Triticum aestivum
wheat
63 Related Pests
Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens
bacterium
Bacterium atrofaciens, Phytomonas atrofaciens, Pseudomonas atrofaciens
Canada, Iran, Australia, New Zealand, Eastern Europe, Morocco, South Africa, Zimbabwe
AK, CO, IL, MN, MT, NY, ND, PA, VA,
China, Korea
2021-04-26 20:51:32
Not considered an important disease in the US. Very limited distribution.
Limited to small grains, though reported on tomato. Grasses may harbor the pathogen but no eivdence that this is a pathogen of grasses.
No
PSDMAT-2,
Pathway not proven. Seed as a pathway is commonly accepted in wheat, though no literature confirming seed transmission was found.
PSDMAT-2,
Boewe; 1960. Diseases of Wheat, Oat, Barely and Rye. Illinois Natural History Survey 48.
Candidatus phytoplasma asteris
phytoplasma
Worldwide
Widespread
2021-11-15 19:27:42
AY phytoplasmas are not seed transmissable and seed is not a pathway in any host.
Wide host range, primarily herbaceous dicots, though strains infect monocots and woody ornamentals
No
PHY01-1,
Seed is not a pathway for AY phytoplasmas.
PHY01-1,
Candidatus phytoplasma asteris In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Tilletia indica
fungus
Neovossia indica
India, Pakistan, Nepal, Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey, Lebanon, Afghanistan, Mexico, Kenya, South Africa, Brazil
Isolated outbreaks in SW USA: AZ, NM, TX, CA
China
2023-08-21 16:55:40
Regulated pest in many countries, including the USA. The pathogen has been eradicated from NM, TX and CA.
Restricted to wheat Triticum spp and Triticale spp
Yes
NEOVIN-1,NEOVIN-2,NEOVIN-7,
No direct evidence of seed transmission. Teliospores primarily external.
Size selective sieving
NEOVIN-1,NEOVIN-2,NEOVIN-7,
Visual examination, Seed wash, Size selective sieving, PCR
NEOVIN-1,NEOVIN-2,NEOVIN-3,
Size selective sieving most commonly used and accepted in US and EU.
Carboxin + thiram and Chlorothalonil (Goates, PC 2015); Disinfectants; Tri-X, SDS and Tween 20, Gupta, et. al. 2003. Hot Water Soaks (Beniwal, et.al. 2000)
NEOVIN-1,NEOVIN-6,NEOVIN-7,NEOVIN-4,
Tilletia indica In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc."
Peterson GL, Bonde MR, Phillips JG, 2000. Size-selective sieving for detecting teliospores ofTilletia indica in wheat seed samples. Plant Disease 84:999-1007
Gupta V, et. al. 2003. Detergent washing technique for the efficient extraction of teliospores of Tilletia indica from contaminated wheat seeds. Seed Science and Technology 31:95-101
Inman, A, et. al. 2008 Survival of Tilletia indica teliospores under European soil conditions. Plant Pathology 57:290-300
Beniwal MS, Pankaj Chawla, Rajender Singh, Chawla P, Singh R, 2000. Effect of soaking of bunted seeds in water on teliospore germination of Neovossia indica. Indian-Phytopathology 53:219-220.
Goates, B.. 2015 Personal Communication. Univeristy of Idaho Moscow, ID USA
Pyricularia oryzae
fungus
Magnaportha oryzae, Magnaportha grisea
Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia
The Triticum pathotype of this pathogen is not known to occur in the US.
Mexico
2023-08-21 16:48:18
The rice strain of this pathogen is worldwide in distribution. Information for this fungus primarily from PYRIGR-1 and PYRIGR-2
wheat, rice
Yes
PYRIGR-2,PYRIGR-3,
Seed is known to be a pathway for this fungus.
PYRIGR-2,PYRIGR-3,
PCR
PYRIGR-3,
This test is used by the USDA APHIS.
No chemicals yet registered in the US
PYRIGR-3,
Seed treatments are not registered for use in the US. In Bolivia, Benlate® and Carbendazim+Thiram® have given excellent control
Globisporangium splendens
fungus
Pythium splendens
Worldwide
Widespread
China, Mexico
2022-03-17 16:44:13
Primarily spread through propagative material. Primarily soil borne in nature. Seed is not known to be a pathway for any host.
Wide host rainge, primarily flowers and ornamentals
No
PYTHSL-1,PYTHSL-2,
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
PYTHSL-1,PYTHSL-2,
Tilletia controversa
fungus
Tilletia brevifaciens, Tilletia tritici-anifican
Worldwide
CA, CO, ID, IN, KS, MI, MT, NY, OR, UT, WA, WY.
China
2022-09-13 18:48:54
Grass seed may carry this pathogens spores, but no references were found to support grass seed as a host. Primarily found where snow cover is persistent in the winter.
Primarily winter wheat. rye, barley, spelt, wheatgrass and perennial grasses of the Poacease family may also be hosts
Yes
TILLCO-3,
Winter wheat is most susceptible. Detection in seed was very low. Pathogen is associated with seed and at most, external. Research was done with wheat for grain and not for seed crops.
TILLCO-3,
Seed wash, Teliospore identification, PCR
TILLCO-4,TILLCO-12,TILLCO-16,
These tests have not been validated or standardized
Difenoconazole, bitertanol + fuberidazole fungicides
TILLCO-5,TILLCO-7,TILLCO-11,
Difenoconazole completely effective. Seed treatments protect germinating seedlings from soil-borne pathogen infections, too.
Grey, Mathre, Hoffman, Powelson and Fernandez, 1986. Importance of seedborne Tilletia controversa for infection of winter wheat and its relationship to international commerce. Plant Disease 70:122-125
Dewey WG, Hoffmann JA, 1975. Susceptibility of barley to Tilletia controversa. Phytopathology, 65:654-657
Nian SJ, Yuan Q, Yin YP, Cai J, Wang ZK, 2009. Detection of Tilletia controversa Kühn by real time quantitative PCR. Scientia Agricultura Sinica, 42:4403-4410.
Kietriber M, 1984. Working Sheet No. 53 (Wheat, Dwarf Bunt). ISTA Handbook of Seed Health Testing. Zurich, Switzerland: International Seed Testing Association.
Sitton JW, Line RF, Waldher JT, Goates BJ, 1993. Difenoconazole seed treatment for control of dwarf bunt of winter wheat. Plant Disease, 77:1148-1151
Johnsson L, 1991. Experiments with seed-borne and soil-borne dwarf bunt (Tilletia contraversa Kuhn) in winter wheat in Sweden. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz, 98:162-167
Chastain TG, 1991. High-temperature sodium hypochlorite effects on viability of Tilletia controversa teliospores and wheat seed. Crop Science, 31:1327-1330
Phoma glomerata
fungus
Aposphaeria fibricola, Coniothyrium glomerata,
Phoma alternariacearum, Phoma fibricola
China, India, Syria, S Africa, Brazil, Greece, Hungary, Italy
Not known to occur.
China
2022-05-26 18:06:27
A strain of Phoma found on wheat in N. Dakota had been reported to be Phoma glomerata (PHOMGL-3), but it differed from type strains of the fungi. ARS GRIN lists 168 species that this fungi has been found on, but considers the fungus opportunistic and associated with other blights and rots. This pathogen has been reported in China.
Primarily a pathogen of grapevine, pines, peach and a few ornamentals. Reported in association with other diseases (opportunistic or decaying) on alfalfa, soy bean, some small grains, rape seed and tomato.
No
PHOMGL-2,PHOMGL-3,PHOMGL-7,
Pathway not proven. Considered an endophyte of wheat required long periods of leaf wetness before symptom development. Possible Phoma glomerata was observed on wheat seed in one reference, but there was no data presented on transmission or affect on seed.
PHOMGL-2,PHOMGL-3,PHOMGL-7,
Crous, P.W., Petrini, O., Marais, G.F. et al. 1995. Occurance of Fungal Endophytes in Cultivars of Triticum aesativum in S. Africa. Mycoscience 36: 105.
Hosfer, RM. 1975. Phoma glomerata, a New Pathogen of Wheat and Triticales, Cultivar Resistance Related to Wet Period. Phytopathology 65;1236-1239
JE Machacek, WJ Cherewick, HW Mead, WC Broadfoot. 1951. A study of some seed-borne diseases of cereals in Canada. II. Kinds of fungi and prevalence of disease in cereal seed.
Scientific Agriculture 31; 193-206
Phytophthora erythroseptica var. erythroseptica
fungus
Phytophthora himalayensis, Phytophthora erythroseptica
Worldwide, especially where potatoes are grown
Widespread in potato growing regions
China
2023-08-21 16:40:32
This pathogen has not been repoted in China. True seed is not known to be a pathway.
This is an important pathogen of potato. Affects a few other important crops, but not known to be a serious pathogen of other crops. Most crops not known to be a host in nature.
No
PHYTER-1,PHYTER-3,PHYTER-4,
Not a host. Grains as a host has only been established under artificial inoculation, infection in nature not reported. True seed is not known to be a pathway.
PHYTER-1,PHYTER-3,PHYTER-4,
Phytophthora erythroseptica var. erythroseptica In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Whelan J, Loughnane JB, 1969. Non-solanaceous hosts of Phytophthora erythroseptica. Sci. Proc. R. Dublin Soc. Ser. B, 171-177
Erwin DC, Ribeiro OK, 1996. Phytophthora Diseases Worldwide. St Paul, Minnesota, USA: American Phytopathological Society Press
Alternaria triticina
fungus
Bangladesh, China, India, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Lebanon, Nepal, Pakistan, Turkey, Yemen, Egypt, Nigeria, Mexico, Argentina, France, Greece, Italy, Macedonia, Portugal, Eastern Europe
Not known to occur
Korea
2023-08-21 22:00:07
Wheat, only host of pathogenic significance, occasionally reported on oat, rye, barley, triticale.
Yes
ALTETR-2,ALTETR-3,ALTETR-4,
The seed transmission of this pathogen appears to be well established in China and India
ALTETR-2,ALTETR-3,ALTETR-4,
Agar plating
ALTETR-7,ALTETR-9,
This assay has not been validated or standardized for clinical use
Fungicides and hot water treatment
ALTETR-9,ALTETR-1,
Clean seed production practices. Resistant varieties are available.
Prabhu AS, Prasada R, 1967. Evaluation of seedborne infection caused by Alternaria triticina in wheat. Proceedings of the International Seed Testing Association, 32:647-654.
Prabhu AS, Prasada R, 1966. Pathological and epidemiological studies on leaf blight of wheat caused by Alternaria triticina. Indian Phytopathology, 19:95-111
Dash SK, Narain A, 1989. Seed transmission of Alternaria triticina in wheat in Orissa. Indian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology, 19:157-160
Mathur SB, Kongsdal O, 2003. Common laboratory seed health testing methods for detecting fungi. Bassendorf, Switzerland: International Seed Testing Association, 425 pp.
Raut JG, Guldhe SM, Wangikar PD, 1983. Seed-borne infection of Alternaria triticina in wheat and its control. Indian Phytopathology, 36:274-277
Alternaria triticina In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Hymenula cerealis
fungus
Cephalosporium gramineum
India, Canada, Mexico, Japan, Korea, Republic of Korea, Egypt, S. Africa, Dominican Republic, Austria, Denmark, Germany, Germany, Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, England, Scotland, Wales
CO,GA, ID, IL, KS, MD, MI, MS, MT, NY, OH, OR, TX, VA, WA, WY, WV
China
2021-04-20 19:22:03
Wheat is the only host of pathogenic significance. Has been reported on rye, barley, grasses but none are considered to be important hosts.
Yes
HYMECE-2,HYMECE-3,
Transmission from infected seed well below 1%. Previous researchers concluded that transmission of the pathogen from seed to plant occurred, none conclusively demonstrated that it occurred in the absence of soilborne inoculum.
HYMECE-2,HYMECE-3,
PCR, Blotter incubation
HYMECE-2,HYMECE-3,HYMECE-4,
These tests has not been validated or standardized
Murray TD, 2006. Seed transmission of Cephalosporium gramineum in winter wheat. Plant Disease, 90:803-806.
Arneson E, Stiers DL, 1977. Cephalosporium gramineum: a seedborne pathogen. Plant Disease Reporter, 61:619-621.
Klos KLE, Vásquez-Siller LM, Wetzel HC, Murray TD, 2011. PCR-based detection of Cephalosporium gramineum in winter wheat. Plant Disease 96:437-442.
Phaeosphaeria avenaria f. sp. triticae
fungus
Stagnospora avenae f.sp. triticae, Septoria avenae f.sp. triticea, Leptosphaeria avenaria f. sp. triticea
Canada, Germany, Austria, Brazil, Poland, Argentina, Temperate wheat growing areas
NY, ND, SD, WA, AZ, ID, MT, OK
China
2023-08-21 16:34:42
wheat, limited range of grasses (primarily Agropyron spp., Elymus spp.)
No
RICH ISTA,PHSPAT-2,PHSPAT-3,PHSPAT-5,
Pathway not proven. Although the pathogen has been found on laboratory seed tests, it is unclear if the pathogen described in these tests is the Septoria form of the pathogen. Seed transmission has not been proven in nature. One reference indicates that there is little proof that spread occurs from seed. The pathogen is often confused with Stagonospora nodorum and is not as common.
RICH ISTA,PHSPAT-2,PHSPAT-3,PHSPAT-5,
Blotter incubation
PHSPAT-2,
This test has not been standardized or validated.
Richardson, MJ. 1990. An Annotated List of Seedborne Diseases. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich Switzerland.
Johnson, T. 1947. A Form of Leptosphaeria avenaria on Wheat in Canada. Canadian Journal of Research 25: 259-270,
Krueger, J., and Hoffmann, G. M. 1978. Differenzierung von Septoria nodorum Berk. und Septoria avenae Frank f. sp. triticea T. Johnson. Z. Pflanzenkrankh. Pflanzenschutz 85:645-650.
Bergstrom, GC. Stagonospora nodorum Blotch and Stagonospora avenae Blotch. In, Compendium of Wheat Diseases and Pests, Third Edition. Eds., W. W. Bockus, R. L. Bowden, R. M. Hunger, W. L. Morrill, T. D. Murray and R. W. Smiley. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN
Wheat streak mosaic virus
virus
Wheat streak mosaic potyvirus
Worldwide
Widespread in wheat regions
China, Korea, Chile
2023-08-25 20:34:14
The wheat curl mite (Aceria tosichella,K.), is the only known vector for Wheat streak mosaic virus. When symptoms are present, confirm the causal agent with laboratory diagnoses. Symptoms of this disease may be similar to other viral diseases or inconspicuous under unfavorable climatic conditions or plant physiological stress, requiring thorough laboratory analysis. Latency resulting in asymptotic plants, though documented (WSMV00-4), is not common. Expression may vary with climatic conditions, plant genetics, physiological stress, and plant pathogen strain. Literature showing that random sampling of apparently healthy plants to detect latent populations of this pathogen has not been found.
Primarily a virus of wheat. Other grasses and grains, such as oats, rye, barley, and millet may act as reservoirs for the virus. Not common in maize, though it has been reported in some cultivars.
Yes
WSMV00-2,
Seed transmission by this virus is documented and accepted. The virus is transmitted at low levels.
WSMV00-2,
ELISA and PCR tests
WSMV00-2,
These tests were used in research and have not been validated or standardized.
Resistant varieites are available.
Jones RAC, Coutts BA, Mackie AE, Dwyer GI, 2005. Seed transmission of Wheat streak mosaic virus shown unequivocally in wheat. Plant Disease, 89:1048-1050.
High plains virus
virus
Wheat mosaic virus, Wheat high plains virus, Maize seed stripe virus, High plains wheat mosaic emaravirus
Argentina, Australia, Canada (AB), Chile, Iran, Ukraine,
Pacific Northwest, Midwest, FL
Chile, Korea
2023-08-29 19:17:54
Mite transmitted virus
oats, barley, wheat, rye, corn
No
WHPV00-7
No evidence that seed is a pathway in this host. Only corn seed is known to be a pathway.
WHPV00-7
Seifers, D.L., 2010. High Plains Disease. In, Compendium of Wheat Diseases and Pests, Third Edition, Eds. W. W. Bockus, R. L. Bowden, R. M. Hunger, W. L. Morrill, T. D. Murray and R. W. Smiley. The American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, MN USA
Maize chlorotic dwarf virus
virus
Maize chlorotic dwarf machlovirus, Maize chlorotic dwarf Maize chlorotic dwarf virus group, Maize chlorotic dwarf ribotungrovirus, Maize chlorotic dwarf waikavirus, Ohio corn stunt agent
United States
Widespread in southeastern US. Present in MD, PA, OH
China
2022-04-06 18:25:10
Transmitted by leafhoppers only. Seed is not known to be a pathway.
corn, sorghum, wheat, millets, foxtail, Johnson grasses
No
MCDV00-2,
Established as a host. No evidence that seed is a pathway. Transmitted by leafhoppers only.
MCDV00-2,
Brunt, AA, Crabtree, K., Dallwitz, MJ, Gibbs, AJ, Watson, L. and Zurcher, EJ. (eds.). Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database, Version: 16th 1997. http://bio-mirror.im.ac.cn/mirrors/pvo/vide/refs.htm
Maize streak virus
virus
Sugarcane streak virus, Cereal African streak virus, Maize mottle virus,
Maize streak monogeminivirus
India, Indonesia, Yemen, widespread in Africa
Not known to occur.
Korea
2023-08-21 22:09:26
No evidence that seed is a pathway for this virus. Transmitted by leafhoppers only. Maize streak virus is a quaratine pest in the USA
corn, sugarcane, oat, barley, rye, sorghum, wheat, grasses (Poaceae family)
No
MSV000-1,MSV000-2,MSV000-3,
No evidence that seed is a pathway. Transmission by leafhoppers only.
MSV000-1,MSV000-2,MSV000-3,
Maize Streak Virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Richardson, MJ. 1990. An Anotated List of Seed-Borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association. Zurich, Switzerland
Brunt, AA, Crabtree, K., Dallwitz, MJ, Gibbs, AJ, Watson, L. and Zurcher, EJ. (eds.). Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database, Version: 16th 1997. http://bio-mirror.im.ac.cn/mirrors/pvo/vide/refs.htm
Pleospora herbarum
fungus
Too many to list, most commonly used names include Alternaria putrefaciens, Clasterosporium putrefaciens, Sporidesmium putrefaciens, Stemphyllium botryosum, Stemphylium herbarum.
Worldwide
Widespread
2023-08-21 16:43:10
Primarily a post harvest pathogen
Wide host range
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
Pseudomonas syringae pv. coronafaciens
bacterium
Bacterium coronafaciens, Chlorobacter coronafaciens, Phytomonas coronafaciens, Pseudomonas coronafaciens, Pseudomonas coronafaciens pv. zeae
Worldwide
AK, AR, MN, WI
Korea, Thailand
2021-04-26 20:54:39
oats, rye, barley, wheat, corn, other wild grasses
No
No references found indicating that seed is a pathway. Wheat is a minor host of this pathogen.
Rathayibacter tritici
bacterium
Clavibacter tritici
Asia, Africa, Australia, Cyprus
Not known to occur
Korea
2023-08-21 16:49:38
Bacterium is carried in the Anguina tritici nematode galls. No evidence of the bacterium in seed.
wheat, barley, foxtail
No
RATHTR-1,
Bacterium is carried in the nematode Anguina tritici galls and not directly in or on the seed.
RATHTR-1,
Cleaning and conditioning seed to remove nematode galls.
RATHTR-1,
Removal of the nematode gall prevents spread of this pathogen
Rathayibacter tritici. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. tessellarius
bacterium
Corynebacterium michiganense subsp. tessellarius
USA
IA, NE
Korea
2022-01-25 19:21:52
Very few references for this bacterium found.
wheat
No
CLAVMT-2,CLAVMT-3,CLAVMT-1,
Pathway not proven. Only one reference found (CLAVMT-3) found indicating seed may be a pathway, but no data based on scientific methods were given.
CLAVMT-2,CLAVMT-3,CLAVMT-1,
Selective media were described in CABI, but there was no indication that these media were used in seed health testing.
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Carlson, RR, and Vidaver, AK. 1982. Bacterial mosaic, a new corynebacterial disease of wheat. Plant Disease 66: 76-79
Clavibacter michiganense subsp. tessellarius. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Botryosphaeria zeae
fungus
Macrophoma zeae, Physalospora zeae
South Africa, France, Australia
IL, IN
Korea
2021-10-26 18:24:13
corn, wheat
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway for this pathogen. Wheat is a minor host for this pathogen and only reported in South Africa.
Pseudomonas fuscovaginae
bacterium
Pseudomonas fluorescens biovar II
Most tropical rice production areas in Asia, (Japan, Korea, Philippines, etc.), Central America, South America, Mexico, Australia, Russia, Yugoslavia
Not known to occur
2023-08-21 16:44:38
rice, wheat, other small grains and poaceae grasses
No
No references found indicating wheat seed is a pathway. This pathogen is primarily found on rice in tropical productions, though wheat has been established as a host.
Fusarium redolens
fungus
Fusarium oxysporum var. redolens
China, Japan, Turkey, New Zealand, Czech Republic, Finland
Not known to occur
Korea
2021-04-07 16:27:34
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
An economic pathogen of carnation. Though reported on other vegetable and grain crops, it is not considered an economic pathogen of many hosts or its economic importance is not known. Only hosts with peer reviewed publications are listed below. Other crops often listed in various countries harmful pest lists or inventories without evidence presented.
No
No references found indicating that seed is a pathway.
Cochliobolus spicifer
fungus
Bipolaris spicifera, Brachycladium spiciferum,Curvularia spicifera, Drechslera spicifera,Drechslera tetramera, Helminthosporium spiciferum
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-11-11 19:01:01
Primarily a leaf pathogen of grass. Only reported in sorghum in Kansas (COCHSI-2)
Wide, but primarily causing disease in grasses in nature. If not listed below, the presence of this pathogen on a host seems to be unimportant or a scientific curiosity.
No
COCHSI-3,COCHSI-4,COCHSI-6,
Pathway not proven. Drechslera tetramers, a synonym of Cochliobolus spicifer has been reported form seed samples in the laboratory. No other references were found. Cochliobolus.spicifer is not listed as seedborne in Richardson, (COCHSI-3). Cochliobolus spicifer is not considered an important pathogen of wheat.
COCHSI-3,COCHSI-4,COCHSI-6,
Blotter or Freezing blotter
COCHSI-6,
Methods have not been verified and were used in research only.
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Zillinsky FJ, 1983. Common Diseases of Small Grain Cereals: A Guide to Identification. CIMMYT; International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Mexico City, Mexico.
Fakhrunnisa M.H., Hashimi AND Ghaffar A., 2006. Seed-borne Mycoflora of Wheat, Sorghum and Barley. Pak. J. Bot., 38(1): 185-192
Urocystis agropyri
fungus
Polycystis agropyri (Preuss), Tuburcinia agropyri-campestris, Tuburcinia occulta var. agropyri, Tuburcinia tritici, Turbucinia agropyri, Uredo agropyri, Urocystis occulta, Urocystis agropyri-campestris,Urocystis preussii, Urocystis tritici
Worldwide
Widespread
Brazil
2023-08-21 17:00:57
Usually only associated with seed lots as lose teliospores. A quarantine pest of wheat in the USA.
Wide grass host range. Only economically important in wheat.
Yes
UROCAG-1,UROCAG-4,
Teliospores usually contaminate seed lots. Not commonly internally seed borne, but spores may also found on the seed coat. Quarantine regulations in many countries are being lifted with resistant varieties, seed treatments and cultural control.
AOSA or ISTA Physical Purity
UROCAG-1,UROCAG-4,
Visual examination
UROCAG-3,AOSA/SCST,ISTA,
Physical purity testing using ASOA or ISTA rules should determine if seed lots are contaminated.
Yes, Thiram thiophanate methyl or a combination of tetramethy,l thiuram disulphide and carboxin (Shekhawat et al., 2011) most recent findings. Other seed treatments found were obsolete
UROCAG-1,UROCAG-4,
Flag smut of wheat has ceased to be a problem in the regions where seed treatment with systemics and crop rotationis routine practice for its control.
Urocystis agropyri In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Wiese MV. 1977. Compendium of Wheat Diseases. APS Press, St. Paul MN. pp106
Mathur SB, Kongsdal O, 2003. Common laboratory seed health testing methods for detecting fungi. International Seed Testing Association, Bassendorf, Switzerland: 425 pp.
AOSA Rules for Seed Testing; www.analyzeseeds.com
International Rules for Seed Testing. International Seed Testing Association; www.seedtest.org
Phaeosphaeria avenaria f.sp. avenaria
fungus
Leptosphaeria avenaria, Leptosphaeria avenaria f.sp. avenae, Leptosphaeria avenaria f.sp. avenaria, Phaeosphaeria avenaria, Parastagonospora avenae, Septoria avenae, Septoria avenae f.sp. avenae, Septoria avenaria, Septoria avenaria f. sp. avenae, Stagonospora avenae
Worldwide
Widespread
China
2023-08-21 16:33:44
Parastagonospora avenae is the preferred name in the ARS GRIN.
Primarily oats, wheat, rye and barley to a lessor extent
No
PHSPAV-3,
No references found indicating that seed is a pathway. This pathogen is relatively unimportant in wheat.
PHSPAV-3,
Zillinsky FJ, 1983. Common Diseases of Small Grain Cereals: A Guide to Identification. CIMMYT; International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Mexico City, Mexico.
Bipolaris sacchari
fungus
Drechslera sacchari, Helminthosporium sacchari,Helminthosporium ocellum, Cercospora sacchari,Bipolaris stenospila, Helminthosporium stenospilum,Drechslera stenospila, Bipolaris ocella, Helminthosporium ocellum, Drechslera ocella
Worldwide, especially in tropic and subtropic regions
AL, FL, GA, HI, LA, MD
Korea
2022-10-09 00:36:00
sugarcane, millet
No
DRECSA-4,
Although Giri, et.al., 2001, claim to have isolated Bipolaris sacchari from wheat seed in India, there are no other references indicating that this fungus is a pathogen of wheat in nature or is found on seed. Seeds were from local production and it is unknown whether these seeds were cleaned or conditioned as a seed crop. CABI, 2018, considers this pathogen to be of low economic importance.
DRECSA-4,
Giri GK; Gade RM; Patil CU, 2001. Seed borne Bipolaris sorokiniana in wheat and its chemical control. Journal of Soils and Crops, 11:109-112
Fusarium poae
fungus
Fusarium sporotrichiella, Fusarium sporotrichiella var. poae, Fusarium tricinctum f.sp. poae, Sporotrichum poae, Sporotrichum anthophilum.
Worldwide in temperate regions
Widespread, primarily in northern states
Korea
2022-04-06 18:21:35
One of many Fusarium spp. isolated from grains and grasses in temperate regions of the world.
pea, grains, corn, grasses. Reported on several vegetables under some conditions. Vegetables are not listed below as the fungus is primarily opportunistic and secondary.
No
FUSAPO-3,
Pathway not proven. Though Fusarium poae is one of many species of fusaria reported on this host and if seed is not properly handled, conditioned and stored, conidia may be found on seeds. The fungus is commonly soil borne and there were no references found indicating that seed is an important means of spread.
FUSAPO-3,
Common seed production practices, careful harvest, seed cleaning, conditioning, seed treatment and proper storage should decrease any risk from this pathogen.
Lenc, L.; Czecholiński, G.; Wyczling, D.; Turów, T.; Kazacute˜mierczak, A. 2015. Fusarium head blight (FHB) and Fusarium spp. on grain of spring wheat cultivars grown in Poland.Journal of Plant Protection Research 55:266-277.
Fusarium culmorum
fungus
Fusarium culmorum f. 1, Fusarium culmorum var. leteius, Fusarium culmorum var. majus, Fusarium roseum, Fusarium roseum cv. culmorum, Fusarium roseum f.sp. cerealis cv. culmorum, Fusisporium culmorum
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-11-22 19:13:51
A common soil inhabitant and strong sapropic ability on many crops. Usually causing disease problems on grains and grasses, especially with other pathogenic diseases or in saturated soils. Also produces mycotoxins.
Primarily grains and grasses. Reported on a wide range of hosts, but usually as a probable saprophyte. Only primary hosts listed below.
Yes
FUSACU-1,FUSACU-3,FUSACU-9,
Infection of seed and grain of barley by Fusarium culmorum is well established and accepted. Fusarium culmorum in wheat grain produces mycotoxins.
FUSACU-1,FUSACU-3,FUSACU-9,
Blotter Incubation
FUSACU-5,
Though blotter incubation assays are commonly used for fungal contamination of seed, no references were found indicating this test has been validated or standardized.
Seed Treatments (biological and chemical)
FUSACU-1,
Resistant varieties are available. Seed treatments most effective for planting seed.
Fusarium culmorum In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Roberti, R., Flori, P., Pisi, A., Brunelli, A. and Cesari, A. 2000. Evaluation of biological seed treatment of wheat for the control of seed-borne Fusarium culmorum. J. Plant Dis. Prot. 107: 484–493.
Limonard, T. (1966). A modified blotter test for seed health. Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology, 72, 319–321.
Heterodera avenae
nematode
Bidera avenae, Bidera ustinovi, Heterodera major, Heterodera schachtii,Heterodera schachtii, Heterodera ustinovi
Worldwide
ID, OH, OR, WA
Korea
2021-04-20 19:08:49
Seed is not known to be a pathway for cyst nematodes (eelworms). Active dispersal is limited. Nematodes move through soil water matrix slowly.
grains, grasses, corn
No
HETDMA-1,
Seed is not a pathway for cyst nematodes.
HETDMA-1,
Heterodora avenae In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Rice stripe virus
virus
Rice stripe tenuivirus
Asia, Russia
Not known to occur
Korea
2023-08-21 16:51:41
Transmitted by leafhoppers and plant hoppers. Difficult to transmit mechanically and it is not seed transmitted.
Primarily rice. Reported naturally on wheat, corn and millet
No
RSV00-1,RSV00-2,
Seed is not a pathway for rice stripe virus.. Transmitted in a persistent manner by leafhoppers and plant hoppers. Wheat is not an important host of rice stripe virus.
RSV00-1,RSV00-2,
Rice stripe virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Brunt, AA, Crabtree, K., Dallwitz, MJ, Gibbs, AJ, Watson, L. and Zurcher, EJ. (eds.). Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database, Version: 16th 1997. http://bio-mirror.im.ac.cn/mirrors/pvo/vide/refs.htm
Gibberella avenacea
fungus
Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium avenaceum f.sp. fabae, Fusarium avenaceum subsp. aywerte, Fusarium roseum var. avenaceum
Worldwide, primarily in temperate regions.
Widespread
Thailand
2022-11-22 19:27:52
One of many Fusaria, Gibberella's that may contaminate kernels.
Primarily a grain and clover pathogen with a wide host range.
Yes
GIBBAV-1,GIBBAV-9,GIBBAV-10,
The pathogen is commonly isolated from seed, though seed transmission is unclear. Duben and Fehrmann (1980) demonstrated transmission using artificially inoculated seed. No reports of natural seed transmission were found. Inoculum from field sources is more important in disease development.
GIBBAV-1,GIBBAV-9,GIBBAV-10,
A blotter test has been described for corn (GIBBAV-8, NSHS,USDA). Most research utilized this method.
Seed treatments
GIBBAV-1,
Common seed fungicides have been effective.
Gibberella avenacea In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Duben J; Fehrmann H, 1980. Occurrence and pathogenicity of Fusarium species on winter wheat in the German Federal Republic III. Relation between infection of the haulm base and the ear. Zeitschrift fur Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz, 87:1-12
Duthie JA; Hall R; Asselin AV, 1986. Fusarium species from seed of winter wheat in eastern Canada. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 8:282-288
Pseudomonas syringae pv. lapsa
bacterium
Chlorobacter lapsus, Phytomonas lapsa, Pseudomonas lapsa
Egypt, Nigeria, China, India, Pakistan, Germany
CA
Thailand
2022-12-01 19:48:09
sugarcane, sorghum, corn, wheat
No
PSDMSL-3,
Pathway not proven. Seeds became discolored with infection, however, the research does not indicate that bacteria was recovered or that seed may be a pathway.
PSDMSL-3,
Amanifar, N. 2019. First Report of Pseudomonas syringae pv. lapsa Causing Leaf Streak and Black Chaff of Winter Wheat in Southwest Iran, Plant Disease 104:276
Gibberella zeae
fungus
Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium roseum, Fusarium roseum f.sp. cerealis, Fusarium roseum var. graminearum, Gibbera saubinettii, Gibberella saubinetii, Sphaeria zeae Schwein.
Worldwide
Widespread
Thailand
2022-11-22 19:31:42
One of many Fusariium spp. and Gibberella spp. that may contaminate kernels.
Primarily a cereal grain pathogen with a wide host range.
Yes
GIBBZE-6,GIBBZE-10,
Natural seed transmission has been demonstrated
GIBBZE-6,GIBBZE-10,
Culture plating, Grow out, Blotter paper
GIBBZE-7,
These tests have not been validated or standardized.
Fungicide seed treatments, culture control
GIBBZE-1,GIBBZE-8,GIBBZE-9,
Duthie JA; Hall R, 1987. Transmission of Fusarium graminearum from seed to stems of winter wheat. Plant Pathology, 36:33-37
Nelson, BD. 2015. Fusarium Seed Rot and Fusarium Species Associated with Seed. In, Compendium of Soybean Diseases and Pests, Fifth Edition.eds. Hartman GL, Rupe JC, Sikora EJ, Domier LL, Davis JA and Steffey KL. APS Press, St. Paul MN, USA
Halfon-Meiri A; Kulik MM; Schoen JF, 1979. Studies on Gibberella zeae carried by wheat seeds produced in the mid-Atlantic region of the United States. Seed Science and Technology, 7(3):439-448
Gibberella zeae. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Forcelini CA; Reis EM, 1988. Control of Helminthosporium sativum, Septoria nodorum, Fusarium graminearum and Erysiphe graminis f.sp. tritici by fungicide treatment of wheat seeds. Fitopatologia Brasileira, 13:28-31
Diehl JA; Reis EM, 1983. Effect of wheat seed treatment with fungicides on the control of Fusarium graminearum.. Fitopatologia Brasileira, 8:363-366
Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae
bacterium
Many
Worldwide
Widespread
Thailand, China, Korea
2022-12-01 19:52:31
Seed is known to be a pathway on several crops. Thailand lists this pathogen as prohibited on corn. China lists this pathogen (Pseudomonas oryzicola) as prohibited on rice.
Wide host range. Important vegetable and agronomic crops listed below.
No
PSDMSY-5,PSDMSY-13,PSDMSY-14,PSDMSY-19,
Environmental sources and soil sources with early wet conditions contribute to disease outbreaks. Yield loss due to this pathogen is incomplete. The general role of seed or seed transmission in establishing disease is uncertain (PSDMSY-19)
PSDMSY-5,PSDMSY-13,PSDMSY-14,PSDMSY-19,
Seed wash and agar plating
PSDMSY-19,
Confirmation of pathogen with traditional biological tests and PCR included. This test has not been validated or standardized.
Resistant varieties are known.
Wiese MV. 1991. Bacterial Leaf Blight, In, Compedium of Wheat Diseases, Eds. Wiese, M.V. APS Press, St. Paul, MN
Rashid AQMB, 1995. Detection of seed-borne Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae in wheat. Plant Varieties & Seeds, 8:47-54
Otta JD, 1977. Occurrence and characteristics of isolates of Pseudomonas syringae on winter wheat. Phytopathology, 67:22-26
S. Asaad, D. C. Sands, and S. K. Mohan, 2017. CHAPTER 4: Detection of Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae in Wheat Seeds. In, Detection of Plant-Pathogenic Bacteria in Seed and Other Planting Material, Second Edition Eds. M. Fatmi, R. R. Walcott, and N. W. Schaad. The American Phytopathological Society Press, St. Paul, MN
Barley stripe mosaic virus
virus
Barley stripe mosaic hordeivirus, Barley false stripe virus, Barley mild stripe virus, Barley mosaic virus, Barley yellow stripe, Oat stripe mosaic virus
Worldwide
Widespread
Thailand
2021-09-14 21:21:38
Thailand prohibited pathogen list refers to the pathogen as Barley stripe mosaic hordeivirus. Mechanically transmitted to other grains.
barley, wheat, reported in wild oats and corn.
Yes
BSMV00-3,BSMV00-4,BSMV00-5,
Seed as a pathway has been established and accepted. The disease appears to be of little economic concern and is rarely found in commercial fields of wheat.
BSMV00-3,BSMV00-4,BSMV00-5,
Immunodiffusion
BSMV00-6,
iImmunodiffusion serological assays used to research seed transmission. This method has not been standardized or validated.
Certified seed
BSMV00-4,BSMV00-7,
Plants readily express symptoms and no evidence of latency. Seed certification and crop rotation have been effective.
McNeal FH; Berg MA; Carroll TW, 1976. Barley stripe mosaic virus data from six infected spring wheat cultivars. Plant Disease Reporter, 60:730-733
Wiese, 1977. Barley stripe mosaic, In Compendium of Wheat Diseases. APS Press, St. Paul MN.
Wang Z; Li W; Zhao M; Feng G; Ni S; Qin W; Li G; Xie H, 1981. Studies on the barley stripe mosaic virus. Acta Microbiologica Sinica, 21(4):446-448
La YJ and Park YK, 1979. Serological detection of barley stripe mosaic virus infection in the seeds of barley and wheat cultivars grown in Korea. Korean Journal of Plant Protection, 18:29-33.
Zillinsky, FJ., 1983. Common Diseases of Small Grain Cereals; A Guide to Identification. CIMMYT, Mexico City, MX
Chloris striate mosaic virus
virus
Chloris striate mosaic monogeminivirus, Chloris striate mosaic geminivirus, Chloris striate mosaic intergeminivirus, Wheat (Australian) striate mosaic virus
Australia
Not known to occur
Thailand
2021-04-08 16:24:28
Leafhoppoer transmission only. No evidence that seed is a pathway for this virus.
poaceae grasses, wheat, oat, barley, corn
No
CSMV00-1,
No evidence that seed is a pathway.
CSMV00-1,
Franki and Hatta, 1980. Chloris striate mosaic virus Datasheet 221. Description of Plant Viruses; www.dvpweb.net.
Pyrenophora teres
fungus
Drechslera teres, Helminthosporium hordei, Helminthosporium teres, Pleospora teres, Pyrenophora teres f. sp. teres
Worldwide
AK, ID, ND
Thailand
2021-04-27 15:59:33
barley, wheat, oat, corn, wild grasses
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Wheat is a minor host for this pathogen. Only barley seed is known to be a pathway.
Sclerospora graminicola
fungus
Peronospora graminicola, Peronospora setariae, Protomyces graminicola,Sclerospora graminicola var. setariae--italicae, Ustilago urbani
Africa, Asia, Europe, Canada, Mexico, Fiji, Argentina
Widespread in Southeastern US, not reported in Western US
Thailand
2023-08-21 16:53:44
This is an important disease of pearl millet, especially in the tropic climates. Other hosts seem to be unimportant or incidental.
pearl millet, millet. sugarcane, corn, foxtail millet, duram wheat, sorghum, several wild grasses
No
No references found indicating wheat seed is a pathway. Wheat is not an important host for this pathogen and has only been reported once in Italy (ARS GRIN).
Sclerophthora macrospora
fungus
Phytophthora macrospora, Phytophthora oryzae, Sclerospora macrospora, Sclerospora oryzae, Nozemia macrospora, Sclerospora kriegeriana
Worldwide
AZ, AR, FL, IL, LA, MS, ND, RI, TN, TX
Thailand
2023-08-21 16:53:05
corn, rice, oat, barley, rye, sorghum, sugarcane
Yes
SCPHMA-4,SCPHMA-9,
Seedlings from infected wheat seed became infected under laboratory conditions. However, this disease is economically unimportant (SCPHMA-10).
SCPHMA-4,SCPHMA-9,
A direct visual method is described for corn.
SCPHMA-10,
Seed free from host debris s an important sanitation procedure.
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Bains SS; Jhooty JS, 1985. Seed transmission of Sclerophthora macrospora in wheat. Seed Research, 13(2):154-156
Wiese, MV. 1977. Compendium of Wheat Diseases. APS Press, The American Phytopathological Society.St. Paul, MN
Cochliobolus victoriae
fungus
Bipolaris victoriae, Drechslera victoriae, Helminthosporium victoriae
Zambia, Zimbabwe, India, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Ireland, Scotland, Netherlands, Switzerland, UK, Canada, Australia, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Kenya,
Eastern, Southeastern, Midwest and High plain states
Korea
2021-04-08 16:39:09
Victoria oats. Reported on rice, corn, barley, wheat and several grasses
No
COCHVI-2,
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
COCHVI-2,
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Pyrenophora tritici-repentis
fungus
Drechslera tritici-repentis, Drechslera tritici-vulgaris, Helminthosporium gramineum f.sp. tritici-repentis, Helminthosporium tritici-repentis, Helminthosporium tritici-vulgaris, Pleospora culmorum, Pleospora sarcosystis, Pleospora trichostoma, Pleospora trichostoma f.sp. tritici-repentis, Pyrenophora sarcocystis, Pyrenophora trichostoma, Pyrenophora tritici-vulgaris, Pleospora tritici-repentis
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2021-04-27 16:05:34
wheat, barley, rye, triticale, oat, corn
Yes
PYRNTR-2,PYRNTR-3,PYRNTR-4,PYRNTR-6,
Seed contamination has been shown to affect seed quality and germination in laboratory tests. Transmission of the fungus was demonstrated, but only to cotyledon stage of the plant or was done with artificially inoculated plants. Reduction to seedling vigor has been demonstrated but seed borne inoculum appears insignificant in disease development.
PYRNTR-2,PYRNTR-3,PYRNTR-4,PYRNTR-6,
Blotter test
PYRNTR-1,PYRNTR-4,
This test has not been standardized or validated.
Fungicide seed treatments
PYRNTR-1,
Effectiveness varied with different fungicides and amount of fungicides applied. Resistant varieties are available.
Fernandez MR, DePauw RM, Clarke JM and Lefkovitch LP, 1996. Red smudge in durum wheat reduces seedling vigour. Canadian Journal of Plant Science, 76:321-324
Fernandez MR, Clarke JM, DePauw RM and Lefkovitch LP, 1997. Emergence and growth of durum wheat derived from red smudge-infected seed. Crop Science, 37:510-514;
A. M. C. Schilder AMC, and Bergstrom GC. 1995. ,Seed transmission of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, causal fungus of tan spot of wheat, European Journal of Plant Pathology 101: 81–91
Wiese, MV. 1977. Compendium of Wheat Diseases. APS Press, The American Phytopathological Society.St. Paul, MN
Pyrenophora tritici-repentis. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Cochliobolus hawaiiensis
fungus
Drechslera hawaiiensis, Helminthosporium hawaiiense, Bipolaris hawaiiensis, Curvularia hawaiiensis, Pseudocochliobolus hawaiiensis
Bangladesh, India, Iran, Myanmar, Kenya, Australia, Cuba, Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Egypt, South Africa, Brazil, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka, Denmark, Mexico, Tanzania, Nepal, Oman, Mozambique, Tonga
Fl, MS, HI
Korea
2022-02-08 21:04:32
Seed has not been reported as a pathway
corn, wheat, rice, barley, sorghum, sugarcane, grasses. Occasionally reported on cowpea, fruit trees soybean, pumpkin.
No
COCHHA-3,
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
COCHHA-3,
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Pseudocochliobolus pallescens
fungus
Cochliobolus pallescens, Curvularia leonensis, Curvularia pallescens
Africa, Southeast Asia, Caribbean, South America, Pakistan, Australia, Denmark, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Togo, Canada, Mexico
DC, IA
Korea
2023-08-21 16:44:02
pepper, corn, bean, fava bean, wheat , rice, sorghum, sugarcane, soybean, potato, buckwheat,
No
CURVPA-2,
Pathway not proven. Above reference cites one article that indicates seed may be a pathway. This references could not be verified. There were no other references found indicating seed is a pathway.
CURVPA-2,
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Pythium vexans
fungus
Pythium complectens, Phytopythium vexans, Pythium allantocladon, Pythium ascophallon, Pythium piperinum, Ovatisporangium vexans, Pythium euthyphyphon, Pythium polycladon
Africa, Asia, Europe, Guatemala, Caribbean, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, Chile, South Korea, New Zealand, Canada
HI, OK, CA, NC, MD, VA, DE, PA, NJ, WA, TN, LA, WI, IA
Korea
2023-08-21 16:48:58
Primarily affecting seedlings and roots and is transmitted mainly through infested soil. Seed is not known to be a pathway for any host. Zoospores of this fungus can swim in open water for a short distance. This pathogen has been reported in S. Korea. Korea lists this pathogen as Phytopythium vexans
Wide host range
No
PYTHVE-1,PYTHVE-3,
Seed is not known to be a pathway for any host.
PYTHVE-1,PYTHVE-3,
Exserohilum pedicellatum
fungus
Helminthosporium pedicellatum, Setosphaeria pedicellata, Trichometasphaeria pedicellatum, Bipolaris pedicellata, Drechslera pedicellata
Poland , South Africa, Australia, Egypt, India, Pakistan, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Australia, Iraq, Brazil
CA, HI, IA, MS, NY, OH, TX, MN
Korea
2022-11-22 19:09:26
Korea lists this pathogen as Setosphaeria pedicellata
wheat, corn , barley, rice, oat
No
TRMSPE-1,
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
TRMSPE-1,
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Setosphaeria rostrata
fungus
Exserohilum rostratum, Helminthosporium rostratum, Bipolaris rostrata, Drechslera rostrata, Exserohilum antillanum, Exserohilum gedarefense, Variant spelling Exserohilum gedarefensis, Helminthosporium halodes, Bipolaris halodes, Exserohilum halodes, Drechslera halodes, Helminthosporium halodes var. elaeicola, Helminthosporium halodes var. tritici, Helminthosporium leptochloae, Helminthosporium longirostratum, Exserohilum longirostratum, Exserohilum macginnisii, Setosphaeria prolata, Exserohilum prolatum, Drechslera prolata
Worldwide
Widespread, especially east of the Continental Divide
Korea
2023-08-21 16:54:40
Primarily grasses and grains, reported on other over 200 plant species, including several vegetable crops, but these seem to be experimental curiosity or occasional findings that are not confirmed. Only important grains listed below
No
DRECRO-3,
Pathway not proven. Seed infection has been demonstrated but seed transmission has not been shown to occur.
DRECRO-3,
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Indian peanut clump virus
virus
Indian peanut clump pecluvirus, IPCV
India, Pakistan
Not known to occur
2021-04-20 19:31:38
Primarily affects peanut and cereal grains. Requires the Polymyxa graminis to infect. Seed as a pathway has only been shown in peanut and millet (IPCV00-2)
wheat, corn, rice, barley, sorghum, peanut, millet
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Wheat may be an incidental host because it can be infected by the Polymyxa vector.
Peanut clump virus
virus
Peanut clump furovirus, PCV , Peanut clump pecluvirus
Africa, India, Pakistan
Not known to occur
Korea
2022-05-12 18:57:28
Requires the Polymyxa graminis vector to transmit. Only known to be seed transmitted in Arachis hypogaea (DVP WEB)
Wheat, sorghum, sugarcane, peanut and millet
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Wheat can be a host and can be infected by the Polymyxa graminis vector.
Dilophospora alopecuri
fungus
Dilophospora graminis, Dilophospora holci, Sphaeria alopecuri, Lidophia graminis
Asia, Europe, Oceania
Widespread
Korea
2021-04-13 18:51:01
Fungus is associated with Aguina nematode seed galls, but not associated with seeds. Sporatically found in US states.
barley, wheat, oat, rye
No
RICH ISTA,
This fungus is associated with seed galls formed by Anguina nematodes and not found associated directly with the seed.
RICH ISTA,
Removing nematode seed galls prevents issues with the disease caused by this pathogen.
Richardson, MJ. 1990. An Annotated List of Seedborne Diseases. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich Switzerland.
Pratylenchus fallax
nematode
Turkey, Canada
WI, ND
Korea
2022-06-28 17:59:11
Seed is not known to be a pathway for Pratylenchus spp. Pratylenchus spp. primarily move passively through the soil water matrix.
watermelon, beet, wheat, barley, soybean, rapeseed
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Seed is not known to be a pathway for Pratylenchus spp.
Tilletia tritici
fungus
Tilletia caries, Uredo caries, Uredo sitophila, Caeoma sitophilum, Tilletia sitophila
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2023-08-21 16:56:58
wheat, rye
Yes
TILLCA-2,TILLCA-3,TILLCA-4,
Seed as a pathway is well established and accepted.
TILLCA-2,TILLCA-3,TILLCA-4,
Seed wash
TILLCA-1,TILLCA-5,
This test has not been validated or standardized.
Fungicide seed treatments
TILLCA-1,TILLCA-2,
Resistant varieties and seed treatments has decreased the importance of this disease in wheat and resulted in the complete control of the pathogen in the US and much of the wheat production.
Hoffman JA, 1982. Bunt of wheat. Plant Disease, 66:979-986
Wiese, MV. 1977. Compendium of Wheat Diseases. APS Press, The American Phytopathological Society.St. Paul, MN
Ballinger DJ, Gould GJ, 1989. Occurrence of spores of Tilletia lpvis and T. tritici in wheat deliveries in western Victoria. Australasian Plant Pathology, 18:6-7
Tilletia tritici, In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Neergaard P, 1977. Seed Pathology, Volumes I and II. London, UK: The Macmillan Press
Oculimacula yallundae
fungus
Tapesia yallundae, Tapesia yallundae var. yallundae, Cercosporella herpotrichoides, Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides, Helgardia herpotrichoides, Ramulispora herpotrichoides var. herpotrichoides, Ramulispora herpotrichoides, Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides var. herpotrichoides
Africa, China, Japan, Europe, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Chile
ID, NY, OR, WA, MT, MI
Korea
2021-04-12 18:24:25
Korea lists this pathogen as Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides
wheat, rye, barley, oat
No
PSDCHE-1,
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
PSDCHE-1,
Oculimacula yallundae, In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Drechslera gigantea
fungus
Helminthosporium giganteum
South America, Central America, Caribbean, Mexico Iran, Japan
Eastern and Midwestern states
Korea
2021-04-13 18:04:12
barley, rice, wheat, rye
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
Tilletia walkeri
fungus
Australia, New Zealand, China
GA, OR, TN
Korea
2023-08-21 16:57:59
US State information from ARS GRIN
rygresses, wheat
No
TILLWA-4,
Pathway not proven. Teliospores of T. walker can be associated with seed samples, but seed transmission has not been proven.
TILLWA-4,
Visual examination, Seed wash, Size selective sieving, PCR
TILLWA-1,TILLWA-3,
Visual examination, Seed wash, Size selective sieving and PCR have been described for T. indica and were used by researchers. PCR is used to distinguish T. indica from T. walker
Cunfer, B. M., and Castlebury, L. A. 1999. Tilletia walkeri on annual ryegrass in wheat fields in the southeastern United States. Plant Dis. 83:685-689.
Tilletia walkeri, In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Frederick, R. D., Snyder, K. E., Tooley, P. W., Berthier-Schaad, Y., Peterson, G. L., Bonde, M. R., Schaad. N. W., and Knorr, D. A. 2000. Identification and differentiation of Tilletia indica and T. walkeri using the polymerase chain reaction. Phytopathology 90:951-960.
Meloidogyne naasi
nematode
Libya, Iran, Belgium, Czechia, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Serbia, England, Wales, Canada, New Zealand, Argentina, Chile
CA, IL, KS, KY, MD, MI, NV, NC, OR, SC, UT, WA
Korea
2023-08-21 16:19:50
Seed is not known to be a pathway for Meloidogyne spp. root knot nematodes (MELGNA-2)
barley, wheat, rice, oat, rye, sorghum, grasses
No
MELGNA-2,
Seed is not known to be a pathway for Meloidogyne spp. root knot nematodes
MELGNA-2,
Crop Rotation
MELGNA-3,MELGNA-4,
Lammers, W., Karssen, G., Jellema, P., Baker, R., Hockland, S., Fleming, C. and Turner, S. (2006). Meloidogyne minor Pest Risk Assessment. 08-14648 PPM Point 7.3. Plant Protection Services (NL) and Central Science Laboratory (UK). 52pp. (https://www.eppo.int...)
Allen, MW, Hart WH, and Baghott, K. 1970. Crop rotation controls barley root-knot nematode at Tulelake. Calif. Agr. 24:4-5.
Michell, RE, Malek RB, Taylor DP, and Edwards DI. 1973. Races of the barley root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne naasi. I. Characterization by host preference. J. Nematol. 5:41-44
Phaeoseptoria spp.
fungus
Worldwide
ND, FL
Korea
2023-08-21 16:32:32
Only P. oryzae reported on rice and P. urvillaena reported on wheat are listed below. Primarily a pathogen in tropical climates.
Species of Phaeoseptoria are primarily pathogens of eucalyptus and banana.
No
ARS GRIN,
No references found indicating seed is a pathway for P. urvilleana. Causes minor leaf spots in wheat after prolonged wet periods.
ARS GRIN,
Farr, DF and Rossman AY 2015. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/
Boeremia exigua var. exigua
fungus
Phoma exigua, Phoma exigua var. exigua, many others
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2021-04-01 18:54:01
This pathogen has been reported in Korea under other synonyms. This is an ubiquitous soil fungi affecting many crops. Weak pathogen. Common bean and possible sugarcane only hosts shown where seed may be a pathway. Only important vegetable and grain crops listed below.
Wide host range
No
PHOMHE-2,RICH ISTA,
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. A weak pathogen but widespread in soils throughout the world. Richardson (RICH ISTA) does not list this pathogen as seed borne.
PHOMHE-2,RICH ISTA,
Phaeosphaeria herpotrichoides
fungus
Leptosphaeria herpotrichoides, Trematosphaeria herpotrichoides, Leptosphaeria sparsa
Canada, Finland, Scotland, Italy, Greenland, England, Pakistan, Switzerland, France, USSR, Norway, Austria, Sweden, Germany, Uzbekistan, Poland, Portugal, Australia
OK, VA, CA, IL, ND, WA, MN
Korea
2021-04-13 17:27:15
Information from ARS GRIN. Primarily found in cool climates in the Northern Hemisphere. Primarily overwinters in field debris (LEPTHE-2
wheat, rye, Poaceae grasses
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
Cladosporium cladosporioides
fungus
Cladosporium graminum, Cladosporium herbarumMycosphaerella schoenoprasi, Mycosphaerella tulasnei, Mycosphaerella tassiana, Penicillium cladosporioides,Hormodendrum cladosporioides, Monilia humicola
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-11-11 18:45:32
This pathogen is considered primarily a post harvest pathogen that does not cause disease in most of it's hosts (CLADCL-1). The fungus has been isolated from seed in some hosts, but does not transmit or cause disease in most cases.
Wide host range
No
CLADCL-1,
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. This fungus is primarily a post harvest fungus and field debris may provide survival habitat for the fungus, but wheat is not attacked by the fungus.
CLADCL-1,
Cladosporium cladosporioides. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Phaeosphaeria nodorum
fungus
Leptosphaeria nodorum, Phoma hennebergii, Septoria glumarum, Septoria nodorum, Stagonospora nodorum
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2023-08-21 16:35:57
Korea lists this pathogen as Leptosphaeria spp. This pathogen has been reported in Korea.
wheat, rye, barley
Yes
LEPTNO-3,LEPTNO-4,LEPTNO-8,LEPTNO-9,
Seed as a pathway is well established and accepted. Seed transmission has been established (Shah, et.al., 1995) though the importance of seed borne inoculum in disease development is unclear (CABI, 2020)
LEPTNO-3,LEPTNO-4,LEPTNO-8,LEPTNO-9,
Blotter incubation, Culture plating, Serology
LEPTNO-1,LEPTNO-5,LEPTNO-7,
These tests used in research and have not been standardized or validated.
Fungicide seed treatments
LEPTNO-1,LEPTNO-3,
Seed treatments (carboxin + thiram, guazatine triacetate, maneb, oxine-copper and thiram) have been used.
Bergstrom, GC. 2010. Stagonospora nodorum Blotch and Stagonospora avenae Blotch. In, Compendium of Wheat Diseases and Pests, 3rd. Edition. Bockus WW, Bowden RL, Hunger RM, Morrill WL, Murray TM, and Smiley RW. Eds. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, USA
Cunfer BM, 1978. The incidence of Septoria nodorum in wheat seed. Phytopathology, 68:832-835
Shah DA, Bergstrom GC and Sorrells ME, 2000. Differential seed infection of wheat cultivars by Stagonospora nodorum. Plant Disease, 84:749-752
Shah D, Bergstrom GC and Ueng PP, 1995. Initiation of Septoria nodorum blotch epidemics in winter wheat by seedborne Stagonospora nodorum. Phytopathology, 85(4):452-457
Phaeosphaeria nodorum. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Cunfer BM, 1981. Survival of Septoria nodorum in wheat seed. Transactions of the British Mycological Society, 77:161-164
Lagerberg C, Gripwall E and Wiik L, 1995. Detection and quantification of seed-borne Septoria nodorum in naturally infected grains of wheat with polyclonal ELISA. Seed Science and Technology, 23:609-615
Alternaria alternata
fungus
Alternaria tenuis, Alternaria tenuissima, many others
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-09-13 19:18:44
Korea listed this pathogen as Alternaria spp. A. alternata, A. tenuis and A. tenuissima have all been reported in Korea. A. alternata has often been found on seed in laboratory testing. There is little evidence of seed transmission. This fungus is ubiquitous and often of minor importance in its hosts.
Wide host range
No
ALTEAL-4,ALTEAL-25,
A. alternata is an ubiquitous sporophyte and a weak pathogen of wheat and has been found on wheat grains, in laboratory surveys and it may affect grain quality. However, seed transmission is not known to occur.
ALTEAL-4,ALTEAL-25,
Blotter incubation, Freezing blotter incubation
ALTEAL-25,
These methods has not been standardized or validated.
ALTEAL-1,
Seed treatments affective against A. alternaria have been described for other hosts.
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Fakheunnisa, Hashmi MH and Ghaffer A., 2006 Seed-borne Mycoflora of Wheat, Sorghum and Barley. Pak. J. Bot., 38: 185-192.
Alternaria alternata. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Cochliobolus cynodontis
fungus
Bipolaris cynodontis, Drechslera cynodontis, Helminthsporuim cynodontis
Worldwide,primarily in the tropics of Asia, Africa, Oceania.
Primarily in the SE.
Korea
2022-11-11 18:56:10
All reports of US presence from 1950-60s. CABI, 2019 does not consider the pathogen to be in the US. Pathogen does not cause serious disease or losses on any host. Also, it is often a secondary invader. (Farr and Rossman, 2019; Manamgoda, 2014)
grains, grasses
No
RICH ISTA,
No references found indicating that seed is a pathway. This pathogen is not an important disease of grains. Richardson, 1990 does not list the pathogen as seed borne.
RICH ISTA,
Richardson, MJ. 1990. An Annotated List of Seedborne Diseases. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich Switzerland.
Wheat dwarf virus
virus
Wheat dwarf mosaic virus
Tunisia, Zambia, China, Iran, Syria, Turkey, Europe
Not known to occur
Korea
2022-10-09 00:10:18
Transmitted by leafhoppers. Not seed transmitted.
wheat, barley, rye, Poaceae grasses
No
WDV-1,VIDE PVO,
Not known to be seed transmitted.
WDV-1,VIDE PVO,
Seifers, D. 2021. Wheat Dwarf. n, Compendium of Wheat Diseases and Pests, Third Edition, Eds. W. W. Bockus, R. L. Bowden, R. M. Hunger, W. L. Morrill, T. D. Murray and R. W. Smiley. The American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, MN USA
Brunt, AA, Crabtree, K., Dallwitz, MJ, Gibbs, AJ, Watson, L. and Zurcher, EJ. (eds.). Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database, Version: 16th 1997. http://bio-mirror.im.ac.cn/mirrors/pvo/vide/refs.htm
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