jones DR, Baker RHA, 2007. Introductions of non‐native pathogens into Great Britain, 1970–2004. Plant Pathology 56: 891– 910.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Fusarium redolens
fungus
Fusarium oxysporum var. redolens
China, Japan, Turkey, New Zealand, Czech Republic, Finland
Not known to occur
Korea
2021-04-07 16:27:34
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
An economic pathogen of carnation. Though reported on other vegetable and grain crops, it is not considered an economic pathogen of many hosts or its economic importance is not known. Only hosts with peer reviewed publications are listed below. Other crops often listed in various countries harmful pest lists or inventories without evidence presented.
No
RICH ISTA,
Reference cites an old article from Poland, however, this article could not be verified or found. Fusarium redolens listed as one of many Fusaria found in corn in Poland. Available information indicates there is no scientific basis for regulation of this pathogen on tomato seed.
RICH ISTA,
Richardson, MJ. 1990. An Annotated List of Seedborne Diseases. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich Switzerland.
Physoderma maydis
fungus
Cladochytrium maydis, Physoderma zeae-maydis
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-06-21 18:25:11
A Chytrid fungus with mobile zoospores. Primarily soil borne and in wet soils.
corn
No
PHYDMA-1,PHYDMA-2,PHYDMA-3,RICH ISTA,McGEE,
Pathway not proven. References listing the pathogen as possibly seed borne, did not show evidence to support the claim or concluded seed is not an important means of dispersal.
PHYDMA-1,PHYDMA-2,PHYDMA-3,RICH ISTA,McGEE,
Resistant varieties are available.
Physoderma maydis In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Broyles JW, 1959. Incidence of brown spot of corn in Mississippi in 1957 and estimations of its effect on yield. Plant Disease Reporter, 43:18-21.
Varshney, JL 1988. Pathogenic fungi recorded in maize crop raised from exotic germplasm. Indian Phytopathol. 41:242-244.
Richardson, MJ. 1990. An Annotated List of Seedborne Diseases. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich Switzerland.
McGee, DC. 1988, Maize Diseases; A reference source for Seed Technoligists. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN USA
Bipolaris sacchari
fungus
Drechslera sacchari, Helminthosporium sacchari,Helminthosporium ocellum, Cercospora sacchari,Bipolaris stenospila, Helminthosporium stenospilum,Drechslera stenospila, Bipolaris ocella, Helminthosporium ocellum, Drechslera ocella
Worldwide, especially in tropic and subtropic regions
AL, FL, GA, HI, LA, MD
Korea
2022-10-09 00:36:00
sugarcane, millet
No
DRECSA-2,
Although Subbaiah, et.al.,1982, claim to have isolated Bipolaris sacchari from corn seed in India, there are no other references indicating that this fungus is a pathogen of corn or is found on seed. Seeds were from local production and it is unknown whether these seeds were cleaned or conditioned as a seed crop. CABI, 2018, considers this fungus to be of low economic importance.
DRECSA-2,
Blotter incubation
DRECSA-2,
This method has not been standardized or validated.
Subbaiah PV; Shetty HS; Safeeulla KM, 1982. Incidence of seed-borne fungi in maize (Zea mays L.) and their significance. Indian Journal of Microbiology, 22:57-60
Claviceps gigantea
fungus
Mexico
Not known to occur
Korea
2022-02-08 20:48:07
corn, maize
Yes
CLAVGI-2,CLAVGI-4,ISF RPLD,CLAVGI-1,
Sclerotia of this fungus replace kernels, but are easily identified and easily removed from seed. This disease is of relatively low importance and is isolated to mountainous regions of Mexico.
Physical purity tests, Visual examination of seeds
CLAVGI-2,CLAVGI-4,ISF RPLD,CLAVGI-1,
Visual examination of seed
CLAVGI-1,ISF RPLD,
AOSA rules or ISTA rules for testing seed lots for physical purity should identify all and any sclerotia from a fungal infection.
ISF RPLD,
A quality seed production operation that includes seed cleaning and conditioning, and seed testing should remove all sclerotia from seed lots. Avoid seed production in Mexico mountain regions.
Fuentes SF; de la Isla ML; Ullstrup AJ; Rodriguez AE, 1964. Claviceps gigantea, a new pathogen of maize in Mexico. Phytopathology, 54:379-381.
Richardson MJ, 1990. An annotated list of seed-borne diseases. Zurich, Switzerland: The International Seed-Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Claviceps gigantea In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Setophoma terrestris
fungus
Pyrenochaeta terrestris, Phoma terrestris
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2021-04-22 16:18:49
Ubiquitous soil fungus. Often a secondary invader of plant roots when weakened by other pathogens.
Wide host range, though only producing symptoms and disease on onion, corn and rice.
No
PYRETE-2,PYRETE-3,
Corn may be a host of this pathogen and may express symptoms in the field, but seed is not known to be a pathway.
PYRETE-2,PYRETE-3,
Fusarium poae
fungus
Fusarium sporotrichiella, Fusarium sporotrichiella var. poae, Fusarium tricinctum f.sp. poae, Sporotrichum poae, Sporotrichum anthophilum.
Worldwide in temperate regions
Widespread, primarily in northern states
Korea
2022-04-06 18:21:35
One of many Fusarium spp. isolated from grains and grasses in temperate regions of the world.
pea, grains, corn, grasses. Reported on several vegetables under some conditions. Vegetables are not listed below as the fungus is primarily opportunistic and secondary.
No
FUSAPO-8,ISF RPLD,
Pathway not proven. Though Fusarium poae is one of many species of fusaria reported on this host and if seed is not properly handled, conditioned and stored, conidia may be found on seeds. The fungus is commonly soil borne and there were no references found indicating that seed is an important means of spread.
FUSAPO-8,ISF RPLD,
Blotter incubation
This test has not been validated or standardized
Seed treatments (captan, thiram)
Common seed production practices, careful harvest, seed cleaning, conditioning, seed treatment and proper storage should decrease any risk from this pathogen.
Stenocarpella maydis
fungus
Diplodia maydicola, Diplodia maydis, Diplodia zeaeDiplodia zeae-maydis, Hendersonia zeae,Macrodiplodia zeae, Phaeostagonosporopsis zeae, Sphaeria maydis,Sphaeria zeae
Worldwide
Widespread, primarily in eastern corn growing states
Chile
2023-08-25 17:34:11
Resistant varieties of corn have reduced the importance of this disease
corn
Yes
DIPDMA-3,DIPDMA-4,CABI CPC,
Seed as a pathway is well established and accepted in corn, though management of the disease in the field and resistant varieties has reduced the risk of the disease in corn production, CABI, 2023.
Culture plating is the standard method of the NSHS.
DIPDMA-3,DIPDMA-4,CABI CPC,
Culture plating
DIPDMA-5,
This is the standard method of the NSHS.
Seed treatments, many fungicides are affective
CABI CPC,
Resistant varieties are common. Integrated pest management including crop rotation, early tillage, fertility, and sanitation.
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
McGee, DC. 1988. Maize Diseases: A reference Source for Seed Technologists. APS Press, St. Paul, MN USA. 150 pp.
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Seed Health Testing Method for Stenocarpella maydis Mz 1.1 National Seed Health System, 2019. www.seedhealth.org
Heterodera zeae
nematode
Primarily Asia, also reported in Egypt, Portugal, Greece
MD, VA, PA
Korea
2021-04-20 19:15:03
Cyst nematodes are root pathogens, Cyst nematode primarily move through flooding water and drainage. Movement of infected material and soil also important. Seed is not known to be a pathway.
Primarily corn, but reported on grains and grasses
No
HETDZE-1,HETDZE-2,
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
HETDZE-1,HETDZE-2,
Fusarium culmorum
fungus
Fusarium culmorum f. 1, Fusarium culmorum var. leteius, Fusarium culmorum var. majus, Fusarium roseum, Fusarium roseum cv. culmorum, Fusarium roseum f.sp. cerealis cv. culmorum, Fusisporium culmorum
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-11-22 19:13:51
A common soil inhabitant and strong sapropic ability on many crops. Usually causing disease problems on grains and grasses, especially with other pathogenic diseases or in saturated soils. Also produces mycotoxins.
Primarily grains and grasses. Reported on a wide range of hosts, but usually as a probable saprophyte. Only primary hosts listed below.
Yes
FUSACU-1,FUSACU-4,
Fusarium culmorum is one of several fusaria that can be found on corn grain. It is common in Canada and northern Europe but not common in seed production areas in the US (Munkvold, personal communication, 2019).
Blotter incubation.
FUSACU-1,FUSACU-4,
Blotter incubation
FUSACU-10,
A standard test for seed health for Fusarium spp. is described.
Seed Treatments (biological and chemical)
FUSACU-1,
Common seed conditioning practices in the corn seed industry (gravity separation and color sorting) are effective for all fusaria that may be associated with seed corn (Munkvold, personnel communication, 2019)
Fusarium culmorum In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
McGee, DC. 1988. Maize Diseases: A reference Source for Seed Technologists. APS Press, St. Paul, MN USA. 150 pp.
Seed Health Testing Method for Fusarium Mz 7.1 National Seed Health System, 2019. www.seedhealth.org
Heterodera avenae
nematode
Bidera avenae, Bidera ustinovi, Heterodera major, Heterodera schachtii,Heterodera schachtii, Heterodera ustinovi
Worldwide
ID, OH, OR, WA
Korea
2021-04-20 19:08:49
Seed is not known to be a pathway for cyst nematodes (eelworms). Active dispersal is limited. Nematodes move through soil water matrix slowly.
grains, grasses, corn
No
HETDMA-1,
Seed is not a pathway for cyst nematodes. Corn is not a common host for this nematode.
HETDMA-1,
Heterodora avenae In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Curvularia tsudae
fungus
Cochliobolus australiensis, Pseudocochliobolus australiensis
Asia, Africa, Australia
Not known to occur
Korea
2021-04-13 17:57:45
Often confused with Curvularia australiensis, another leaf blight of grass that occurs in Asia, Africa and Australia. Also not known to occur in the US (ARS GRIN)
poaceae grasses, barley, rice, corn
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. The similar pathogen, Curvularia australiensis, however, has been reported seed borne in some hosts, but not corn. (CABI, CPC).
Blotter incubation has been used for Curvularia australiensis testing.
Dithane or metalaxyl + mancozeb are both effective fungicides at suppressing Curvularia australiensis on wheat seed.
Rice stripe virus
virus
Rice stripe tenuivirus
Asia, Russia
Not known to occur
Korea
2023-08-21 16:51:41
Transmitted by leafhoppers and plant hoppers. Difficult to transmit mechanically and it is not seed transmitted.
Primarily rice. Reported naturally on wheat, corn and millet
No
RSV00-1,RSV00-2,ISF RPLD,
Seed is not a pathway for rice stripe virus. Transmitted in a persistent manner by leafhoppers and plant hoppers. Corn is not an important host for this virus.
RSV00-1,RSV00-2,ISF RPLD,
Rice stripe virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Brunt, AA, Crabtree, K., Dallwitz, MJ, Gibbs, AJ, Watson, L. and Zurcher, EJ. (eds.). Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database, Version: 16th 1997. http://bio-mirror.im.ac.cn/mirrors/pvo/vide/refs.htm
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Enterobacter dissolvens
bacterium
Aerobacter dissolvens, Aplanobacter dissolvens, Bacterium dissolvens, Erwinia dissolvens, Phytomonas dissolvens, Pseudomonas dissolvens
India, Bulgaria, Spain, Canada
Widespread
Thailand
2021-04-14 21:16:51
sorghum, corn, tobacco
No
ERWIDI-3,
Seed is not known to be a pathway
ERWIDI-3,
McGee, DC. 1988. Maize Diseases: A reference Source for Seed Technologists. APS Press, St. Paul, MN USA. 150 pp.
Cochliobolus heterostrophus race T
fungus
Bipolar maydays race T, Cochliobolus heterostrophus race T
Worldwide
Widespread
Thailand
2021-04-28 17:14:25
Thailand lists this pathogen as Bipolaris maydis race T. Primarily a pathogen in tropical or semi-tropical climates.
Corn with Texas male sterile cytoplasms are sucuseptible to race T.
Yes
COCHHE-1,COCHHE-2,COCHHE-3,COCHHE-4,
Only Texas male sterile cytoplasms are susceptible to this pathogen. Normal cytoplasmic corns are not susceptible. Seed is known to be a pathway.
Freezing blotter is the NSHS standard test
COCHHE-1,COCHHE-2,COCHHE-3,COCHHE-4,
Freezing blotter, Agar plating
COCHHE-1,NSHS USDA,
Freezing blotter is the standard test of the NSHS.
Fungicide seed treatments (maneb, captan, carboxin and thiram, propiconazole)
COCHHE-5,COCHHE-6,
McGee, DC. 1988. Maize Diseases: A reference Source for Seed Technologists. APS Press, St. Paul, MN USA. 150 pp.
Cochliobolus heterostrophus race T. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Boothroyd CW. 1971. Transmission of Helminthosporium maydis race T by infected corn seed. Phytopathology, 61:747-748.
Kommedahl T and Lang DS, 1971. Seedling wilt of corn from kernels naturally infected with Helminthosporium maydis in Minnesota. Plant Disease Reporter, 55:371-373.
United Stated Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Protection Service National Seed Health System (USDA-APHIS NSHS) www.seedhealth.org
Kommedahl T and Lang DS, 1973. Effect of temperature and fungicides on survival of corn grown from kernels infected with Helminthosporium maydis. Phytopathology, 63:138-140
White DG and Ellett CW, 1971. Helminthosporium maydis seedling blight of popcorn. Plant Disease Reporter, 55:382-384.
Dickeya paradisiaca
bacterium
Brenneria paradisiaca, Erwinia carotovora var. paradisiaca
India, Central America, Papua New Guinea, Colombia, Venezuela
Not known to occur
Thailand
2021-04-13 18:20:53
Primarily a pathogen of banana
banana, pepper, corn, begonia, several other tropical plants
No
RICH ISTA,
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
RICH ISTA,
Richardson, MJ. 1990. An Annotated List of Seedborne Diseases. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich Switzerland.
Pantoea agglomerans
bacterium
Enterobacter agglomerans, Enterobacter agglomerans pv. millettiae, Erwinia herbicola, Erwinia herbicola pv. millettiae, Erwinia lathyri, Erwinia mangiferae, Erwinia millettiae, Erwinia vitivora, Flavobacterium herbicola, Flavobacterium rhenanum, Flavobacterium trifolii, Pantoea agglomerans pv. millettiae, Phytomonas beticola, Phytomonas itoana, Pseudomonas herbicola, Pseudomonas itoana, Pseudomonas trifolii, Xanthomonas cosmosicola, Xanthomonas indica, Xanthomonas itoana, Xanthomonas maydis, Xanthomonas penniseti, Xanthomonas rubrisorghi, Xanthomonas tagetis, Xanthomonas trifolii
China, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Germany, Poland, United Kingdom, Barbados, Cuba, New Zealand, Venezuela
FL, NE, NY, OR, PA, SC, UT, WA, WI
Thailand
2021-02-09 19:04:55
Thailand referred to the disease as Halo blight of corn. Pathogen appears to be primarily a post harvest invader. (CABI, 2020). Thailand restricts this pathogen on corn only.
Apple, garlic, European pear and pineapple are primary hosts. Reported (post harvest) on other fruit crops, grains, vegetables.
No
ERWIHE-1,ERWIHE-2
Only one reference found indicating that corn may be a host of the pathogen (McGee, 1988), but detection on seed was not reported.
ERWIHE-1,ERWIHE-2
Pseudomonas syringae pv. lapsa
bacterium
Chlorobacter lapsus, Phytomonas lapsa, Pseudomonas lapsa
Egypt, Nigeria, China, India, Pakistan, Germany
CA
Thailand
2022-12-01 19:48:09
sugarcane, sorghum, corn, wheat
No
PSDMSL-1,PSDMSL-4,PSDMSL-5,
Seed has been reported as a possible pathway for this pathogen. The pathogen is economically unimportant and has not been reported in the US since the 1940's.
PSDMSL-1,PSDMSL-4,PSDMSL-5,
Blotter Incubation
PSDMSL-1,
This method has been validated or standardized.
Organomercury disinfectants were once used, but are not available.
McGee, DC. 1988. Maize Diseases: A reference Source for Seed Technologists. APS Press, St. Paul, MN USA. 150 pp.
Ark, P.A., 1941. Persistance of Phytomonas lapsa on seed of field corn. Plant Dis. Rep. 25:202
Rangarajan and Chakravarti, 1967. A strain of Pseudomonas lapsa isolated from corn seed \s causing bacterial stock rot of corn in India. Plant Dis. Rep. 51:764-766
Herbaspirillum rubrisubalbicans
bacterium
Pseudomonas rubrisubalbicans, Bacterium rubrisubalbicans, Phytomonas rubrisubalbicans, Xanthomonas rubrisubalbicans
Africa, China, Japan, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Thailand, S. America, Australia, Central America, Fiji, New Zealand
FL, LA, TX
Thailand
2021-04-20 19:06:30
No evidence that Herbaspirillum rubrisubalbicans is seedborne PSDMRU-1, PSDMRU-2). Thailand regulated pest list uses P. rubrisbalbicans.
sugarcane, sorghum, corn
No
PSDMRU-1,PSDMRU-2,
Seed is not known to be a pathway
PSDMRU-1,PSDMRU-2,
Pseudomonas syringae pv. striafaciens
bacterium
Bacterium striafaciens, Chlorobacter striafaciens,Phytomonas striafaciens, Pseudomonas striafaciens
South Africa, Zimbabwe, North Korea, South Korea, Japan, Germany, USSR, North America, Australia, Argentina, Colombia
Unknown
Thailand
2021-04-26 21:15:28
This pathogen is most likely the same as Pseudomonas syringae pv. coronafaciens. (PSDMST-2). There is no reports that seed is a pathway for this strain or pv. coronafaciens (ASTA PeDS). See coronafaciens for information pertaining to oat and barley. There is no evidence that seed is a pathway for this pathogen.
oat, barley, corn
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
Gibberella avenacea
fungus
Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium avenaceum f.sp. fabae, Fusarium avenaceum subsp. aywerte, Fusarium roseum var. avenaceum
Worldwide, primarily in temperate regions.
Widespread
Thailand
2022-11-22 19:27:52
One of many Fusaria, Gibberella's that may contaminate kernels.
Primarily a grain and clover pathogen with a wide host range.
Yes
GIBBAV-1,GIBBAV-7,GIBBAV-4,
One of many Gibberella spp. and Fusarium spp. that can be found on corn kernels, although this pathogen is less common than others. No reports on seed transmission were found.
Blotter paper is the NSHS standard test.
GIBBAV-1,GIBBAV-7,GIBBAV-4,
Agar plating, Grow out, Blotter paper
NSHS USDA,GIBBAV-8,
Fungicide shown effective in subterranean clover and wheat.
GIBBAV-11,GIBBAV-12,
Seed treatments were successful for clover and wheat.
Gibberella avenacea In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Bottalico A; Logrieco A; Visconti A, 1989. Fusarium species and their mycotoxins in infected corn in Italy. Mycopathologia, 107:85-92
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
United Stated Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Protection Service National Seed Health System (USDA-APHIS NSHS) www.seedhealth.org
Singh, D. V., Mathur, S. B. and Neergaard, P. 1974. Seed health testing of maize. Evaluation of testing techniques with particular reference to Drechslera maydis. Seed Sci. Technol. 2:349-365.
McGee DC; Kellock AW, 1974. Fusarium avenaceum, a seed-borne pathogen of subterranean clover roots. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 25:549-557.
Hutcheon JA; Jordan VWL, 1992. Fungicide timing and performance for Fusarium control in wheat. Brighton Crop Protection Conference, Pests and Diseases ,Vol. 2., 633-638
Gibberella zeae
fungus
Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium roseum, Fusarium roseum f.sp. cerealis, Fusarium roseum var. graminearum, Gibbera saubinettii, Gibberella saubinetii, Sphaeria zeae Schwein.
Worldwide
Widespread
Thailand
2022-11-22 19:31:42
One of many Fusariium spp. and Gibberella spp. that may contaminate kernels.
Primarily a cereal grain pathogen with a wide host range.
Yes
GIBBZE-1,GIBBZE-2,GIBBZE-4,
This pathogen is seed borne on corn kernels and affects germination, however the transmission of the fungus to seedlings has not been clearly demonstrated in nature.
Culture plating is a temporary standard method for the NSHS. Blotter paper is used for other Fusarium/Giberella spp. in the NSHS.
GIBBZE-1,GIBBZE-2,GIBBZE-4,
Agar plating, Grow out, Blotter paper
GIBBZE-2,GIBBZE-5,NSHS USDA,
Blotter paper is the standard method of the NSHS
Fungicide seed treatments, culture control
GIBBZE-1,
Gibberella zeae. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
McGee, DC. 1988. Maize Diseases: A reference Source for Seed Technologists. APS Press, St. Paul, MN USA. 150 pp.
Kabeere F; Hampton JG; Hill MJ, 1997. Transmission of Fusarium graminearum (Schwabe) from maize seeds to seedlings. Seed Science and Technology, 25:245-252.
Abbas HK; Mirocha CJ, 1986. Survival of Fusarium graminearum on corn stored at low temperature. Plant Disease, 70:78
United Stated Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Protection Service National Seed Health System (USDA-APHIS NSHS) www.seedhealth.org
Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae
bacterium
Many
Worldwide
Widespread
Thailand, China, Korea
2022-12-01 19:52:31
Seed is known to be a pathway on several crops. Thailand lists this pathogen as prohibited on corn. China lists this pathogen (Pseudomonas oryzicola) as prohibited on rice.
Wide host range. Important vegetable and agronomic crops listed below.
No
PSDMSY-4,
No evidence that seed is a pathway.
PSDMSY-4,
McGee, DC. 1988. Maize Diseases: A reference Source for Seed Technologists. APS Press, St. Paul, MN USA. 150 pp.
Maize yellow stripe virus
virus
Maize chlorotic stunt virus, Maize fine stripe virus
Egypt, Jordan
Not known to occur
Thailand
2024-04-19 22:19:09
Maize yellow stripe virus has several similarities with viruses of the genus Tenuivirus, but is persistently transmitted by a leafhopper, Cicadulina chinai.
corn
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway for this virus
MYSV00-1
Mahmoud, A., Royer, M., Granier, M., Ammar, E.-D., Thouvenel, J.-C., & Peterschmitt, M. (2007). Evidence for a segmented genome and partial nucleotide sequences of maize yellow stripe virus, a proposed new tenuivirus. Archives of Virology, 152(9), 1757–1762.
Cercospora zeae-maydis
fungus
Cercospora sorghi var. maydis
Africa, China, North, Central and South America, Europe
Midwest and Eastern US corn states.
Thailand
2021-04-08 16:17:03
Although Cercospora zeae-maydis is not seedborne, some countries require that seeds be tested for the presence of spores on the seed surface (CABI, 2020). A unnamed Mycosphaerella spp. has been identified as the prefect state of this fungus.
corn
No
CERCZM-1,CERCZM-2,CERCZM-4,
Seed is not known to be a pathway. There is no evidence for transmission of Cerospora zeae-maydis by seeds. Fungal spores from plant debris serve as primary inoculum (CERCZM-1).
Agar plating is the standard method of the NSHS
CERCZM-1,CERCZM-2,CERCZM-4,
Agar plating
CERCZM-3,CERCZM-4,
Although Cercospora zeae-maydis is not seed borne. Some countries require that seeds be tested for the presence of spores on the seed surface.
Gray leaf spot is typically controlled in the field with fungicides and crop rotation.
McGee, DC. 1988. Maize Diseases: A reference Source for Seed Technologists. APS Press, St. Paul, MN USA. 150 pp.
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Cercospora zeae-maydis. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Seed Health Testing Method for Cercospora zeae-maydis Mz 13.1 National Seed Health System, 2019. www.seedhealth.org
Ascochyta maydis
fungus
Bulgaria, Mauritius
IL
Thailand
2021-03-29 19:43:57
Distribution information from ASCOMA-1 and ASCOMA-2
corn
No
ASCOMA-1,
Seed is not known to be a pathway
ASCOMA-1,
McGee, DC. 1988. Maize Diseases: A reference Source for Seed Technologists. APS Press, St. Paul, MN USA. 150 pp.
Barley stripe mosaic virus
virus
Barley stripe mosaic hordeivirus, Barley false stripe virus, Barley mild stripe virus, Barley mosaic virus, Barley yellow stripe, Oat stripe mosaic virus
Worldwide
Widespread
Thailand
2021-09-14 21:21:38
Thailand prohibited pathogen list refers to the pathogen as Barley stripe mosaic hordeivirus. Mechanically transmitted to other grains.
barley, wheat, reported in wild oats and corn.
No
BSMV00-2,BSMV00-13
No evidence that corn seed is a pathway for this virus. Corn may only be a host after artificial inoculation of plants.
BSMV00-2,BSMV00-13
Chloris striate mosaic virus
virus
Chloris striate mosaic monogeminivirus, Chloris striate mosaic geminivirus, Chloris striate mosaic intergeminivirus, Wheat (Australian) striate mosaic virus
Australia
Not known to occur
Thailand
2021-04-08 16:24:28
Leafhoppoer transmission only. No evidence that seed is a pathway for this virus.
poaceae grasses, wheat, oat, barley, corn
No
CSMV00-1,
No evidence that seed is a pathway.
CSMV00-1,
Franki and Hatta, 1980. Chloris striate mosaic virus Datasheet 221. Description of Plant Viruses; www.dvpweb.net.
Phaeocytostroma ambiguum
fungus
Phaeocytosporella zeae, Sphaeropsis ambigua, Phaeocytostroma istrica
Hungary, Australia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Spain and Portugal
IL, IN
Thailand
2022-12-01 19:14:12
corn
No
PHCSAM-2,
Pathway not proven. Research was done on artificially inoculated seeds under laboratory conditions. No evidence of seed transmission in nature.
PHCSAM-2,
Grow out
PHCSAM-2,
Grow outs were used in research. This method has not been validated or standardized.
McGee, DC. 1988. Maize Diseases: A reference Source for Seed Technologists. APS Press, St. Paul, MN USA. 150 pp.
Pestalosphaeria gubae
fungus
Neopestalotiopsis foedans, Pestalozzia foedans, Pestalotiopsis foedans, Pestalotiopsis chamaecyparidis, Pestalosphaeria gubae,Pestalosphaeria hansenii, Pestalotiopsis shiraiana
Cameroon, India, Australia, Japan, Poland, China, Colombia, Taiwan, New Guinea, South Africa, Fiji, Korea
NJ
Thailand
2021-05-03 17:59:22
Corn is not known to be a host. CABI CPC lists corn as a possible host but the reference is for P. neglecta.
woody plants, conifers, fruiting trees
No
ARS GRIN,
Not a host. No literature found indicating this is a pathogen on corn. CABI CPC lists corn as a possible host but cites a first report of Pestalotia neglecta on corn in Cameroon. The pathogen has only been found on white cedar in the USA (ARS GRIN)
ARS GRIN,
Farr, DF and Rossman AY 2015. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/
Phaeosphaeria maydis
fungus
Metasphaeria maydis, Sphaerulina maydis, Leptosphaeria zeicola
Brazil, Peru, Mexico, India
FL
Thailand
2021-04-19 18:52:08
Disease is restricted to certain areas where rainfall is high and temperatures are low at night). Distribution information from ARS GRIN
corn
No
RICH ISTA,PHSPMA-1,
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
RICH ISTA,PHSPMA-1,
Physalospora zeicola
fungus
Botryosphaeria festucae, Diplodia frumenti, Sphaeria festucae, Physalospora festucae, Physalospora conica
Papua New Guinea, UK, India, Poland, Brazil, Netherlands, Germany, Austria, Philippines, Australia, China, Venezuela, Spain
CA, LA, NJ, OK, AL, GA, SC, TN, TX, ND, FL
Thailand
2021-04-19 18:41:57
Distribution information from Farr and Rossman, 2020.
corn, wild grasses
No
PHYOZI-1,
Early reports (1930s) of seed infection, were found, but evidence of seed transmission is lacking. No recent reports of seed transmission for this pathogen, though kernels may become discolored. The disease is primarily found in Florida.
PHYOZI-1,
McGee, DC. 1988. Maize Diseases: A reference Source for Seed Technologists. APS Press, St. Paul, MN USA. 150 pp.
Pyricularia setariae
fungus
Pyricularia grisea f. sp. eleusines
Tanzania, Uganda, China, India, Japan, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Canada, Taiwan, South Africa
Not known to occur
Thailand
2021-04-27 16:08:52
Primarily a pathogen of millets. Some reports of seed infection by this pathogen in millets. Seed transmission is not known to occur (PYRISE-2) No reports of seed being a pathway for corn or small grains.
finger millet, foxtail millet, pearl millet. Reported on oat, barley, corn
No
No references found indicating corn seed is a pathway for this pathogen. Corn is a minor host of the pathogen.
Sclerospora graminicola
fungus
Peronospora graminicola, Peronospora setariae, Protomyces graminicola,Sclerospora graminicola var. setariae--italicae, Ustilago urbani
Africa, Asia, Europe, Canada, Mexico, Fiji, Argentina
Widespread in Southeastern US, not reported in Western US
Thailand
2023-08-21 16:53:44
This is an important disease of pearl millet, especially in the tropic climates. Other hosts seem to be unimportant or incidental.
pearl millet, millet. sugarcane, corn, foxtail millet, duram wheat, sorghum, several wild grasses
No
SCLPGR-1,
Seed is not known to be a pathway. Corn is an unimportant host for the pathogen and has only been reported in corn once in 1928.
SCLPGR-1,
McGee, DC. 1988. Maize Diseases: A reference Source for Seed Technologists. APS Press, St. Paul, MN USA. 150 pp.
Sclerophthora macrospora
fungus
Phytophthora macrospora, Phytophthora oryzae, Sclerospora macrospora, Sclerospora oryzae, Nozemia macrospora, Sclerospora kriegeriana
Worldwide
AZ, AR, FL, IL, LA, MS, ND, RI, TN, TX
Thailand
2023-08-21 16:53:05
corn, rice, oat, barley, rye, sorghum, sugarcane
Yes
SCPHMA-2,SCPHMA-5,SCPHMA-6,SCPHMA-11,
Seed is a known pathway for this pathogen. However, the disease is economically unimportant (SCPHMA-11)
The direct visual method is a NSHS Standard Method
SCPHMA-2,SCPHMA-5,SCPHMA-6,SCPHMA-11,
Direct visual method
SCPHMA-8,
This method is the standard method of the NSHS
Fungicde seed treatments
SCPHMA-7,SCPHMA-2,
Infection declines significantly in storage .
Ullstrup AJ, 1970. Crazy top of maize. Indian Phytopathology, 23:250-261.
Cizmic´ I, 2007. Disease causal agents which are seed transmitted in maize, and maize seed treatment. (Uzrocnici bolesti koji se prenose sjemenom kukuruza i tretiranje sjemena kukuruza.) Glasilo Biljne Zastite, 7(5):282-290. (Abstract only)
LingXiao K; Panchi L; HongJie Z; XingMing Y., 1999. Preliminary studies on initial infection source of crazy top of corn. Acta Phytophylacica Sinica, 26:287-288. (Abstract only)
McGee, DC. 1988. Maize Diseases: A reference Source for Seed Technologists. APS Press, St. Paul, MN USA. 150 pp.
Seed Health Testing Method for Sclerophthora macrospora Mz 5.1 National Seed Health System, 2019. www.seedhealth.org
Segura GW, 1979. Corn seed treatments for possible crazy top control, 1978. Fungicide and Nematicide Tests, 34:158.
Pyrenophora teres
fungus
Drechslera teres, Helminthosporium hordei, Helminthosporium teres, Pleospora teres, Pyrenophora teres f. sp. teres
Worldwide
AK, ID, ND
Thailand
2021-04-27 15:59:33
barley, wheat, oat, corn, wild grasses
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Corn is a minor host for this pathogen. Only barley seed is known to be a pathway.
Rosellinia necatrix
fungus
Dematophora necatrix
Worldwide
AL, CA, IN, MI, NY, OH
Thailand
2021-04-22 16:07:26
Not an important pathogen of vegetables, corn, grains, soybean. No reports of seed as a pathway for any host.
Primarily fruit trees nut crops and other woody and bulbous ornamentals. Considered incidental in most herbaceous crops.
No
ROSLNE-1,
Seed is not known to be a pathway. Corn is a minor host of this pathogen. True seed of any host is not known to carry the pathogen
ROSLNE-1,
Rosellinia necatrix. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Sphacelotheca reiliana
fungus
Sorosporium holci-sorghi, Sorosporium holci-sorghi f. sp. zeae, Sorosporium reilianum, Sporisorium reilianum, Ustilago reiliana, Ustilago reiliana f. sp. zeae, Cintractia reiliana, Ustilago abortifera, Ustilago holci-sorghi, Sporisorium holci-sorghi, Sphacelotheca holci-sorghi, Ustilago pulveracea, Sorosporium simii
Worldwide
Widespread
Thailand
2022-12-01 20:16:59
Usually only associated with seed lots as loose spores. Primarily soil borne. Not an economically important disease anywhere.
Primarily a pathogen of sorghum. Corn and other grasses are hosts
No
SPHTRE-2,SPHTRE-3,SPHTRE-4,
Pathway not proven. Unattached spores may accompany the seed lot, but there is no evidence that the pathogen is seed borne. In laboratory experiments, some researchers demonstrated transmission when mixing spores with seeds, but natural transmission was not reported. Head smut causes relatively minor losses in most cases. Infected ears typically do not produce kernels.
The wash test is a NSHS standard method.
SPHTRE-2,SPHTRE-3,SPHTRE-4,
Seed Wash Test
SPHTRE-4,SPHTRE-6,
This test looks for unattached spores in a seed lot. This method is the standard method of the NSHS.
Fungicide treatments are available and effective in controlling spores associated with the seed lot.Â
SPHTRE-1,SPHTRE-2,
Seed treatements are effective in controlling spores associated with the seed lot.
McGee, DC. 1988. Maize Diseases: A reference Source for Seed Technologists. APS Press, St. Paul, MN USA. 150 pp.
Bressman EN and Barss HP. 1933. Experiments with head smut of corn in Western Oregon. Phytopathology, 23:396-403
Kruger W, 1962. Sphacelotheca reiliana in maize.I Infection and control studies. South Afr. J. Agric. Sci., 5:43-56.
Seed Health Testing Method for U. maydis and S. reiliana Mz 4.1 National Seed Health System, 2019. www.seedhealth.org
Sphacelotheca reiliana In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Stenocarpella macrospora
fungus
Diplodia macrospora, Macrodiplodia macrospora, Macrodiplodia zeae var. macrospora, Stenocarpella zeae
Africa, Asia, Australia, South America.
Eastern, southeastern and southern US
Chile, Korea, Thailand
2023-09-05 21:48:52
Not known to occur in the western United States. EU countries were removed in 2022. (EPPO)
corn
Yes
DIPDMC-3,DIPDMC-4,DIPDMC-5,CABI CPC,ANNO LIST,
Only one report of natural seed transmission was found. All other reports used artificially inoculated seeds., However, seed contamination and a decrease in seed quality has been established and accepted.
DIPDMC-3,DIPDMC-4,DIPDMC-5,CABI CPC,ANNO LIST,
Molecular methods, Blotter - solid or liquid media methods
ISF RPLD,DIPDMC-6,
NSHS does not have a method for S. macrospora.
Fungicides
CABI CPC,
Chemical Control, Seed treatments are fairly effective in controlling seedling blight, but once the fungus is established in the soil, crop rotation is necessary to eliminate it.
McGee, DC. 1988. Maize Diseases: A reference Source for Seed Technologists. APS Press, St. Paul, MN USA. 150 pp.
Casa RT; Zambolim L; Reis EM, 1998. Transmission and control of Diplodia in maize seeds. Fitopatologia Brasileira, 23:436-441
Siqueira, CS, Barrocas, EN, Machadom JC, Corrêa, CL. 2014. Potential for transmission of Stenocarpella macrospora from inoculated seeds to maize plants grown under controlled conditions. Journal of Seed Science, 36:154-161
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Barrocas, E., Machado, J., Almeida, M., Botelho, L., & Pinho, É. (2012). Sensibility of the pcr technique in the detection of stenocarpella sp. associated with maize seeds. Revista Brasileira de Sementes, 34(2), 218–224. Retrieved September, 2021
Cochliobolus carbonum
fungus
Bipolaris zeicola, Drechslera carbonum, Drechslera zeicola, Helminthosporium carbonum, Helminthosporium zeicola
Worldwide
Eastern and Midwestern United States
Korea
2022-11-11 18:53:10
Referred to as Bipolaris zeicola in the ISF RPLD
This pathogen infects corn, primarily, though there are a few reports on sorghum, rice and other grasses
No
COCHCA-1,COCHCA-2,COCHCA-4,ISF RPLD,
Pathway not proven. No seed transmission of the pathogen has been recorded. Cochliobolus carbonum is commonly found on seed and turns seed black. Levels of infection have not been reported. Ear rots are only occasionally reported.
Freezing blotter is the standard method of the NSHS
COCHCA-1,COCHCA-2,COCHCA-4,ISF RPLD,
Freezing blotter method
COCHCA-3,ISF RPLD,
This method has been standardized and validated.
Fungicide seed treatements
COCHCA-1,COCHCA-4,
Resistance to race 1 is known.
Cochliobolus carbonum. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Koehler B, 1959. Corn ear rots in Illinois. Ill. Agric. Exp. Stn. Bull 638
McGee, DC. 1988. Maize Diseases: A reference Source for Seed Technologists. APS Press, St. Paul, MN USA. 150 pp.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Seed Health Testing Method for Cochliobolus carbonum Mz 2.1 National Seed Health System, 2019. www.seedhealth.org
Cochliobolus victoriae
fungus
Bipolaris victoriae, Drechslera victoriae, Helminthosporium victoriae
Zambia, Zimbabwe, India, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Ireland, Scotland, Netherlands, Switzerland, UK, Canada, Australia, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Kenya,
Eastern, Southeastern, Midwest and High plain states
Korea
2021-04-08 16:39:09
Victoria oats. Reported on rice, corn, barley, wheat and several grasses
No
COCHVI-2,
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
COCHVI-2,
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Pyrenophora tritici-repentis
fungus
Drechslera tritici-repentis, Drechslera tritici-vulgaris, Helminthosporium gramineum f.sp. tritici-repentis, Helminthosporium tritici-repentis, Helminthosporium tritici-vulgaris, Pleospora culmorum, Pleospora sarcosystis, Pleospora trichostoma, Pleospora trichostoma f.sp. tritici-repentis, Pyrenophora sarcocystis, Pyrenophora trichostoma, Pyrenophora tritici-vulgaris, Pleospora tritici-repentis
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2021-04-27 16:05:34
wheat, barley, rye, triticale, oat, corn
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Only one report of this fungus on corn from China (USDA ARS). There is no other evidence that corn is a host.
Cochliobolus hawaiiensis
fungus
Drechslera hawaiiensis, Helminthosporium hawaiiense, Bipolaris hawaiiensis, Curvularia hawaiiensis, Pseudocochliobolus hawaiiensis
Bangladesh, India, Iran, Myanmar, Kenya, Australia, Cuba, Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Egypt, South Africa, Brazil, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka, Denmark, Mexico, Tanzania, Nepal, Oman, Mozambique, Tonga
Fl, MS, HI
Korea
2022-02-08 21:04:32
Seed has not been reported as a pathway
corn, wheat, rice, barley, sorghum, sugarcane, grasses. Occasionally reported on cowpea, fruit trees soybean, pumpkin.
No
COCHHA-2,COCHHA-3,
Seed is not known to be a pathway. Of minor importance in corn (COCHHA-2)
COCHHA-2,COCHHA-3,
Pseudocochliobolus verruculosus
fungus
Cochliobolus verruculosus, Curvularia verruculosa
American Samoa, India, Israel, Venezuela, Indonesia, Jamaica, India, Malaysia, Peru, West Indies, Egypt, Taiwan, Thailand, China, Nigeria, Fiji, Pakistan, Nicaragua, Tanzania, Korea, Cuba
Not known to occur
Korea
2022-12-01 19:40:44
This pathogen has been reported in Korea. Korea lists this pathogen as Curvularia verruculosa. This is a post harvest pathogen and a minor pathogen of living plants.
rice, corn
No
CURVVE-3,
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Above references does not list this pathogen as seed borne.
CURVVE-3,
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Curvularia senegalensis
fungus
Brachysporium senegalense, Curvularia falcata, Acrothecium falcatum
Puerto Rico, Japan, China, Virgin Islands, Cuba, Malaysia, India, Brunei Darussalam, Tanzania, Malaysia, Mexico, West Indies, Nigeria, Brazil, Samoa, South Africa, Myanmar, Thailand, Australia
TX, VA, LA, HI
Korea
2021-04-13 17:55:21
Appears to be a novelty in corn and rice (CURVSE-1)
Primarily banana and yam. Reported on rice and corn
No
RICH ISTA,
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Appears to be a novelty in corn.
RICH ISTA,
Richardson, MJ. 1990. An Annotated List of Seedborne Diseases. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich Switzerland.
Pseudocochliobolus pallescens
fungus
Cochliobolus pallescens, Curvularia leonensis, Curvularia pallescens
Africa, Southeast Asia, Caribbean, South America, Pakistan, Australia, Denmark, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Togo, Canada, Mexico
DC, IA
Korea
2023-08-21 16:44:02
pepper, corn, bean, fava bean, wheat , rice, sorghum, sugarcane, soybean, potato, buckwheat,
Pathway not proven
CURVPA-1,CURVPA-2,
This fungus, along with others, has been associated with white streaks on seed, but no evidence that this pathogen caused the condition. There is no evidence that seed is a pathway.
CURVPA-1,CURVPA-2,
Seed wash
CURVPA-1,
This test has not been validated or standardized. There is not definite proof that seed is a pathway.
Fungicies
CURVPA-1,
Pythium vexans
fungus
Pythium complectens, Phytopythium vexans, Pythium allantocladon, Pythium ascophallon, Pythium piperinum, Ovatisporangium vexans, Pythium euthyphyphon, Pythium polycladon
Africa, Asia, Europe, Guatemala, Caribbean, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, Chile, South Korea, New Zealand, Canada
HI, OK, CA, NC, MD, VA, DE, PA, NJ, WA, TN, LA, WI, IA
Korea
2023-08-21 16:48:58
Primarily affecting seedlings and roots and is transmitted mainly through infested soil. Seed is not known to be a pathway for any host. Zoospores of this fungus can swim in open water for a short distance. This pathogen has been reported in S. Korea. Korea lists this pathogen as Phytopythium vexans
Wide host range
No
PYTHVE-1,PYTHVE-2,PYTHVE-3,
Seed is not known to be a pathway for any host.
PYTHVE-1,PYTHVE-2,PYTHVE-3,
Pythium vexans In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
McGee, DC. 1988. Maize Diseases: A reference Source for Seed Technologists. APS Press, St. Paul, MN USA. 150 pp.
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Exserohilum pedicellatum
fungus
Helminthosporium pedicellatum, Setosphaeria pedicellata, Trichometasphaeria pedicellatum, Bipolaris pedicellata, Drechslera pedicellata
Poland , South Africa, Australia, Egypt, India, Pakistan, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Australia, Iraq, Brazil
CA, HI, IA, MS, NY, OH, TX, MN
Korea
2022-11-22 19:09:26
Korea lists this pathogen as Setosphaeria pedicellata
wheat, corn , barley, rice, oat
No
TRMSPE-2,
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
TRMSPE-2,
McGee, DC. 1988. Maize Diseases: A reference Source for Seed Technologists. APS Press, St. Paul, MN USA. 150 pp.
Setosphaeria rostrata
fungus
Exserohilum rostratum, Helminthosporium rostratum, Bipolaris rostrata, Drechslera rostrata, Exserohilum antillanum, Exserohilum gedarefense, Variant spelling Exserohilum gedarefensis, Helminthosporium halodes, Bipolaris halodes, Exserohilum halodes, Drechslera halodes, Helminthosporium halodes var. elaeicola, Helminthosporium halodes var. tritici, Helminthosporium leptochloae, Helminthosporium longirostratum, Exserohilum longirostratum, Exserohilum macginnisii, Setosphaeria prolata, Exserohilum prolatum, Drechslera prolata
Worldwide
Widespread, especially east of the Continental Divide
Korea
2023-08-21 16:54:40
Primarily grasses and grains, reported on other over 200 plant species, including several vegetable crops, but these seem to be experimental curiosity or occasional findings that are not confirmed. Only important grains listed below
Pathway not proven
DRECRO-2,DRECRO-3,DRECRO-5,
Seed infection has been demonstrated but seed transmission has not been shown to occur.
DRECRO-2,DRECRO-3,DRECRO-5,
Blotter assay
DRECRO-2,
Blotter assay has been used in research to isolate the fungus from seed surfaces. This method has not been standardized or validated.
McGee, DC. 1988. Maize Diseases: A reference Source for Seed Technologists. APS Press, St. Paul, MN USA. 150 pp.
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Nelson RR and Osborne, JC, 1956. The relative prevalence and geographical distribution of fungi associated with moldy corn in eastern North Carolina in 1955. Plant Dis. Rept. 40:225-227
Phyllachora maydis
fungus
n/a
Americas: Bolivia, Canada, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Puerto Rico, Trinidad and Tobago, U.S. Virgin Islands, Venezuela
FL, GA, IA, IL, IN, KS, KY, MD, MI, MN, MO, NE, NY, OH, PA, SD, WI
Korea
2023-12-19 20:49:24
Phyllachora species are not known to be seed borne. Studies are in the early stages for the potential to biologically control tar spot in commercial fields. (PHYRMA-3)
Corn
No
PHYRMA-3,PHYRMA-4,CABI CPC,ANNO LIST
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
PHYRMA-3,PHYRMA-4,CABI CPC,ANNO LIST
Microbial allies may help turn tables on tar spot fungus in corn. (2023, October). USDA Agricultural Research Service. Retrieved October, 2023, from https://content.govdelivery.com/accounts/USDAARS/bulletins/3767235
Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Ceratocystis paradoxa
fungus
Ceratostomella paradoxa, Chalara paradoxa, Chalara thielavioides, Chalaropsis thielavioides, Endoconidium fragrans, Hughesiella euricoi, Ophiostoma paradoxa, Ophiostoma paradoxum, Sporoschisma paradoxum, Stilbochalara dimorpha, Thielaviopsis ethacetica, Thielaviopsis paradoxa, Thielaviopsis thielavioides
Worldwide, primarily in tropical areas.
CA, FL, HI
Korea
2021-11-16 18:23:04
Korea lists Ceratocystis paradox, Chalaropsis threlavioides and Theilaviopsis theilavoides (asexual stage) as prohibited and in some references (CERAPA-4) treat these pathogens separately. However, host range and distribution of these synonymous pathogens are similar
sugarcane, tropical fruits and trees, primarily.
No
CERAPA-2,CERAPA-3,
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
CERAPA-2,CERAPA-3,
Indian peanut clump virus
virus
Indian peanut clump pecluvirus, IPCV
India, Pakistan
Not known to occur
2021-04-20 19:31:38
Primarily affects peanut and cereal grains. Requires the Polymyxa graminis to infect. Seed as a pathway has only been shown in peanut and millet (IPCV00-2)
wheat, corn, rice, barley, sorghum, peanut, millet
No
No references found indicating corn seed is a pathway. Corn may be an incidental host because it can be infected by the Polymyxa vector.
Radopholus similis
nematode
Anguillulina acutocaudatus, Anguillulina biformis, Anguillulina granulosa, Anguillulina similis, Radopholus acutocaudatus, Radopholus biformis, Radopholus citrophilus, Radopholus granulosus, Radopholus similis citrophilus, Rotylenchus similis, Tetylenchus granulosus, Tylenchorhynchus acutocaudatus, Tylenchus biformis, Tylenchus granulosus, Tylenchus similis
Worldwide
FL, HI, LA, TX,
Korea
2021-04-21 17:56:41
R. similis is a migratory endoparasitic species which completes its life cycle within the root cortex and tissues of corms and tubers. Primarily found in tropical climates of the world. Crops in temperate climates are not a risk.
carrot, tomato, corn, tropical fruit bearings plants, banana, coffee, spices, yam.
No
RADOSI-1,
Seed is not known to be a pathway for this nematode.
RADOSI-1,
CABI, 2020. Radopholus simlis. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc. In:
Pestalotiopsis versicolor
fungus
Pestalotia versicolor, Pestalotia aucoumeae
Brazil, Mauritius, Africa, South Africa, Mexico, Caribbean, China, Italy, Armenia, Myanmar, Brunei Darussalam, India, Malawi, Papua New Guinea, Malaysia, Venezuela, Australia, Hong Kong, UK, Pakistan, Argentina
LA, FL, GA
Korea
2021-04-13 17:15:27
trees, coffee, cocoa, corn, rice
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. This pathogen has only been reported on corn once (ARS GRIN)
Pratylenchus zeae
nematode
Worldwide
AR, FL, GA, HI, LA, MS, NC, TX
Korea
2021-04-19 18:31:10
Seed is not known to carry the pest in trade/transport
corn, rice, sorghum, sugarcane
No
PRATZE-1,
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
PRATZE-1,
Field management and crop rotation
Pratylenchus zeae. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Pectobacterium atrosepticum
bacterium
Bacillus atrosepticus ,Bacillus melanogenes, Bacillus phytophthorus, Bacterium atrosepticum, Bacterium carotovorum, Bacterium carotovorum var. atrosepticum, Bacterium melanogenum, Bacterium phytophthorum, Erwinia atroseptica, Erwinia caricae, Erwinia carotovora, Erwinia carotovora pv. atroseptica, Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica, Erwinia carotovora var. atroseptica, Erwinia dahlia, Erwinia melonis, Erwinia phytophthora, Erwinia phytophthorus, Pectobacterium atrosepticum, Pectobacterium carotovorum var. atrosepticum, Pectobacterium phytophthorum
Worldwide
Widespread
Thailand
2021-04-12 18:37:17
Though other hosts are listed for this pathogen, it is unclear as to whether the pathogen was clearly identified (ERWIAT-1)
potato
No
ERWIAT-1,ERWIAT-2,
True seed is not known to be a pathway. It is unclear whether this Erwinia sp. actually attacks corn.
ERWIAT-1,ERWIAT-2,
Pratylenchus brachyurus
nematode
Anguillulina brachyura, Pratylenchus leiocephalus, Pratylenchus pratensis, Pratylenchus steineri, Tylenchus brachyurus
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-06-28 18:00:54
Seed is not known to be a pathway. Common in tropics (PRATBR-1)
Wide host range
No
PRATBR-2,PRATBR-3,
Seed is not known to be a pathway for this nematode in any host.
PRATBR-2,PRATBR-3,
Moesziomyces bullatus
fungus
Sorosporium bullatum,Tolypoderma bullata, Tolyposporium bullatum, Tolyposporium evernium, Moesziomyces evernius, Tolyposporium minus, Tolyposporium paspali, Tolyposporium penicillariae, Moesziomyces penicillariae, Tolyposporium senegalense, Sorosporium senegalense, Ustilago verrucosa
Africa, Asia, India,Germany, Poland, Romania, Australia, Canada, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Japan, New Zealand, Spain, Brazil, Argentina, Paraguay, Taiwan, Italy, Bulgaria, Mexico
Northeast, Midwest, CA
Korea
2022-12-01 18:38:37
Korea lists this pathogen as Tolyposporidium penicillariae. Pearl millet most common host and seed pathway has been verified for only pearl millet.
millets with male sterility (MOESBU-5)
No
Although ARS GRIN listed corn as a host for this pathogen, the article cited described a teleomorph similar to M. bullatus. No references found indicating corn is a host.
Cladosporium cladosporioides
fungus
Cladosporium graminum, Cladosporium herbarumMycosphaerella schoenoprasi, Mycosphaerella tulasnei, Mycosphaerella tassiana, Penicillium cladosporioides,Hormodendrum cladosporioides, Monilia humicola
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-11-11 18:45:32
This pathogen is considered primarily a post harvest pathogen that does not cause disease in most of it's hosts (CLADCL-1). The fungus has been isolated from seed in some hosts, but does not transmit or cause disease in most cases.
Wide host range
No
CLADCL-1,
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. This fungus is primarily a post harvest fungus and field debris may provide survival habitat for the fungus, but corn is not attacked by the fungus.
CLADCL-1,
Cladosporium cladosporioides. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Alternaria alternata
fungus
Alternaria tenuis, Alternaria tenuissima, many others
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-09-13 19:18:44
Korea listed this pathogen as Alternaria spp. A. alternata, A. tenuis and A. tenuissima have all been reported in Korea. A. alternata has often been found on seed in laboratory testing. There is little evidence of seed transmission. This fungus is ubiquitous and often of minor importance in its hosts.
Wide host range
No
ALTEAL-4,ALTEAL-28,
Pathway not proven. A. alternata has been found on seed of corn in laboratory surveys but, no references were found indicating seed transmission.
ALTEAL-4,ALTEAL-28,
Seed wash and visual examination
ALTEAL-28,
This test has not be validated or standardized. Blotter methods are used for other hosts and other species of Alternaria.
ALTEAL-28,
Biological inoculants have been researched
Cochliobolus cynodontis
fungus
Bipolaris cynodontis, Drechslera cynodontis, Helminthsporuim cynodontis
Worldwide,primarily in the tropics of Asia, Africa, Oceania.
Primarily in the SE.
Korea
2022-11-11 18:56:10
All reports of US presence from 1950-60s. CABI, 2019 does not consider the pathogen to be in the US. Pathogen does not cause serious disease or losses on any host. Also, it is often a secondary invader. (Farr and Rossman, 2019; Manamgoda, 2014)
grains, grasses
No
RICH ISTA,
No references found indicating that seed is a pathway. This pathogen is not an important disease of corn. Richardson, 1990 does not list the pathogen as seed borne.
RICH ISTA,
Richardson, MJ. 1990. An Annotated List of Seedborne Diseases. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich Switzerland.
Aphelenchoides besseyi
nematode
Aphelenchoides oryzae, Asteroaphelenchoides besseyi
Worldwide in rice cultivation
Widespread in rice cultivation
Korea
2022-09-22 19:00:04
This nematode has been reported in Korea (CABI CPC)
rice, strawberry
No
ALOBE-1,ISF RPLD,
Not a host. Corn as a host is cited in several publications, however, these publications cite the reference above as indicating corn can be a host. This reference concludes that corn is not a host for this nematode.
ALOBE-1,ISF RPLD,
Pantoea ananatis
bacterium
Bacillus ananas, Bacterium ananas, Chromobacterium ananas, Erwinia ananas pv. uredovora, Erwinia ananatis,Erwinia herbicola var. ananas, Erwinia urediniolytica,Erwinia uredovora, Pantoea ananas pv. ananas, Pantoea ananas pv. uredovora, Pantoea ananatis pv. ananatis,Pantoea ananatis pv. uredovora, Pectobacterium ananas, Pectobacterium ananatis pv. ananatis, Xanthomonas uredovora
Africa, Asia, Belgium, Italy, Russia, Poland, Spain, Nova Scotia, Mexico, Haiti, Puerto Rico, Guatemala, Australia, Argentina, Ecuador, Brazil, Guyana, Uruguay, Venezuela
CA, CO, FL, GA, MI, TX, NY
Chile
2023-07-28 19:23:26
Probably ubiquitous, causes post harvest rots in vegetables such as tomato, cantaloupe and some berries. Causes diseases in the field in the hosts listed below. Reported in host range studies on other Poaceae species. Most common in warm, wet climatic conditions.
onion, corn, rice, sudangrass, pineapple.
No
ISF RPLD,
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. P. ananatis does not cause significant disease in corn. Seed as a pathway may be inferred because it is a pathway in onion.
ISF RPLD,
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
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