Secale cereale
rye
27 Related Pests
Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens
bacterium
Bacterium atrofaciens, Phytomonas atrofaciens, Pseudomonas atrofaciens
Canada, Iran, Australia, New Zealand, Eastern Europe, Morocco, South Africa, Zimbabwe
AK, CO, IL, MN, MT, NY, ND, PA, VA,
China, Korea
2021-04-26 20:51:32
Not considered an important disease in the US. Very limited distribution.
Limited to small grains, though reported on tomato. Grasses may harbor the pathogen but no eivdence that this is a pathogen of grasses.
No
Pathway not proven. Seed is inferred as a pathway due to it probable role in wheat and barley, no literature discussing rye seed as a pathway was found
Rathayibacter rathatyi
bacterium
Agrobacterium rathayi,
Aplanobacter rathayi,
Bacterium rathayi,
Clavibacter rathayi,
Corynebacterium michiganense pv. rathayi, Corynebacterium rathayi,
Erwinia rathay,
Phytomonas rathayi, Pseudobacterium rathayi
China, India, Japan, Iran, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Egypt, Ethiopia, northern countries of Europe
OR, VA
China
2021-04-21 18:06:54
rye, bermuda grass and cocksfoot (poaceae)
No
CORBTR-2,
Pathway not proven. Reference indicates that pathogen may be found on seed, but transmission may require a seed gall nematode vector
CORBTR-2,
Bradbury JF, 1973. Corynebacterium rathayi. CMI Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria, Number 376. Wallingford, UK: CAB International.
Tilletia controversa
fungus
Tilletia brevifaciens, Tilletia tritici-anifican
Worldwide
CA, CO, ID, IN, KS, MI, MT, NY, OR, UT, WA, WY.
China
2022-09-13 18:48:54
Grass seed may carry this pathogens spores, but no references were found to support grass seed as a host. Primarily found where snow cover is persistent in the winter.
Primarily winter wheat. rye, barley, spelt, wheatgrass and perennial grasses of the Poacease family may also be hosts
No
TILLCO-9,
Pathway not proven. Most of the rye infecting bunt in the US are the species of Tilletia secalis, a pathogen of cultivated rye in Europe. Though Tilletia controversa has been shown to infect rye. Association with seed inferred due to seed as a pathway for wheat
TILLCO-9,
Carris, L. M., and L. A. Castlebury. 2008. Is rye bunt,Tilletia secalis , present in North America? North American Fungi 3:147-159
Wheat streak mosaic virus
virus
Wheat streak mosaic potyvirus
Worldwide
Widespread in wheat regions
China, Korea, Chile
2023-08-25 20:34:14
The wheat curl mite (Aceria tosichella,K.), is the only known vector for Wheat streak mosaic virus. When symptoms are present, confirm the causal agent with laboratory diagnoses. Symptoms of this disease may be similar to other viral diseases or inconspicuous under unfavorable climatic conditions or plant physiological stress, requiring thorough laboratory analysis. Latency resulting in asymptotic plants, though documented (WSMV00-4), is not common. Expression may vary with climatic conditions, plant genetics, physiological stress, and plant pathogen strain. Literature showing that random sampling of apparently healthy plants to detect latent populations of this pathogen has not been found.
Primarily a virus of wheat. Other grasses and grains, such as oats, rye, barley, and millet may act as reservoirs for the virus. Not common in maize, though it has been reported in some cultivars.
No
This crop may act as a reservoir for the mite vectors and virus. No references were found indicating seed is a pathway.
High plains virus
virus
Wheat mosaic virus, Wheat high plains virus, Maize seed stripe virus, High plains wheat mosaic emaravirus
Argentina, Australia, Canada (AB), Chile, Iran, Ukraine,
Pacific Northwest, Midwest, FL
Chile, Korea
2023-08-29 19:17:54
Mite transmitted virus
oats, barley, wheat, rye, corn
No
WHPV00-7,
No evidence that seed is a pathway in this host. Only corn seed is known to be a pathway.
WHPV00-7,
Seifers, D.L., 2010. High Plains Disease. In, Compendium of Wheat Diseases and Pests, Third Edition, Eds. W. W. Bockus, R. L. Bowden, R. M. Hunger, W. L. Morrill, T. D. Murray and R. W. Smiley. The American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, MN USA
Maize streak virus
virus
Sugarcane streak virus, Cereal African streak virus, Maize mottle virus,
Maize streak monogeminivirus
India, Indonesia, Yemen, widespread in Africa
Not known to occur.
Korea
2023-08-21 22:09:26
No evidence that seed is a pathway for this virus. Transmitted by leafhoppers only. Maize streak virus is a quaratine pest in the USA
corn, sugarcane, oat, barley, rye, sorghum, wheat, grasses (Poaceae family)
No
MSV000-1,MSV000-2,MSV000-3,
No evidence that seed is a pathway. Transmission by leafhoppers only
MSV000-1,MSV000-2,MSV000-3,
Maize Streak Virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Richardson, MJ. 1990. An Anotated List of Seed-Borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association. Zurich, Switzerland
Brunt, AA, Crabtree, K., Dallwitz, MJ, Gibbs, AJ, Watson, L. and Zurcher, EJ. (eds.). Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database, Version: 16th 1997. http://bio-mirror.im.ac.cn/mirrors/pvo/vide/refs.htm
Pseudomonas syringae pv. coronafaciens
bacterium
Bacterium coronafaciens, Chlorobacter coronafaciens, Phytomonas coronafaciens, Pseudomonas coronafaciens, Pseudomonas coronafaciens pv. zeae
Worldwide
AK, AR, MN, WI
Korea, Thailand
2021-04-26 20:54:39
oats, rye, barley, wheat, corn, other wild grasses
No
No references found indicating that seed is a pathway.
Cochliobolus spicifer
fungus
Bipolaris spicifera, Brachycladium spiciferum,Curvularia spicifera, Drechslera spicifera,Drechslera tetramera, Helminthosporium spiciferum
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-11-11 19:01:01
Primarily a leaf pathogen of grass. Only reported in sorghum in Kansas (COCHSI-2)
Wide, but primarily causing disease in grasses in nature. If not listed below, the presence of this pathogen on a host seems to be unimportant or a scientific curiosity.
No
COCHSI-3,COCHSI-4,
Pathway not proven. Both references above indicate this pathogen is not important in grain production. Richardson, 1990 lists one reference where this pathogen was found on seed but no other references were found to corroborate.
COCHSI-3,COCHSI-4,
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Zillinsky FJ, 1983. Common Diseases of Small Grain Cereals: A Guide to Identification. CIMMYT; International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Mexico City, Mexico.
Phaeosphaeria avenaria f.sp. avenaria
fungus
Leptosphaeria avenaria, Leptosphaeria avenaria f.sp. avenae, Leptosphaeria avenaria f.sp. avenaria, Phaeosphaeria avenaria, Parastagonospora avenae, Septoria avenae, Septoria avenae f.sp. avenae, Septoria avenaria, Septoria avenaria f. sp. avenae, Stagonospora avenae
Worldwide
Widespread
China
2023-08-21 16:33:44
Parastagonospora avenae is the preferred name in the ARS GRIN.
Primarily oats, wheat, rye and barley to a lessor extent
No
PHSPAV-3,
No references found indicating that seed is a pathway. This pathogen is relatively unimportant in rye.
PHSPAV-3,
Zillinsky FJ, 1983. Common Diseases of Small Grain Cereals: A Guide to Identification. CIMMYT; International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Mexico City, Mexico.
Fusarium poae
fungus
Fusarium sporotrichiella, Fusarium sporotrichiella var. poae, Fusarium tricinctum f.sp. poae, Sporotrichum poae, Sporotrichum anthophilum.
Worldwide in temperate regions
Widespread, primarily in northern states
Korea
2022-04-06 18:21:35
One of many Fusarium spp. isolated from grains and grasses in temperate regions of the world.
pea, grains, corn, grasses. Reported on several vegetables under some conditions. Vegetables are not listed below as the fungus is primarily opportunistic and secondary.
No
FUSAPO-19,
Pathway not proven. Though Fusarium. poae is one of many species of fusaria reported on this host and if seed is not properly handled, conditioned and stored, conidia may be found on seeds. The fungus is commonly soil borne and there were no references found indicating that seed is an important means of spread.
FUSAPO-19,
Common seed production practices, careful harvest, seed cleaning, conditioning, seed treatment and proper storage should decrease any risk from this pathogen.
Mulenko, W., Majewski, T., and Ruszkiewicz-Michalska, M. 2008. A Preliminary Checklist of Micromycetes in Poland. W. Szafer Institute of Botany, Polish Academy of Sciences 9: 752.
Fusarium culmorum
fungus
Fusarium culmorum f. 1, Fusarium culmorum var. leteius, Fusarium culmorum var. majus, Fusarium roseum, Fusarium roseum cv. culmorum, Fusarium roseum f.sp. cerealis cv. culmorum, Fusisporium culmorum
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-11-22 19:13:51
A common soil inhabitant and strong sapropic ability on many crops. Usually causing disease problems on grains and grasses, especially with other pathogenic diseases or in saturated soils. Also produces mycotoxins.
Primarily grains and grasses. Reported on a wide range of hosts, but usually as a probable saprophyte. Only primary hosts listed below.
Yes
FUSACU-1,FUSACU-3,
Seed of rye can be infected by this pathogen and cause seedling rots under unfavorable conditions (wet, saturated soils).
FUSACU-1,FUSACU-3,
Blotter Incubation
FUSACU-5,
Though blotter incubation assays are commonly used for fungal contamination of seed, no references were found indicating this test has been validated or standardized.
Seed treatmentsÂÂ
FUSACU-1,
A wide range of chemical seed treatments and Streptomyces antimycoticus FZB53 as a biocontrol agent are effective
Fusarium culmorum In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Limonard, T. (1966). A modified blotter test for seed health. Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology, 72, 319–321.
Heterodera avenae
nematode
Bidera avenae, Bidera ustinovi, Heterodera major, Heterodera schachtii,Heterodera schachtii, Heterodera ustinovi
Worldwide
ID, OH, OR, WA
Korea
2021-04-20 19:08:49
Seed is not known to be a pathway for cyst nematodes (eelworms). Active dispersal is limited. Nematodes move through soil water matrix slowly.
grains, grasses, corn
No
HETDMA-1,
Seed is not a pathway for cyst nematodes.
HETDMA-1,
Heterodora avenae In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Pyrenophora tritici-repentis
fungus
Drechslera tritici-repentis, Drechslera tritici-vulgaris, Helminthosporium gramineum f.sp. tritici-repentis, Helminthosporium tritici-repentis, Helminthosporium tritici-vulgaris, Pleospora culmorum, Pleospora sarcosystis, Pleospora trichostoma, Pleospora trichostoma f.sp. tritici-repentis, Pyrenophora sarcocystis, Pyrenophora trichostoma, Pyrenophora tritici-vulgaris, Pleospora tritici-repentis
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2021-04-27 16:05:34
wheat, barley, rye, triticale, oat, corn
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
Sclerophthora macrospora
fungus
Phytophthora macrospora, Phytophthora oryzae, Sclerospora macrospora, Sclerospora oryzae, Nozemia macrospora, Sclerospora kriegeriana
Worldwide
AZ, AR, FL, IL, LA, MS, ND, RI, TN, TX
Thailand
2023-08-21 16:53:05
corn, rice, oat, barley, rye, sorghum, sugarcane
No
SCPHMA-4,
No references found indicating that seed is a pathway.
SCPHMA-4,
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Phytophthora erythroseptica var. erythroseptica
fungus
Phytophthora himalayensis, Phytophthora erythroseptica
Worldwide, especially where potatoes are grown
Widespread in potato growing regions
China
2023-08-21 16:40:32
This pathogen has not been repoted in China. True seed is not known to be a pathway.
This is an important pathogen of potato. Affects a few other important crops, but not known to be a serious pathogen of other crops. Most crops not known to be a host in nature.
No
PHYTER-3,PHYTER-4,PHYTER-1,
Not a host. Rye as a host has only been established under artificial inoculation, infection in nature not reported. True seed is not known to be a pathway.
PHYTER-3,PHYTER-4,PHYTER-1,
Whelan J, Loughnane JB, 1969. Non-solanaceous hosts of Phytophthora erythroseptica. Sci. Proc. R. Dublin Soc. Ser. B, 171-177
Erwin DC, Ribeiro OK, 1996. Phytophthora Diseases Worldwide. St Paul, Minnesota, USA: American Phytopathological Society Press
Phytophthora erythroseptica var. erythroseptica In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Gibberella avenacea
fungus
Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium avenaceum f.sp. fabae, Fusarium avenaceum subsp. aywerte, Fusarium roseum var. avenaceum
Worldwide, primarily in temperate regions.
Widespread
Thailand
2022-11-22 19:27:52
One of many Fusaria, Gibberella's that may contaminate kernels.
Primarily a grain and clover pathogen with a wide host range.
No
GIBBAV-1,GIBBAV-4,
Pathway not proven. Though rye seed is commonly listed as a pathway, most literature does not distinguish this pathogen from other similar Fusarium sp.
GIBBAV-1,GIBBAV-4,
A blotter test has been described for corn (NSHS USDA).
GIBBAV-1,
Common seed fungicides have been effective for other grains
Tilletia tritici
fungus
Tilletia caries, Uredo caries, Uredo sitophila, Caeoma sitophilum, Tilletia sitophila
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2023-08-21 16:56:58
wheat, rye
No
No references found indicating rye seed is a pathway. Rye is not considered an important host and reports of infection by this pathogen were from the 1930's and previous.
Fungicide seed treatments have been described for wheat seed.
Gibberella zeae
fungus
Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium roseum, Fusarium roseum f.sp. cerealis, Fusarium roseum var. graminearum, Gibbera saubinettii, Gibberella saubinetii, Sphaeria zeae Schwein.
Worldwide
Widespread
Thailand
2022-11-22 19:31:42
One of many Fusariium spp. and Gibberella spp. that may contaminate kernels.
Primarily a cereal grain pathogen with a wide host range.
No
Rye can be a host of this pathogen, but no references were found indicating seed is a pathway. Seed may be inferred as a pathway because seed can be a pathway for corn and wheat.
Oculimacula yallundae
fungus
Tapesia yallundae, Tapesia yallundae var. yallundae, Cercosporella herpotrichoides, Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides, Helgardia herpotrichoides, Ramulispora herpotrichoides var. herpotrichoides, Ramulispora herpotrichoides, Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides var. herpotrichoides
Africa, China, Japan, Europe, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Chile
ID, NY, OR, WA, MT, MI
Korea
2021-04-12 18:24:25
Korea lists this pathogen as Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides
wheat, rye, barley, oat
No
PSDCHE-1,
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
PSDCHE-1,
Oculimacula yallundae, In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Drechslera gigantea
fungus
Helminthosporium giganteum
South America, Central America, Caribbean, Mexico Iran, Japan
Eastern and Midwestern states
Korea
2021-04-13 18:04:12
barley, rice, wheat, rye
No
DRECGI-1
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
DRECGI-1
Drechslera gigantea, In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Dilophospora alopecuri
fungus
Dilophospora graminis, Dilophospora holci, Sphaeria alopecuri, Lidophia graminis
Asia, Europe, Oceania
Widespread
Korea
2021-04-13 18:51:01
Fungus is associated with Aguina nematode seed galls, but not associated with seeds. Sporatically found in US states.
barley, wheat, oat, rye
No
RICH ISTA,
This fungus is associated with seed galls formed by Anguina nematodes and not found associated directly with the seed.
RICH ISTA,
Removing nematode seed galls prevents issues with the disease caused by this pathogen.
Richardson, MJ. 1990. An Annotated List of Seedborne Diseases. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich Switzerland.
Meloidogyne naasi
nematode
Libya, Iran, Belgium, Czechia, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Serbia, England, Wales, Canada, New Zealand, Argentina, Chile
CA, IL, KS, KY, MD, MI, NV, NC, OR, SC, UT, WA
Korea
2023-08-21 16:19:50
Seed is not known to be a pathway for Meloidogyne spp. root knot nematodes (MELGNA-2)
barley, wheat, rice, oat, rye, sorghum, grasses
No
MELGNA-2,
Seed is not known to be a pathway for Meloidogyne spp. root knot nematodes
MELGNA-2,
Crop Rotation
MELGNA-3,MELGNA-4,
Lammers, W., Karssen, G., Jellema, P., Baker, R., Hockland, S., Fleming, C. and Turner, S. (2006). Meloidogyne minor Pest Risk Assessment. 08-14648 PPM Point 7.3. Plant Protection Services (NL) and Central Science Laboratory (UK). 52pp. (https://www.eppo.int...)
Allen, MW, Hart WH, and Baghott, K. 1970. Crop rotation controls barley root-knot nematode at Tulelake. Calif. Agr. 24:4-5.
Michell, RE, Malek RB, Taylor DP, and Edwards DI. 1973. Races of the barley root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne naasi. I. Characterization by host preference. J. Nematol. 5:41-44
Phaeosphaeria herpotrichoides
fungus
Leptosphaeria herpotrichoides, Trematosphaeria herpotrichoides, Leptosphaeria sparsa
Canada, Finland, Scotland, Italy, Greenland, England, Pakistan, Switzerland, France, USSR, Norway, Austria, Sweden, Germany, Uzbekistan, Poland, Portugal, Australia
OK, VA, CA, IL, ND, WA, MN
Korea
2021-04-13 17:27:15
Information from ARS GRIN. Primarily found in cool climates in the Northern Hemisphere. Primarily overwinters in field debris (LEPTHE-2
wheat, rye, Poaceae grasses
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway
Phaeosphaeria nodorum
fungus
Leptosphaeria nodorum, Phoma hennebergii, Septoria glumarum, Septoria nodorum, Stagonospora nodorum
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2023-08-21 16:35:57
Korea lists this pathogen as Leptosphaeria spp. This pathogen has been reported in Korea.
wheat, rye, barley
No
RICH ISTA,
No references found indicating seed is a pathway in rye. Seed pathway is inferred because the pathogen may be seed borne in wheat and barley. Rye is a known host.
RICH ISTA,
Richardson, MJ. 1990. An Annotated List of Seedborne Diseases. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich Switzerland.
Cochliobolus cynodontis
fungus
Bipolaris cynodontis, Drechslera cynodontis, Helminthsporuim cynodontis
Worldwide,primarily in the tropics of Asia, Africa, Oceania.
Primarily in the SE.
Korea
2022-11-11 18:56:10
All reports of US presence from 1950-60s. CABI, 2019 does not consider the pathogen to be in the US. Pathogen does not cause serious disease or losses on any host. Also, it is often a secondary invader. (Farr and Rossman, 2019; Manamgoda, 2014)
grains, grasses
No
RICH ISTA,
No references found indicating that seed is a pathway. This pathogen is not an important disease of grains. Richardson, 1990 does not list the pathogen as seed borne.
RICH ISTA,
Richardson, MJ. 1990. An Annotated List of Seedborne Diseases. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich Switzerland.
Gloeotinia temulenta
fungus
Gloeotinia granigena, Phialea temulenta, Ciboria temulenta, Sclerotinia temulenta, Stromatinia temulenta, Hymenoscyphus temulentus, Phialia mucosa, Sclerotinia secalincola, Endoconidium temulentum
Europe, Canada, Ireland, Russia, Australia, New Zealand
OR
Korea
2021-04-20 18:52:12
This pathogen only affects seed (Alderman, 2001 and Hardison, 1949).
Poaceae grasses, primarily ryegrasses, rye, barley
Yes
GLOTTE-3,
Seed pathway well established and accepted.
GLOTTE-3,
Seed soak and visual examination
GLOTTE-7,
This test has not been validated or standardized.
Alderman, SC. 2001. Blind Seed Disease. USDA, ARS Miscellaneous Publication Number 1567.
Fribourg, H. A., D. B. Hannaway, and C. P. West (ed.) 2009. Tall Fescue for the Twenty-first Century. Agron. Monog. 53. ASA, CSSA, SSSA. Madison, WI. 540 pp. Also (http://forages.oregonstate.edu/tallfescuemonograph).
Wheat dwarf virus
virus
Wheat dwarf mosaic virus
Tunisia, Zambia, China, Iran, Syria, Turkey, Europe
Not known to occur
Korea
2022-10-09 00:10:18
Transmitted by leafhoppers. Not seed transmitted.
wheat, barley, rye, Poaceae grasses
No
WDV-1,VIDE PVO,
Not known to be seed transmitted.
WDV-1,VIDE PVO,
Seifers, D. 2021. Wheat Dwarf. n, Compendium of Wheat Diseases and Pests, Third Edition, Eds. W. W. Bockus, R. L. Bowden, R. M. Hunger, W. L. Morrill, T. D. Murray and R. W. Smiley. The American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, MN USA
Brunt, AA, Crabtree, K., Dallwitz, MJ, Gibbs, AJ, Watson, L. and Zurcher, EJ. (eds.). Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database, Version: 16th 1997. http://bio-mirror.im.ac.cn/mirrors/pvo/vide/refs.htm
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