Brassica oleracea vars.
broccoli, brussel sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower
23 Related Pests
Rhodococcus fascians
bacterium
Corynebacterium fascians, Bacterium fascians, Phytomonas fascians, Pseudobacterium fascians, Rhodococcus rubropertinctus
Europe, North America, Central America, Australia, New Zealand, Iran, Russia, Egypt, Colombia
Widespread
Brazil, Thailand
2023-08-21 16:50:36
Though found in many US states, the pathogen is usually restricted and localized. Probably Worldwide, though not reported. Disease outbreaks are sporadic and usually related to poor sanitation. Bulbs, floral and greenhouse crops most susceptible to disease outbreaks. No reports of seed as a pathway in vegetables and agronomic crops.
Primarily a pest of ornamentals, woody ornamentals and floowers. Vegetables and agronomic crops reported susceptible to the bacterium are listed below. Transmits primarily through propagation.
No
CORBFA-3,CORBFA-2,
Only broccoli listed as a potential host. Cabbage and cauliflower may not be hosts. No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
CORBFA-3,CORBFA-2,
Dickeya chrysanthemi
bacterium
Eriwina chrysanthemi (and pathovars,varieites), Pectobacterium chrysanthemi (and pathovars,varieties), Erwinia carotovora pvs. chrysanthemi/parthenii, Pectobacterium carotovorum pvs. chrysanthemi/parthenni
Worldwide
Widespread
Mexico, China
2022-11-11 19:41:39
Dickeya chrysanthemi strains have been isolated from a number of different hosts in different countries. The list of all susceptible plants after inoculation by Dickeya chrysanthemi would be far longer than the natural host range, and difficult to establish. There is little if any information on seed as a pathway for this pathogen and therefore should not be regulated.
Eriwina chrysanthemi has been reclassified into Pectobacterium spp. and Dickeya spp.
Primarily ornamentals and flowers. Only hosts of Dickeye chrysanthemi or Dickeya zeae are listed below. (Ma, et.al. 2007)
No
ERIWCH-1,ERIWCH-3,
Not a host. CABI (ERIWCH-1) indicated that these are hosts for the pathogen, but the pathogen causing disease in Brassica has been reclassified to Pectobacterium spp. (ERIWCH-3). No evidence that seed is a pathway for any host.
ERIWCH-1,ERIWCH-3,
Dickeya chrysanthemi In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Ma, B., Hibbing, M. E., Kim, H.-S., Reedy, R. M., Yedidia, I., Breuer, J.,Breuer, J., Glasner, J. D., Perna, N. T., Kelman, A., and Charkowski, A.O. 2007. Host range and molecular phylogenies of the soft rot enterobacterialgenera Pectobacterium and Dickeya. Phytopathology 97:1150-1163
Candidatus phytoplasma asteris
phytoplasma
Worldwide
Widespread
2021-11-15 19:27:42
AY phytoplasmas are not seed transmissable and seed is not a pathway in any host.
Wide host range, primarily herbaceous dicots, though strains infect monocots and woody ornamentals
No
PHY01-1,PHY01-2
Seed is not a pathway for AY phytoplasmas
PHY01-1,PHY01-2
Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola
bacterium
Bacterium maccullochianum,
Bacterium maculicola,
Bacterium maculicola var. japonicum, Phytomonas maculicola,
Pseudomonas maculicola,
Pseudomonas maculicola
Worldwide
Widespread
China
2021-04-26 21:08:56
There is no evidence that seed is a pathway for this pathogen.
Brassicaceae family
No
PSDMMC-1,PSDMMC-2,PSDMMC-3,
Pathway not proven. Though often inferred as a pathway, there were no references found verifying seed is a pathway in nature. PSDMMC-1 states there is no evidence that seed is a pathway.
PSDMMC-1,PSDMMC-2,PSDMMC-3,
Seed wash
PSDMMC-3,
No references found describing a seed test for Pseudomonas syringae pv maculicola on Brassica oleracea. A seed test method using dilution plating is commercially available.
Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Bradbury. 1986. Guide to plant pathogenic bacteria. CAB International Farnham Royal, Slough UK
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Alternaria brassicola
fungus
Helminthosporium brassicicola, Alternaria brassicae var. minor, Sporidesmium exitiosum f. luxuriosum, Alternaria circinans, Alternaria oleracea,Helminthosporium brassicae, Macrosporium circinans, Macrosporium commune var. circinans, Polydesmus exitiosus f. alternarioides, Polydesmus exitiosus f. luxuriosum, Alternaria brassicae f. microspora, Macrosporium cheiranthi var. circinans, Sporidesmium exitiosum f. alternarioides, Sporidesmium septorioides
Worldwide
Widespread
Mexico
2021-08-26 16:22:45
Mexico Organic Vegetable List
crucifers
Yes
ALTEBI-1,ALTEBI-2,ALTEBI-3,ISF RPLD,
Seed as a pathway is well documented and accepted
Blotter or culture plating (ISTA)
ALTEBI-1,ALTEBI-2,ALTEBI-3,ISF RPLD,
Blotter, Seed wash, Culture plating, Agar plating, PCR
ALTEBI-4,ALTEBI-5,ALTEBI-6,
ISTA describes both blotter and culture plating as standard methods
Hot water soak, Iprodione, Metalaxyl, Rovral
ALTEBI-1,ISF RPLD,
IPM programs including crop rotation, sanitation and cultural practices suggested. Seed treatments and disinfections are effective.
Alternaria brassicola In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc."
Humpherson-Jones FM, Maude RB, 1982. Studies on the epidemiology of Alternaria brassicicola in Brassica oleracea seed production crops. Annals of Applied Biology, 100:61-71
Humpherson-Jones FM, Hocart MJ, Ainsworth LF, 1983. Alternaria disease of brassica seed crops. 33rd Annual Report for 1982, National Vegetable Research Station Wellesbourne, Warwick UK, 63-64
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Bassey and Gabrielson, 1983. Factors affecting accuracy of 2,4-D assays of crucifer seed for Alternaria brassicicola and relation of assays to seedling disease potential. Seed Sci. and Technol. 11:411-420
Wu WS, Chen TW, 1999. Development of a new semiselective medium for detecting Alternaria brassicicola in cruciferous weeds. Seed Science and Technology, 27:397-409
International Seed Testing Assoaciation, 1965. Cabbage etc, Dark leaf spot, wirestem. Proceedings of the International Seed Testing Association, 30:1103.
Colletotrichum higginsianum
fungus
Worldwide
Not widespread. Primarily in the SE.
Brazil
2023-04-10 21:49:46
Primarily reported in Asian countries
Brassicaceae family
No
COLLHG-4,ISF RPLD,
Seed is often cited as a means of transmission, but no evidence of a seed pathway was found. Seed has been inferred as a pathway due to possible seed transmission in radish.
COLLHG-4,ISF RPLD,
Verticillium nigrescens
fungus
China, Japan, Canada, Italy, Australia, New Zealand. (Most likely a worldwide saprophyte.)
GA, MS, MO
Brazil
2022-10-09 00:10:34
Not considered a highly virulent fungal pathogen. Often found as a saprophyte or weakly pathogenic at most. This fungus should not be regulated on seed.
Soybean and cotton are main hosts, but even on these hosts it is a weak pathogen. Has been isolated from other hosts, though primarily as a saprophyte or weakly pathogenic
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Reported as a weak pathogen on this host.
Leptosphaeria maculans
fungus
Phoma brassicae, Phoma lingam, Phoma
oleracea, Phoma napobrassicae, Phyllosticta brassicae, Phyllosticta napi Sacc., Plenodomus lingam,
Pleospora maculans, Sphaeria lingam, Sphaeria
maculans
Worldwide
Widespread
China, Korea
2022-03-22 18:18:43
Seed transmission of this pathogen is well established and accepted by the seed industry. This pathogen has been reported in China and Korea (ARS GRIN)
Restricted to Brassicaceae
Yes
LEPYMA-2,ISF RPLD,
Seed transmission of this pathogen is well established and accepted by the seed industry
Blotter paper is the standard method of the NSHS
LEPYMA-2,ISF RPLD,
Blotter paper
LEPYMA-4,LEPYMA-5,
This test has been validated by the ISTA and the NSHS
Yes, The most effective product now is Coronet by BSAF. Mertect and Iprodione
ISF RPLD,
The most effective products on the market are Coronet. Mertect and Iprodione. (Seed treatment information from manufacture labels and seed industry practices.)
Jacobsen BJ, Williams PH, 1971. Histology and control of Brassica oleracea seed infection by Phoma lingam. Plant Disease Rprt 55:934-938.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Seed Health Testing Method for Phoma lingum Br 2.1 National Seed Health System. http://www.seedhealth.org
Detection of Leptosphaeria maculans in Brassica sp. Seed. 2016 International Seed Testing Association. Seed Health Test Methods 2016. www.seedtest.org
Verticillium albo-atrum
fungus
Verticillium albo-atrum var. caespitosum, Verticillium albo-atrum var. tuberosum
Worldwide, primarily in cool temperate climates and in potato producing areas
Widespread, especially in northern states
China, Thailand
2022-11-11 17:40:00
Many reports of Verticillium albo-atrum in crops reported prior to 1970 may have actually been Verticillium dahlia. Only lucerne, potatoes, tomatoes and hops are considered important hosts. This pathogen has been reported in China
Wide host range. An important pathogen of potatoes.
No
VERTAA-2,VERTAA-9,ISF RPLD,
Not a host. No literature found indicating that this fungus attacks Brassica crops.
VERTAA-2,VERTAA-9,ISF RPLD,
Anonymous 1960. Index of Plant Diseases in the United States. U.S.D.A. Agric. Handb. 165: 1-531. (94)
Richardson, MJ. 1990. Annotated List of Seedborne Diseases, Fourth Ed. International Seed Testing Association. Zurich, Switzerland
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Phytophthora erythroseptica var. erythroseptica
fungus
Phytophthora himalayensis, Phytophthora erythroseptica
Worldwide, especially where potatoes are grown
Widespread in potato growing regions
China
2023-08-21 16:40:32
This pathogen has not been repoted in China. True seed is not known to be a pathway.
This is an important pathogen of potato. Affects a few other important crops, but not known to be a serious pathogen of other crops. Most crops not known to be a host in nature.
No
PHYTER-1,
Not a host. Brassica oleracea var., as a host group has only been established under artificial inoculation, infection in nature not reported. True seed is not known to be a pathway.
PHYTER-1,
Phytophthora erythroseptica var. erythroseptica In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Tobacco mosaic virus
virus
TMV U1, type, Vulgare or Common strain
tobacco mosaic tobamovirus,
VMT (Virus mosaique de tabac)
Worldwide
Widespread
Mexico
2023-08-21 16:58:52
Broad host range. Cultivated species listed below.
No
Occasionally listed as hosts, no evidence that seed is a pathway.
Pleospora herbarum
fungus
Too many to list, most commonly used names include Alternaria putrefaciens, Clasterosporium putrefaciens, Sporidesmium putrefaciens, Stemphyllium botryosum, Stemphylium herbarum.
Worldwide
Widespread
2023-08-21 16:43:10
Primarily a post harvest pathogen
Wide host range
No
No references found indicating seed is a pathway
Arabis mosaic virus
virus
Arabis mosaic nepovirus, Ash ring and line pattern virus, Forsythia yellow net virus, Hop nettlehead virus,Jasmine yellow blotch virus, Raspberry yellow dwarf virus, Rhabarber mosaik virus (rhubarb mosaic virus), Rhubarb mosaic virus
Worldwide
CT, FL, MI, MN, MO, NE, NY, OH, SC
Mexico, China, Korea, Brazil, Thailand
2022-10-08 00:16:31
This virus has been reported in Mexico, China (CABI, 2017), but natural spread may be limited to EU (Murant, 1974).
Wide host range including many vegetable, agronomic and fruit species
No
ARMV00-5,ARMV00-7,
Brassica oleracea is not commonly known as a host of Arabis mosaic virus in nature. Brassica oleracea has been noted as susceptible when inoculated experimentally. Arabis mosaic virus is noted as being seedborne in a number of crops and the primary references are papers by Lister and Murant (ARMV00-5) but no evidence presented. No other references found indicating seed as a pathway for Arabis mosaic virus on Brassica oleracea.
ARMV00-5,ARMV00-7,
Mycosphaerella brassicicola
fungus
Asteroma brassicae, Asteromella brassicae, Cercospora albomaculans, Dothidea brassicae, Phyllosticta brassicicola, Phyllosticta napi, Pseudocercosporella anguioides, Sphaerella brassicicola, Sphaeria brassicicola., Depazea brassicicola
Worldwide
AL,CA, HI, IL, OR, NY, TX, WA
Mexico
2022-04-13 18:04:27
Brassicaceae
No
ISF RPLD,
No references found indicating seed as a pathway, though some references imply that seed may be a pathway. Crop debris is the most common source of inoculum. Plant debris associated with the seed may carry fungal spores.
ISF RPLD,
Though there is no clear data,  hot water disinfection and Thiram slurry seed treatments may be effective against the fungus in debris.
MYCOBR-5,
Clean and condition seed to remove all plant debris.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon Switzerland
Kurose, D., Evans, H.C., Djeddour, D.H., Cannon, P.F., Furuya, N., and Tsuchiya, K. 2009. Systematics of Mycosphaerella species associated with the invasive weed Fallopia japonica, including the potential biological control agent M. polygoni-cuspidati. Mycoscience 50: 179-189.
Beet western yellows virus
virus
Brassica virus 5, Malva yellows virus, Radish yellows virus, Turnip mild yellows virus, Turnip yellows virus
Worldwide
CA, OR, WA
Korea
2021-04-01 18:43:54
Primarily in CA, OR, WA, but probably widespread. Luteovirus, phloem limited viruses are not typically seed transmitted.
Wide host range. Important crop species listed below
No
BWYV00-1,DVP WEB,ISF RPLD,
Seed is not known to be a pathway in any host of Beet western yellow virus.
BWYV00-1,DVP WEB,ISF RPLD,
Tobacco rattle virus
virus
Aster ringspot virus, Belladonna mosaic virus,Paeony mosaic virus, Paeony ringspot virus,Peony mosaic virus, Peony ringspot virus,Potato corky ringspot virus, Potato stem mottle virus,Ratel virus, Spinach yellow mottle virus, Tabakmauche Virus, Tabakstreifen und Kra, Tobacco rattle tobravirus,Tulip white streak virus
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2021-04-22 17:52:01
Transmitted in nature primarily by trichodorus and paratrichodorus nematodes. Seed is only known to be a pathway in some weed species.
Extensive host range
No
TRV000-1,TRV000-2,TRV000-3,
Brassica oleracea vars. are known to be hosts for Tobacco rattle virus, though it rarely causes disease problems. No references found indicating seed of cultivated crops of Brassica oleracea are pathways.
TRV000-1,TRV000-2,TRV000-3,
Tobacco rattle virus. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org
Richardson, MJ., 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Diseases. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich Switzerland
Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae
bacterium
Many
Worldwide
Widespread
Thailand, China, Korea
2022-12-01 19:52:31
Seed is known to be a pathway on several crops. Thailand lists this pathogen as prohibited on corn. China lists this pathogen (Pseudomonas oryzicola) as prohibited on rice.
Wide host range. Important vegetable and agronomic crops listed below.
No
PSDMSY-2,
No references found indicating that Brassica oleracea are hosts for this pathogen.
PSDMSY-2,
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. pestlist.worldseed.org Nyon, Switzerland
Pythium vexans
fungus
Pythium complectens, Phytopythium vexans, Pythium allantocladon, Pythium ascophallon, Pythium piperinum, Ovatisporangium vexans, Pythium euthyphyphon, Pythium polycladon
Africa, Asia, Europe, Guatemala, Caribbean, Fiji, Papua New Guinea, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, Chile, South Korea, New Zealand, Canada
HI, OK, CA, NC, MD, VA, DE, PA, NJ, WA, TN, LA, WI, IA
Korea
2023-08-21 16:48:58
Primarily affecting seedlings and roots and is transmitted mainly through infested soil. Seed is not known to be a pathway for any host. Zoospores of this fungus can swim in open water for a short distance. This pathogen has been reported in S. Korea. Korea lists this pathogen as Phytopythium vexans
Wide host range
No
PYTHVE-1,PYTHVE-3,
Seed is not known to be a pathway for any host.
PYTHVE-1,PYTHVE-3,
Gibberella avenacea
fungus
Fusarium avenaceum, Fusarium avenaceum f.sp. fabae, Fusarium avenaceum subsp. aywerte, Fusarium roseum var. avenaceum
Worldwide, primarily in temperate regions.
Widespread
Thailand
2022-11-22 19:27:52
One of many Fusaria, Gibberella's that may contaminate kernels.
Primarily a grain and clover pathogen with a wide host range.
No
GIBBAV-2,GIBBAV-4,GIBBAV-6,
Several references list seed as a pathway for this pathogen. No references with supporting data were found.
GIBBAV-2,GIBBAV-4,GIBBAV-6,
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org. Nyon, switzerland
Richardson MJ, 1990. An Annotated List of Seed-borne Disease. International Seed Testing Association, Zurich, Switzerland
Neergaard P., 1977. Seed Pathology. vol. I and II. The McMillian Press, London, UK
Nacobbus aberrans
nematode
Anguillulina aberrans, Nacobbus batatiformis, Nacobbus bolivianus, Nacobbus serendipiticus, Nacobbus serendipiticus bolivianus, Pratylenchus aberrans
Egypt, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Peru, Mexico
AR, CO, KS, MT, NE, SD, UT, WY
Korea
2023-08-21 22:10:17
Seed is not known to be a pathway for this nematode in any host.
potato, vegetables
No
NACOBA-1,NACOBA-2,
Seed is not known to be a pathway for this nematode in any host.
NACOBA-1,NACOBA-2,
Xiphinema diversicaudatum
nematode
Dorylaimus diversicaudatus, Dorylaimus elongatus apud, Longidorus diversicaudatus, Xiphinema diversicaudatum, Xiphinema amarantum, Xiphinema basiri apud, Xiphinema israeliae apud, Xiphinema paraelongatum, Xiphinema sahelense apud, Xiphinema seredouense
Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, India, Turkey, Morocco, South Africa
CA
Korea
2021-04-22 18:13:59
Found primarily in pasture and woodland areas. May spread nepoviruses. Seed is not known to be a pathway for dagger nematodes.
Wide host range
No
XIPHDI-2,XIPHDI-3,
Seed is not known to be a pathway for dagger nematodes.
XIPHDI-2,XIPHDI-3,
Cladosporium cladosporioides
fungus
Cladosporium graminum, Cladosporium herbarumMycosphaerella schoenoprasi, Mycosphaerella tulasnei, Mycosphaerella tassiana, Penicillium cladosporioides,Hormodendrum cladosporioides, Monilia humicola
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2022-11-11 18:45:32
This pathogen is considered primarily a post harvest pathogen that does not cause disease in most of it's hosts (CLADCL-1). The fungus has been isolated from seed in some hosts, but does not transmit or cause disease in most cases.
Wide host range
No
CLADCL-1,
No references found indicating other Brassica oleracea are hosts. No references found indicating seed is a pathway. This fungus is primarily a post harvest fungus and field debris may provide survival habitat for the fungus, but cabbage is not attacked by the fungus.
CLADCL-1,
Cladosporium cladosporioides. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
Alternaria japonica
fungus
Alternaria raphani. Alternaria brassicae var. macrospora,Alternaria matthiolae
Worldwide
Widespread
Korea
2021-03-29 16:26:13
Korea lists this pathogen as Alternaria spp. This pathogen has been reported in Korea.
brassicas, radish, rapeseed
Yes
ALTERP-3,ALTERP-5,ALTERP-7,ALTERP-2,
Though more common in rapeseed and radish, seed as a pathway has been established and accepted.
ALTERP-3,ALTERP-5,ALTERP-7,ALTERP-2,
Blotter incubation, culture plating
ALTERP-1,
CABI describes the above methods for this pathogen, though these methods were primarily used on radish and chinese cabbage. Commercial testing is available though none of these methods have been standardized or validated.
Seed treatments
ALTERP-1,ALTERP-5,
Chemical, Physical (hot water) and biological seed dressings have been described and are successful in controlling seed inoculum.
International Seed Federation Regulated Pest List Database. www.pestlist.worldseed.org. Nyon, switzerland
Saharan GS, Mehta N and Meena PD. 2016. Alternaria Diseases of Crucifers: Biology, Ecology and Disease Management. Springer Science+Business Media Singapore Pte Ltd. is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com)
Holtzhausen MA and Knox-Davies PS, 1974. Pathogens of cruciferous vegetable crops in commercial seed samples in South Africa. Phytophylactica, 6:289-294
Farr, D.F., and Rossman, A.Y. Fungal Databases, Systematic Mycology and Microbiology Laboratory, ARS, USDA. 2020, http://nt.ars-grin.gov/fungaldatabases/
Alternaria japonica. In: Crop Protection Compendium. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www.cabi.org/cpc.
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