Hordeum vulgare
barley
45 Related Pests
Pseudomonas syringae pv. atrofaciens
bacterium
Bacterium atrofaciens, Phytomonas atrofaciens, Pseudomonas atrofaciens
Canada, Iran, Australia, New Zealand, Eastern Europe, Morocco, South Africa, Zimbabwe
AK, CO, IL, MN, MT, NY, ND, PA, VA,
China, Korea
2021-04-26 20:51:32
Not considered an important disease in the US. Very limited distribution.
Limited to small grains, though reported on tomato. Grasses may harbor the pathogen but no eivdence that this is a pathogen of grasses.
No
PSDMAT-2,
Pathway not proven. Seed as a pathway is commonly accepted in barley, though no literature confirming seed transmission was found
PSDMAT-2,
Boewe; 1960. Diseases of Wheat, Oat, Barely and Rye. Illinois Natural History Survey 48.
Candidatus phytoplasma asteris
phytoplasma
Worldwide
Widespread
2021-11-15 19:27:42
AY phytoplasmas are not seed transmissable and seed is not a pathway in any host.
Wide host range, primarily herbaceous dicots, though strains infect monocots and woody ornamentals
No
PHY01-1,PHY01-2
Seed is not a pathway for AY phytoplasmas
PHY01-1,PHY01-2
Globisporangium splendens
fungus
Pythium splendens
Worldwide
Widespread
China, Mexico
2022-03-17 16:44:13
Primarily spread through propagative material. Primarily soil borne in nature. Seed is not known to be a pathway for any host.
Wide host rainge, primarily flowers and ornamentals
No
PYTHSL-1,PYTHSL-2,
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
PYTHSL-1,PYTHSL-2,
Tilletia controversa
fungus
Tilletia brevifaciens, Tilletia tritici-anifican
Worldwide
CA, CO, ID, IN, KS, MI, MT, NY, OR, UT, WA, WY.
China
2022-09-13 18:48:54
Grass seed may carry this pathogens spores, but no references were found to support grass seed as a host. Primarily found where snow cover is persistent in the winter.
Primarily winter wheat. rye, barley, spelt, wheatgrass and perennial grasses of the Poacease family may also be hosts
No
TILLCO-4,
Pathway not proven. No evidence that seed is a pathway in barley. Association with seed inferred due to seed as a pathway for wheat.
TILLCO-4,
Dewey WG, Hoffmann JA, 1975. Susceptibility of barley to Tilletia controversa. Phytopathology, 65:654-657
Wheat streak mosaic virus
virus
Wheat streak mosaic potyvirus
Worldwide
Widespread in wheat regions
China, Korea, Chile
2023-08-25 20:34:14
The wheat curl mite (Aceria tosichella,K.), is the only known vector for Wheat streak mosaic virus. When symptoms are present, confirm the causal agent with laboratory diagnoses. Symptoms of this disease may be similar to other viral diseases or inconspicuous under unfavorable climatic conditions or plant physiological stress, requiring thorough laboratory analysis. Latency resulting in asymptotic plants, though documented (WSMV00-4), is not common. Expression may vary with climatic conditions, plant genetics, physiological stress, and plant pathogen strain. Literature showing that random sampling of apparently healthy plants to detect latent populations of this pathogen has not been found.
Primarily a virus of wheat. Other grasses and grains, such as oats, rye, barley, and millet may act as reservoirs for the virus. Not common in maize, though it has been reported in some cultivars.
No
This crop may act as reservoirs for the mite vector and virus. No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
High plains virus
virus
Wheat mosaic virus, Wheat high plains virus, Maize seed stripe virus, High plains wheat mosaic emaravirus
Argentina, Australia, Canada (AB), Chile, Iran, Ukraine,
Pacific Northwest, Midwest, FL
Chile, Korea
2023-08-29 19:17:54
Mite transmitted virus
oats, barley, wheat, rye, corn
No
WHPV00-7,
No evidence that seed is a pathway in this host. Only corn seed is known to be a pathway.
WHPV00-7,
Seifers, D.L., 2010. High Plains Disease. In, Compendium of Wheat Diseases and Pests, Third Edition, Eds. W. W. Bockus, R. L. Bowden, R. M. Hunger, W. L. Morrill, T. D. Murray and R. W. Smiley. The American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, MN USA
Maize streak virus
virus
Sugarcane streak virus, Cereal African streak virus, Maize mottle virus,
Maize streak monogeminivirus
India, Indonesia, Yemen, widespread in Africa
Not known to occur.
Korea
2023-08-21 22:09:26
No evidence that seed is a pathway for this virus. Transmitted by leafhoppers only. Maize streak virus is a quaratine pest in the USA
corn, sugarcane, oat, barley, rye, sorghum, wheat, grasses (Poaceae family)
No
MSV000-1,MSV000-2,MSV000-3,
No evidence that seed is a pathway. Transmission by leafhoppers only.
MSV000-1,MSV000-2,MSV000-3,
Maize Streak Virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Richardson, MJ. 1990. An Anotated List of Seed-Borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association. Zurich, Switzerland
Brunt, AA, Crabtree, K., Dallwitz, MJ, Gibbs, AJ, Watson, L. and Zurcher, EJ. (eds.). Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database, Version: 16th 1997. http://bio-mirror.im.ac.cn/mirrors/pvo/vide/refs.htm
Pleospora herbarum
fungus
Too many to list, most commonly used names include Alternaria putrefaciens, Clasterosporium putrefaciens, Sporidesmium putrefaciens, Stemphyllium botryosum, Stemphylium herbarum.
Worldwide
Widespread
2023-08-21 16:43:10
Primarily a post harvest pathogen
Wide host range
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway
Pseudomonas syringae pv. coronafaciens
bacterium
Bacterium coronafaciens, Chlorobacter coronafaciens, Phytomonas coronafaciens, Pseudomonas coronafaciens, Pseudomonas coronafaciens pv. zeae
Worldwide
AK, AR, MN, WI
Korea, Thailand
2021-04-26 20:54:39
oats, rye, barley, wheat, corn, other wild grasses
No
No references found indicating that seed is a pathway. Barley is a minor host of this pathogen.
Rathayibacter tritici
bacterium
Clavibacter tritici
Asia, Africa, Australia, Cyprus
Not known to occur
Korea
2023-08-21 16:49:38
Bacterium is carried in the Anguina tritici nematode galls. No evidence of the bacterium in seed.
wheat, barley, foxtail
No
RATHTR-1,
Bacterium is carried in the nematode Anguina tritici galls and not directly in or on the seed.
RATHTR-1,
Cleaning and conditioning seed to remove nematode galls.
RATHTR-1,
Removal of the nematode gall prevents spread of this pathogen
Rathayibacter tritici. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Cochliobolus spicifer
fungus
Bipolaris spicifera, Brachycladium spiciferum,Curvularia spicifera, Drechslera spicifera,Drechslera tetramera, Helminthosporium spiciferum
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-11-11 19:01:01
Primarily a leaf pathogen of grass. Only reported in sorghum in Kansas (COCHSI-2)
Wide, but primarily causing disease in grasses in nature. If not listed below, the presence of this pathogen on a host seems to be unimportant or a scientific curiosity.
No
COCHSI-1,COCHSI-3,COCHSI-6,
Pathway not proven. Drechslera tetramers, a synonym of Cochliobolus spicifer has been reported form seed samples in the laboratory. No other references were found. Not listed as a host in Richardson, 1990, This pathogen is not important in grain production.
COCHSI-1,COCHSI-3,COCHSI-6,
Blotter or Freezing blotter
COCHSI-6,
These methods have not been standardized or validated.
Cochliobolus spicifer In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Fakhrunnisa M.H., Hashimi AND Ghaffar A., 2006. Seed-borne Mycoflora of Wheat, Sorghum and Barley. Pak. J. Bot., 38(1): 185-192
Ascochyta sorghi
fungus
Ascochyta sorghina, Mycosphaerella ceres, Mycosphaerella exitialis, Sphaerella ceres, Sphaerella exitialis
Worldwide
AL, FL, LA, MS, NC, OK, SC
Sudan
2021-03-29 19:49:42
sorghum, barley, johnson grass, sudan grass.
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Rarely reported on barley and it is not considered an important host of the fungus in nature.
Phaeosphaeria avenaria f.sp. avenaria
fungus
Leptosphaeria avenaria, Leptosphaeria avenaria f.sp. avenae, Leptosphaeria avenaria f.sp. avenaria, Phaeosphaeria avenaria, Parastagonospora avenae, Septoria avenae, Septoria avenae f.sp. avenae, Septoria avenaria, Septoria avenaria f. sp. avenae, Stagonospora avenae
Worldwide
Widespread
China
2023-08-21 16:33:44
Parastagonospora avenae is the preferred name in the ARS GRIN.
Primarily oats, wheat, rye and barley to a lessor extent
No
PHSPAV-3,
No references found indicating that seed is a pathway. This pathogen is relatively unimportant in barley.
PHSPAV-3,
Zillinsky FJ, 1983. Common Diseases of Small Grain Cereals: A Guide to Identification. CIMMYT; International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Mexico City, Mexico.
Fusarium poae
fungus
Fusarium sporotrichiella, Fusarium sporotrichiella var. poae, Fusarium tricinctum f.sp. poae, Sporotrichum poae, Sporotrichum anthophilum.
Worldwide in temperate regions
Widespread, primarily in northern states
Korea
2022-04-06 18:21:35
One of many Fusarium spp. isolated from grains and grasses in temperate regions of the world.
pea, grains, corn, grasses. Reported on several vegetables under some conditions. Vegetables are not listed below as the fungus is primarily opportunistic and secondary.
No
FUSAPO-11,FUSAPO-12,FUSAPO-17,
Pathway not proven. Though Fusaroi, poae is one of many species of fusaria reported on this host and if seed is not properly handled, conditioned and stored, conidia may be found on seeds. The fungus is commonly soil borne and there were no references found indicating that seed is an important means of spread.
FUSAPO-11,FUSAPO-12,FUSAPO-17,
Common seed production practices, careful harvest, seed cleaning, conditioning, seed treatment and proper storage should decrease any risk from this pathogen.
Stenglein SA, Dinolfo, MI, Barros, G., Bongiorno, F., Chulze, S. N., and Moreno, M. V. 2014. Fusarium poae pathogenicity and mycotoxin accumulation on selected wheat and barley genotypes at a single location in Argentina. Plant Dis. 98:1733-1738.
Barreto, D., Carmona, M., Ferrazini, M., Zanelli, M., and Perez, B. 2004. Occurrence and pathogenicity of Fusarium poae in barley in Argentina. Cereal Res. Commun. 32:53-60.
Perkowski, J., Kiecana, I., and Chelkowski, J. 1995. Susceptibility of barley cultivars and lines to Fusarium infection and mycotoxin accumulation in kernels. J. Phytopathol. 143:547-551.
Cochliobolus cynodontis
fungus
Bipolaris cynodontis, Drechslera cynodontis, Helminthsporuim cynodontis
Worldwide,primarily in the tropics of Asia, Africa, Oceania.
Primarily in the SE.
Korea
2022-11-11 18:56:10
All reports of US presence from 1950-60s. CABI, 2019 does not consider the pathogen to be in the US. Pathogen does not cause serious disease or losses on any host. Also, it is often a secondary invader. (Farr and Rossman, 2019; Manamgoda, 2014)
grains, grasses
No
RICH ISTA,
No references found indicating that seed is a pathway. This pathogen is not an important disease of grains. Richardson, 1990 does not list the pathogen as seed borne.
RICH ISTA,
Richardson, MJ. 1990. An Annotated List of Seedborne Diseases. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich Switzerland.
Heterodera zeae
nematode
Primarily Asia, also reported in Egypt, Portugal, Greece
MD, VA, PA
Korea
2021-04-20 19:15:03
Cyst nematodes are root pathogens, Cyst nematode primarily move through flooding water and drainage. Movement of infected material and soil also important. Seed is not known to be a pathway.
Primarily corn, but reported on grains and grasses
No
HETDZE-1,
Seed is not known to be a pathway. Barley is a minor host of this nematode.
HETDZE-1,
Heterodora zeae In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Fusarium culmorum
fungus
Fusarium culmorum f. 1, Fusarium culmorum var. leteius, Fusarium culmorum var. majus, Fusarium roseum, Fusarium roseum cv. culmorum, Fusarium roseum f.sp. cerealis cv. culmorum, Fusisporium culmorum
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-11-22 19:13:51
A common soil inhabitant and strong sapropic ability on many crops. Usually causing disease problems on grains and grasses, especially with other pathogenic diseases or in saturated soils. Also produces mycotoxins.
Primarily grains and grasses. Reported on a wide range of hosts, but usually as a probable saprophyte. Only primary hosts listed below.
Yes
FUSACU-1,FUSACU-2,FUSACU-7,
Infection of seed grain of barley by Fusarium culmorum is well established and accepted. Fusarium culmorum in barley grain produces mycotoxins.
FUSACU-1,FUSACU-2,FUSACU-7,
Blotter incubation
FUSACU-5,
Though blotter incubation assays are commonly used for fungal contamination of seed, no references were found indicating this test has been validated or standardized.
Seed Treatments (biological and chemical)
FUSACU-1,
Resistant varieties are available. Seed treatments most effective for planting seed.
Fusarium culmorum In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Farr, D.F. and Rossman, A.Y. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. 2019, http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/
Oliveria P, Mauch A, Jacob F, and Ardendt AK. 2012. Impact of Fusarium Culmorum-Infected Barley Malt Grains on Brewing and Beer Quality. Journal of the American Society of Brewing Chemists 70:186-194
Limonard, T. (1966). A modified blotter test for seed health. Netherlands Journal of Plant Pathology, 72, 319–321.
Heterodera avenae
nematode
Bidera avenae, Bidera ustinovi, Heterodera major, Heterodera schachtii,Heterodera schachtii, Heterodera ustinovi
Worldwide
ID, OH, OR, WA
Korea
2021-04-20 19:08:49
Seed is not known to be a pathway for cyst nematodes (eelworms). Active dispersal is limited. Nematodes move through soil water matrix slowly.
grains, grasses, corn
No
HETDMA-1,
Seed is not a pathway for cyst nematodes.
HETDMA-1,
Heterodora avenae In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Curvularia tsudae
fungus
Cochliobolus australiensis, Pseudocochliobolus australiensis
Asia, Africa, Australia
Not known to occur
Korea
2021-04-13 17:57:45
Often confused with Curvularia australiensis, another leaf blight of grass that occurs in Asia, Africa and Australia. Also not known to occur in the US (ARS GRIN)
poaceae grasses, barley, rice, corn
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Primarily a pathogen of living leaf tissue.
Blotter incubation has been used for Curvularia australiensis testing
Dithane or metalaxyl + mancozeb are both effective fungicides at suppressing Curvularia australiensis on wheat seed
Barley stripe mosaic virus
virus
Barley stripe mosaic hordeivirus, Barley false stripe virus, Barley mild stripe virus, Barley mosaic virus, Barley yellow stripe, Oat stripe mosaic virus
Worldwide
Widespread
Thailand
2021-09-14 21:21:38
Thailand prohibited pathogen list refers to the pathogen as Barley stripe mosaic hordeivirus. Mechanically transmitted to other grains.
barley, wheat, reported in wild oats and corn.
Yes
BSMV00-8,BSMV00-9,BSMV00-10,BSMV00-11,
Seed as a pathway is well established and accepted.
ELISA is recommended by OEPP, EPPO.
BSMV00-8,BSMV00-9,BSMV00-10,BSMV00-11,
ELISA
BSMV00-1,BSMV00-12,
Grow out, immunodiffusion, other serological tests, electron microscopy were described. ELISA techniques, however are sensitive and suited for clinical laboratories.
Timian RG, 1967. Barley stripe mosaic virus seed transmission and barley yield as influenced by time of infection. Phytopathology, 57:1375-1377.
Singh GP; Arny DC; Pound GS, 1960. Studies on the stripe mosaic of barley, including effects of temperature and age of host on disease development and seed infection. Phytopathology, 50:290-296.
McKinney. 1951. A seed–borne virus causing false-stripe symptom’s in barley, Plant. Dis. Reptr 35: 48.
Carroll TW; Mayhew DE, 1976. Anther and pollen infection in relation to the pollen and seed transmissibility of two strains of barley stripe mosaic virus in barley. Canadian Journal of Botany, 54:1604-1621
Barley stripe mosaic virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Bulletin-OEPP, 1998 Phytosanitary Procedure; Barley stripe mosaic hordevirus. Inpection and Test Methods for Barley Seeds Eurpoean and Mediterranean Plant Protection Orgainzation.
Chloris striate mosaic virus
virus
Chloris striate mosaic monogeminivirus, Chloris striate mosaic geminivirus, Chloris striate mosaic intergeminivirus, Wheat (Australian) striate mosaic virus
Australia
Not known to occur
Thailand
2021-04-08 16:24:28
Leafhoppoer transmission only. No evidence that seed is a pathway for this virus.
poaceae grasses, wheat, oat, barley, corn
No
CSMV00-1,
No evidence that seed is a pathway.
CSMV00-1,
Franki and Hatta, 1980. Chloris striate mosaic virus Datasheet 221. Description of Plant Viruses; www.dvpweb.net.
Pyrenophora teres
fungus
Drechslera teres, Helminthosporium hordei, Helminthosporium teres, Pleospora teres, Pyrenophora teres f. sp. teres
Worldwide
AK, ID, ND
Thailand
2021-04-27 15:59:33
barley, wheat, oat, corn, wild grasses
Yes
PYRNTE-2,PYRNTE-5,PYRNTE-6,PYRNTE-4,
Seed as a pathway is well documented and accepted.
ISTA Blotter method
PYRNTE-2,PYRNTE-5,PYRNTE-6,PYRNTE-4,
Blotter assay, PCR
PYRNTE-3,PYRNTE-7,
Though PCR has been described, ISTA Blotter method 7-027 is validated.
Fungicide seed treatments
PYRNTE-1,
Fungicide seed treatments is the most effective form of control.
Matthews D and Hampton JG, 1977. A survey of New Zealand certified barley seed for the presence of pathogenic Drechslera species. New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 5:331-33
Jordan VWL, 1981. Aetiology of barley net blotch caused by Pyrenophora teres and some effects on yield. Plant Pathology, 30:77-8
Zillinsky FJ, 1983. Common Diseases of Small Grain Cereals: A Guide to Identification. CIMMYT; International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Mexico City, Mexico.
J. G. Hampton (1980) The role of seed-borne inoculum in the epidemiology of net blotch of barley in New Zealand, New Zealand Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 8:3-4, 297-29
Hampton JG; Matthews D, 1980. The evaluation of seed-borne Drechslera teres in barley - a note on methodology. Seed Science and Technology, 8:371-376
Bates JA; Taylor EJA, 2001. Scorpion ARMS primers for SNP real-time PCR detection and quantification of Pyrenophora teres. Molecular Plant Pathology, 2:275-280 (Abstract only
Pyrenophora teres. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Pyricularia setariae
fungus
Pyricularia grisea f. sp. eleusines
Tanzania, Uganda, China, India, Japan, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, Canada, Taiwan, South Africa
Not known to occur
Thailand
2021-04-27 16:08:52
Primarily a pathogen of millets. Some reports of seed infection by this pathogen in millets. Seed transmission is not known to occur (PYRISE-2) No reports of seed being a pathway for corn or small grains.
finger millet, foxtail millet, pearl millet. Reported on oat, barley, corn
No
No references found indicating barley seed is a pathway for this pathogen. Barley is a minor host of the pathogen.
Cochliobolus victoriae
fungus
Bipolaris victoriae, Drechslera victoriae, Helminthosporium victoriae
Zambia, Zimbabwe, India, Malaysia, Saudi Arabia, Ireland, Scotland, Netherlands, Switzerland, UK, Canada, Australia, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Kenya,
Eastern, Southeastern, Midwest and High plain states
Korea
2021-04-08 16:39:09
Victoria oats. Reported on rice, corn, barley, wheat and several grasses
No
COCHVI-2,
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
COCHVI-2,
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Pyrenophora tritici-repentis
fungus
Drechslera tritici-repentis, Drechslera tritici-vulgaris, Helminthosporium gramineum f.sp. tritici-repentis, Helminthosporium tritici-repentis, Helminthosporium tritici-vulgaris, Pleospora culmorum, Pleospora sarcosystis, Pleospora trichostoma, Pleospora trichostoma f.sp. tritici-repentis, Pyrenophora sarcocystis, Pyrenophora trichostoma, Pyrenophora tritici-vulgaris, Pleospora tritici-repentis
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2021-04-27 16:05:34
wheat, barley, rye, triticale, oat, corn
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Very few reports of barley being a host of this pathogen and is likely a minor host.
Sclerophthora macrospora
fungus
Phytophthora macrospora, Phytophthora oryzae, Sclerospora macrospora, Sclerospora oryzae, Nozemia macrospora, Sclerospora kriegeriana
Worldwide
AZ, AR, FL, IL, LA, MS, ND, RI, TN, TX
Thailand
2023-08-21 16:53:05
corn, rice, oat, barley, rye, sorghum, sugarcane
No
SCPHMA-4,
No references found indicating that seed is a pathway.
SCPHMA-4,
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Exserohilum pedicellatum
fungus
Helminthosporium pedicellatum, Setosphaeria pedicellata, Trichometasphaeria pedicellatum, Bipolaris pedicellata, Drechslera pedicellata
Poland , South Africa, Australia, Egypt, India, Pakistan, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Australia, Iraq, Brazil
CA, HI, IA, MS, NY, OH, TX, MN
Korea
2022-11-22 19:09:26
Korea lists this pathogen as Setosphaeria pedicellata
wheat, corn , barley, rice, oat
No
TRMSPE-1,
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
TRMSPE-1,
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Phytophthora erythroseptica var. erythroseptica
fungus
Phytophthora himalayensis, Phytophthora erythroseptica
Worldwide, especially where potatoes are grown
Widespread in potato growing regions
China
2023-08-21 16:40:32
This pathogen has not been repoted in China. True seed is not known to be a pathway.
This is an important pathogen of potato. Affects a few other important crops, but not known to be a serious pathogen of other crops. Most crops not known to be a host in nature.
No
PHYTER-3,PHYTER-4,PHYTER-1,
Not a host. Barley as a host has only been established under artificial inoculation, infection in nature not reported. True seed is not known to be a pathway.
PHYTER-3,PHYTER-4,PHYTER-1,
Whelan J, Loughnane JB, 1969. Non-solanaceous hosts of Phytophthora erythroseptica. Sci. Proc. R. Dublin Soc. Ser. B, 171-177
Erwin DC, Ribeiro OK, 1996. Phytophthora Diseases Worldwide. St Paul, Minnesota, USA: American Phytopathological Society Press
Phytophthora erythroseptica var. erythroseptica In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Cochliobolus hawaiiensis
fungus
Drechslera hawaiiensis, Helminthosporium hawaiiense, Bipolaris hawaiiensis, Curvularia hawaiiensis, Pseudocochliobolus hawaiiensis
Bangladesh, India, Iran, Myanmar, Kenya, Australia, Cuba, Pakistan, Zimbabwe, Egypt, South Africa, Brazil, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Sri Lanka, Denmark, Mexico, Tanzania, Nepal, Oman, Mozambique, Tonga
Fl, MS, HI
Korea
2022-02-08 21:04:32
Seed has not been reported as a pathway
corn, wheat, rice, barley, sorghum, sugarcane, grasses. Occasionally reported on cowpea, fruit trees soybean, pumpkin.
No
COCHHA-3,
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
COCHHA-3,
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Indian peanut clump virus
virus
Indian peanut clump pecluvirus, IPCV
India, Pakistan
Not known to occur
2021-04-20 19:31:38
Primarily affects peanut and cereal grains. Requires the Polymyxa graminis to infect. Seed as a pathway has only been shown in peanut and millet (IPCV00-2)
wheat, corn, rice, barley, sorghum, peanut, millet
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Barley may be an incidental host because it can be infected by the Polymyxa vector.
Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae
bacterium
Many
Worldwide
Widespread
Thailand, China, Korea
2022-12-01 19:52:31
Seed is known to be a pathway on several crops. Thailand lists this pathogen as prohibited on corn. China lists this pathogen (Pseudomonas oryzicola) as prohibited on rice.
Wide host range. Important vegetable and agronomic crops listed below.
No
PSDMSY-15,PSDMSY-18,
Pathway not proven. Though the pathogen has been found on grain, no evidence of seed transmission was provided. The pathogen was found not to penetrate the seed coat..
PSDMSY-15,PSDMSY-18,
Direct plating
PSDMSY-15,
This test was used for research purposes and has not been validated or standardized.
Mori, M., Sogou, K., and Inoue, Y., 2019. Development of a selective medium and antisera for Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae from seeds of barley and wheat. Journal of General Plant Pathology, 85: 211-220.
Peters, RA and Timian, RG. 1981. A bacterial kernel blight caused by Pseudomonas syringae pv syringae. Phytopathology 81:1117 (abstr.)
Dilophospora alopecuri
fungus
Dilophospora graminis, Dilophospora holci, Sphaeria alopecuri, Lidophia graminis
Asia, Europe, Oceania
Widespread
Korea
2021-04-13 18:51:01
Fungus is associated with Aguina nematode seed galls, but not associated with seeds. Sporatically found in US states.
barley, wheat, oat, rye
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. In other grains, this fungus is associated with seed galls formed by Aguina nematodes and not found associated directly with the seed.
Removing nematode seed galls prevents issues with the disease caused by this pathogen.
Gibberella avenacea
fungus
Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium avenaceum f.sp. fabae, Fusarium avenaceum subsp. aywerte, Fusarium roseum var. avenaceum
Worldwide, primarily in temperate regions.
Widespread
Thailand
2022-11-22 19:27:52
One of many Fusaria, Gibberella's that may contaminate kernels.
Primarily a grain and clover pathogen with a wide host range.
Yes
GIBBAV-1,GIBBAV-4,GIBBAV-13,
The pathogen is commonly isolated from seed, though seed transmission is unclear. Inoculum from field sources is more important in disease development.
GIBBAV-1,GIBBAV-4,GIBBAV-13,
A blotter test has been described for corn ( NSHS USDA). Most research utilized this method.
Fungicides
GIBBAV-1,
Common seed fungicides have been effective.
Gibberella avenacea In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Hacking A., Rosser, W., & Dervish, M. 1976. Zearalenone‐producing species of Fusarium on barley seed. Annals of Applied Biology, 84:7-11.
Pratylenchus fallax
nematode
Turkey, Canada
WI, ND
Korea
2022-06-28 17:59:11
Seed is not known to be a pathway for Pratylenchus spp. Pratylenchus spp. primarily move passively through the soil water matrix.
watermelon, beet, wheat, barley, soybean, rapeseed
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Seed is not known to be a pathway for Pratylenchus spp.
Gibberella zeae
fungus
Fusarium graminearum Schwabe, Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium roseum, Fusarium roseum f.sp. cerealis, Fusarium roseum var. graminearum, Gibbera saubinettii, Gibberella saubinetii, Sphaeria zeae Schwein.
Worldwide
Widespread
Thailand
2022-11-22 19:31:42
One of many Fusariium spp. and Gibberella spp. that may contaminate kernels.
Primarily a cereal grain pathogen with a wide host range.
No
GIBBZE-14,GIBBZE-15,GIBBZE-17,
Pathway not proven. Grain can be infected by this pathogen and recovered from samples. However, no evidence of seed transmission was shown in any reference found.
GIBBZE-14,GIBBZE-15,GIBBZE-17,
Fungicide seed treatments,
GIBBZE-1,GIBBZE-14,
Fungicide seed treatments did not result in improved germination or less seedling blight. Fungicide seed treatments have also been described for corn and wheat.
Mihuta-Grimm L, and Forster RL, 1989. Scab of wheat and barley in southern Idaho and evaluation of seed treatments for eradication of Fusarium spp. Plant Disease, 73:769-771
Clear RM, Patrick SK, Platford RG and Desjardins M. 1996. Occurrence and distribution of Fusarium species in barley and oat seed from Manitoba in 1993 and 1994. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 18:409-414
Richardson, MJ. 1970. Gibberella zeae on Oats in Scotland, 1967–1969. Plant Pathology 19:104-106
Gibberella zeae. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Oculimacula yallundae
fungus
Tapesia yallundae, Tapesia yallundae var. yallundae, Cercosporella herpotrichoides, Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides, Helgardia herpotrichoides, Ramulispora herpotrichoides var. herpotrichoides, Ramulispora herpotrichoides, Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides var. herpotrichoides
Africa, China, Japan, Europe, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Chile
ID, NY, OR, WA, MT, MI
Korea
2021-04-12 18:24:25
Korea lists this pathogen as Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides
wheat, rye, barley, oat
No
PSDCHE-1,
Seed is not known to be a pathway.
PSDCHE-1,
Oculimacula yallundae, In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Drechslera gigantea
fungus
Helminthosporium giganteum
South America, Central America, Caribbean, Mexico Iran, Japan
Eastern and Midwestern states
Korea
2021-04-13 18:04:12
barley, rice, wheat, rye
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
Septoria passerinii
fungus
Zymoseptoria passerinii, Septoria murina,
Canada, Europe, China, Southern Africa, Iran, Russia
Widespread
2021-04-27 17:22:23
Pathogen and distribution information from ARS GRIN. Re-emerging disease of the Northern US plain states
barley
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. RICH ISTA cites an unpublished paper, but no further information presented. Most literature describe field debris as the primary inoculum.
Resistance varietiesÂ
SEPTPS-2,
Resistant varieties are known
Toubia-Rahme H. and Steffenson, BJ. 2004. Sources of resistance to septoria speckled leaf blotch caused by Septoria passerinii in barley. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 26: 358-364
Meloidogyne naasi
nematode
Libya, Iran, Belgium, Czechia, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Serbia, England, Wales, Canada, New Zealand, Argentina, Chile
CA, IL, KS, KY, MD, MI, NV, NC, OR, SC, UT, WA
Korea
2023-08-21 16:19:50
Seed is not known to be a pathway for Meloidogyne spp. root knot nematodes (MELGNA-2)
barley, wheat, rice, oat, rye, sorghum, grasses
No
MELGNA-2,
Seed is not known to be a pathway for Meloidogyne spp. root knot nematodes
MELGNA-2,
Crop Rotation
MELGNA-3,MELGNA-4,
Lammers, W., Karssen, G., Jellema, P., Baker, R., Hockland, S., Fleming, C. and Turner, S. (2006). Meloidogyne minor Pest Risk Assessment. 08-14648 PPM Point 7.3. Plant Protection Services (NL) and Central Science Laboratory (UK). 52pp. (https://www.eppo.int...)
Allen, MW, Hart WH, and Baghott, K. 1970. Crop rotation controls barley root-knot nematode at Tulelake. Calif. Agr. 24:4-5.
Michell, RE, Malek RB, Taylor DP, and Edwards DI. 1973. Races of the barley root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne naasi. I. Characterization by host preference. J. Nematol. 5:41-44
Boeremia exigua var. exigua
fungus
Phoma exigua, Phoma exigua var. exigua, many others
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2021-04-01 18:54:01
This pathogen has been reported in Korea under other synonyms. This is an ubiquitous soil fungi affecting many crops. Weak pathogen. Common bean and possible sugarcane only hosts shown where seed may be a pathway. Only important vegetable and grain crops listed below.
Wide host range
No
PHOMHE-2,RICH ISTA,
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. A weak pathogen but widespread in soils throughout the world. Richardson (RICH ISTA) does not list this pathogen as seed borne.
PHOMHE-2,RICH ISTA,
Phaeosphaeria nodorum
fungus
Leptosphaeria nodorum, Phoma hennebergii, Septoria glumarum, Septoria nodorum, Stagonospora nodorum
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2023-08-21 16:35:57
Korea lists this pathogen as Leptosphaeria spp. This pathogen has been reported in Korea.
wheat, rye, barley
Yes
LEPTNO-6,LEPTNO-10,LEPTNO-1,
Seed as a pathway has been established. The importance of seed inoculum in disease development is not clear
LEPTNO-6,LEPTNO-10,LEPTNO-1,
Culture plating
LEPTNO-10,
This method had not been standardized or validated. Blotter assays and ELISA assays have been described for wheat seed/
Fungicide seed treatments
LEPTNO-1,LEPTNO-3,
Seed treatments (carboxin + thiram, guazatine triacetate, maneb, oxine-copper and thiram) have been used for wheat seed and may be effective on barley seed.
Cunfer BM and Youmans J, 1983. Septoria nodorum on barley and relationships among isolates from several hosts. Phytopathology, 73:911-914
Cunfer, BM and Manandhar, JB. 1992. Use of selective mediay for isolation of Stagonospora nodorum from barley seed. Phytopathgology 82:788-791
Phaeosphaeria nodorum. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Bergstrom, GC. 2010. Stagonospora nodorum Blotch and Stagonospora avenae Blotch. In, Compendium of Wheat Diseases and Pests, 3rd. Edition. Bockus WW, Bowden RL, Hunger RM, Morrill WL, Murray TM, and Smiley RW. Eds. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, USA
Alternaria alternata
fungus
Alternaria tenuis, Alternaria tenuissima, many others
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-09-13 19:18:44
Korea listed this pathogen as Alternaria spp. A. alternata, A. tenuis and A. tenuissima have all been reported in Korea. A. alternata has often been found on seed in laboratory testing. There is little evidence of seed transmission. This fungus is ubiquitous and often of minor importance in its hosts.
Wide host range
No
ALTEAL-24,ALTEAL-25,
Pathway not proven. A. alternata is a weak pathogen of barley and has been found on barley grains, in laboratory surveys and grain quality may be affected by toxins produced. However, no references were found indicating seed transmission.
ALTEAL-24,ALTEAL-25,
Culture plating, Blotter and Freezing blotter incubation
ALTEAL-24,ALTEAL-25,
These methods has not been standardized or validated.
ALTEAL-1,
Seed treatments affective against A. alternaria have been described for other hosts.
Rabie CJ, Liibben A, Marais GJ, Jansen van Vuuren, H.1997. Enumeration of fungi in barley. International Journal of Food Microbiology 35:Il7- 127
Fakheunnisa, Hashmi MH and Ghaffer A., 2006 Seed-borne Mycoflora of Wheat, Sorghum and Barley. Pak. J. Bot., 38: 185-192.
Alternaria alternata. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Pseudomonas syringae pv. striafaciens
bacterium
Bacterium striafaciens, Chlorobacter striafaciens,Phytomonas striafaciens, Pseudomonas striafaciens
South Africa, Zimbabwe, North Korea, South Korea, Japan, Germany, USSR, North America, Australia, Argentina, Colombia
Unknown
Thailand
2021-04-26 21:15:28
This pathogen is most likely the same as Pseudomonas syringae pv. coronafaciens. (PSDMST-2). There is no reports that seed is a pathway for this strain or pv. coronafaciens (ASTA PeDS). See coronafaciens for information pertaining to oat and barley. There is no evidence that seed is a pathway for this pathogen.
oat, barley, corn
No
No references found inciting seed is a pathway
Gloeotinia temulenta
fungus
Gloeotinia granigena, Phialea temulenta, Ciboria temulenta, Sclerotinia temulenta, Stromatinia temulenta, Hymenoscyphus temulentus, Phialia mucosa, Sclerotinia secalincola, Endoconidium temulentum
Europe, Canada, Ireland, Russia, Australia, New Zealand
OR
Korea
2021-04-20 18:52:12
This pathogen only affects seed (Alderman, 2001 and Hardison, 1949).
Poaceae grasses, primarily ryegrasses, rye, barley
Yes
GLOTTE-3,
Seed pathway well established and accepted. Though not as common in barley as other hosts.
GLOTTE-3,
Seed soak and visual examination.
GLOTTE-7,
This test was used for grass tests and has not been validated or standardized.
Alderman, SC. 2001. Blind Seed Disease. USDA, ARS Miscellaneous Publication Number 1567.
Fribourg, H. A., D. B. Hannaway, and C. P. West (ed.) 2009. Tall Fescue for the Twenty-first Century. Agron. Monog. 53. ASA, CSSA, SSSA. Madison, WI. 540 pp. Also (http://forages.oregonstate.edu/tallfescuemonograph).
Wheat dwarf virus
virus
Wheat dwarf mosaic virus
Tunisia, Zambia, China, Iran, Syria, Turkey, Europe
Not known to occur
Korea
2022-10-09 00:10:18
Transmitted by leafhoppers. Not seed transmitted.
wheat, barley, rye, Poaceae grasses
No
WDV-1,VIDE PVO,
Not known to be seed transmitted.
WDV-1,VIDE PVO,
Seifers, D. 2021. Wheat Dwarf. n, Compendium of Wheat Diseases and Pests, Third Edition, Eds. W. W. Bockus, R. L. Bowden, R. M. Hunger, W. L. Morrill, T. D. Murray and R. W. Smiley. The American Phytopathological Society. St. Paul, MN USA
Brunt, AA, Crabtree, K., Dallwitz, MJ, Gibbs, AJ, Watson, L. and Zurcher, EJ. (eds.). Plant Viruses Online: Descriptions and Lists from the VIDE Database, Version: 16th 1997. http://bio-mirror.im.ac.cn/mirrors/pvo/vide/refs.htm
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