Array
(
    [0] => Array
        (
            [sci_name] => Colletotrichum capsici
            [com_name] => anthracnose of pepper
            [acrynom] => COLLCA
            [type] => fungus
            [other_names] => Vermicularia capsici
            [dist] => Worldwide, primarily in tropical production
            [us_dist] => Southeast US.
            [countries] => Chile,                           Mexico
            [other] => Farr and Rossman, 2015 considers this Colletotrichum species an anamporh of Colletotrichum truncatum.
            [host_range] => pepper, tomato, eggplant, Chinese cabbage, bitter gourd
            [sci_name_host] => Capsicum annuum
            [crop] => pepper
            [seed_pathway] => Yes
            [seed_ref] => COLLCA-2,COLLCA-10,
            [seed_comments] => Seed as a pathway has been established and accepted. Seed may be infected only when fruit is infected.
            [seed_detect_test] => Yes
            [seed_detect_type] => Blotter incubation
            [seed_detect_ref] => COLLCA-1,COLLCA-10,COLLCA-9,
            [seed_detect_comments] => Test has not been verified or standardized
            [risk_mit_type] => Seed treatments; captan and thiram, carboxin +thiram
            [risk_mit_ref] => COLLCA-1,COLLCA-10,COLLCA-3,COLLCA-5,
            [risk_mit_comments] => Avoiding infected fruit during harvest, cleaning and sanitization of pepper seed to reduce the potential for this pest being associated with the seed.
            [rec_health_test] => 
        )

    [1] => Array
        (
            [sci_name] => Colletotrichum capsici
            [com_name] => anthracnose of pepper
            [acrynom] => COLLCA
            [type] => fungus
            [other_names] => Vermicularia capsici
            [dist] => Worldwide, primarily in tropical production
            [us_dist] => Southeast US.
            [countries] => Chile,                           Mexico
            [other] => Farr and Rossman, 2015 considers this Colletotrichum species an anamporh of Colletotrichum truncatum.
            [host_range] => pepper, tomato, eggplant, Chinese cabbage, bitter gourd
            [sci_name_host] => Brassica rapa
            [crop] => chinese cabbage, turnip
            [seed_pathway] => No
            [seed_ref] => 
            [seed_comments] => Not considered an important host of this pathogen. No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
            [seed_detect_test] => 
            [seed_detect_type] => 
            [seed_detect_ref] => 
            [seed_detect_comments] => 
            [risk_mit_type] => 
            [risk_mit_ref] => 
            [risk_mit_comments] => 
            [rec_health_test] => 
        )

    [2] => Array
        (
            [sci_name] => Colletotrichum capsici
            [com_name] => anthracnose of pepper
            [acrynom] => COLLCA
            [type] => fungus
            [other_names] => Vermicularia capsici
            [dist] => Worldwide, primarily in tropical production
            [us_dist] => Southeast US.
            [countries] => Chile,                           Mexico
            [other] => Farr and Rossman, 2015 considers this Colletotrichum species an anamporh of Colletotrichum truncatum.
            [host_range] => pepper, tomato, eggplant, Chinese cabbage, bitter gourd
            [sci_name_host] => Solanum lycopersicum
            [crop] => tomato
            [seed_pathway] => No
            [seed_ref] => 
            [seed_comments] => No references found indicating seed is a pathway. Not considered an important host of this pathogen.
            [seed_detect_test] => 
            [seed_detect_type] => 
            [seed_detect_ref] => 
            [seed_detect_comments] => 
            [risk_mit_type] => 
            [risk_mit_ref] => 
            [risk_mit_comments] => 
            [rec_health_test] => 
        )

    [3] => Array
        (
            [sci_name] => Colletotrichum capsici
            [com_name] => anthracnose of pepper
            [acrynom] => COLLCA
            [type] => fungus
            [other_names] => Vermicularia capsici
            [dist] => Worldwide, primarily in tropical production
            [us_dist] => Southeast US.
            [countries] => Chile,                           Mexico
            [other] => Farr and Rossman, 2015 considers this Colletotrichum species an anamporh of Colletotrichum truncatum.
            [host_range] => pepper, tomato, eggplant, Chinese cabbage, bitter gourd
            [sci_name_host] => Solanum melongena
            [crop] => eggplant
            [seed_pathway] => No
            [seed_ref] => 
            [seed_comments] => No references found indicating seed is a pathway.
            [seed_detect_test] => 
            [seed_detect_type] => 
            [seed_detect_ref] => 
            [seed_detect_comments] => 
            [risk_mit_type] => 
            [risk_mit_ref] => 
            [risk_mit_comments] => 
            [rec_health_test] => 
        )

    [4] => Array
        (
            [sci_name] => Pepper chat fruit viroid
            [com_name] => pepper chat fruit
            [acrynom] => PCFVD0
            [type] => viroid
            [other_names] => PCFVd
            [dist] => Thailand, Canada
            [us_dist] => Not known to occur
            [countries] => Korea
            [other] => 
            [host_range] => pepper, tomato
            [sci_name_host] => Capsicum annuum
            [crop] => pepper
            [seed_pathway] => No
            [seed_ref] => PCFVd0-2,PCFVd0-5,
            [seed_comments] => Pathway not proven. Seed transmission demonstrated with artificially inoculated plants only and only the viroid's nucleotide sequence was detected. No references found indicating seed may be a pathway in nature.
            [seed_detect_test] => Yes
            [seed_detect_type] => RT-PCR
            [seed_detect_ref] => PCFVd0-2,
            [seed_detect_comments] => Seed assays are commercially available.  RT-PCR is the standard method of the NSHS.
            [risk_mit_type] => 
            [risk_mit_ref] => 
            [risk_mit_comments] => 
            [rec_health_test] => RT-PCR is the NSHS Standard Method  (So 6.1)
        )

    [5] => Array
        (
            [sci_name] => Pepper chat fruit viroid
            [com_name] => pepper chat fruit
            [acrynom] => PCFVD0
            [type] => viroid
            [other_names] => PCFVd
            [dist] => Thailand, Canada
            [us_dist] => Not known to occur
            [countries] => Korea
            [other] => 
            [host_range] => pepper, tomato
            [sci_name_host] => Solanum lycopersicum
            [crop] => tomato
            [seed_pathway] => No
            [seed_ref] => PCFVd0-2,PCFVd0-3,PCFVd0-4,
            [seed_comments] => Pathway not proven. Tomato seed has been shown to be a pathway in several references, however, it is unclear as to whether the seed was from natural infections or if the seed extracted and cleaned in a commercial manner.
            [seed_detect_test] => Yes
            [seed_detect_type] => RT-PCR
            [seed_detect_ref] => PCFVd0-2,
            [seed_detect_comments] => Seed assays are commercially available. RT-PCR is the standard method of the NSHS.
            [risk_mit_type] => 
            [risk_mit_ref] => 
            [risk_mit_comments] => 
            [rec_health_test] => RT-PCR is the NSHS Standard Method (So 6.1)
        )

    [6] => Array
        (
            [sci_name] => Pepper mild mottle virus
            [com_name] => pepper mild mottle
            [acrynom] => PMMOV0
            [type] => virus
            [other_names] => Bell pepper mottle virus, Capsicum mosaic virus, Pepper mild mosaic virus, Pepper mild tigre virus, Pepper mosaic virus, Samsun laten strain of tobacco mosaic virus tobamovirus
            [dist] => Worldwide
            [us_dist] => Widespread, primarily found in the Southeast US.
            [countries] => 
            [other] => 
            [host_range] => Only pepper in nature.
            [sci_name_host] => Capsicum annuum
            [crop] => pepper
            [seed_pathway] => Yes
            [seed_ref] => PMMOV0-1,PMMOV0-4,DVPWEB,
            [seed_comments] => Seed transmission of this virus in pepper seed is established and accepted. Seed health testing is routine in the seed industry.         
            [seed_detect_test] => Yes
            [seed_detect_type] => Bioassay, ELISA
            [seed_detect_ref] => PMMOV0-4,NSHSUSDA,
            [seed_detect_comments] => Bioassay and ELISA prescreen is the standard method (B) of the NSHS
            [risk_mit_type] => Pepper mild mottle virus can be substantially eliminated from seed coats by soaking seeds in 4.2% sodium hypochlorite for 15 min or in 10% trisodium phosphate for 30 min, or by dry-heating seed for 72 h at 70°C
            [risk_mit_ref] => PMMOV0-1,PMMOV0-2,
            [risk_mit_comments] => 
            [rec_health_test] => Bioassay with a ELISA prescreen
        )

    [7] => Array
        (
            [sci_name] => Pepper veinal mottle virus
            [com_name] => PVMV00
            [acrynom] => PVMV00
            [type] => virus
            [other_names] => pepper veinal mottle potyvirus
            [dist] => Africa: Benin, Burkino Faso, Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, South Africa, Togo, Tunisia; Asia: Afghanistan, China, India, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Yemen; North America. 
            [us_dist] => Unknown
            [countries] => Nepal
            [other] => PVMV is transmitted in the non-persistent manner by the aphids.
            [host_range] => Main: pepper, chilli, tomato, eggplant
            [sci_name_host] => Solanum melongena
            [crop] => eggplant
            [seed_pathway] => No
            [seed_ref] => CABICPC,ISFRPLD,DPVWEB
            [seed_comments] => seed is not a known pathway.
            [seed_detect_test] => 
            [seed_detect_type] => 
            [seed_detect_ref] => 
            [seed_detect_comments] => 
            [risk_mit_type] => 
            [risk_mit_ref] => 
            [risk_mit_comments] => 
            [rec_health_test] => 
        )

    [8] => Array
        (
            [sci_name] => Pepper veinal mottle virus
            [com_name] => PVMV00
            [acrynom] => PVMV00
            [type] => virus
            [other_names] => pepper veinal mottle potyvirus
            [dist] => Africa: Benin, Burkino Faso, Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, South Africa, Togo, Tunisia; Asia: Afghanistan, China, India, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Yemen; North America. 
            [us_dist] => Unknown
            [countries] => Nepal
            [other] => PVMV is transmitted in the non-persistent manner by the aphids.
            [host_range] => Main: pepper, chilli, tomato, eggplant
            [sci_name_host] => Capsicum frutescens
            [crop] => chilli
            [seed_pathway] => No
            [seed_ref] => CABICPC,ISFRPLD,DPVWEB
            [seed_comments] => Seed is not a known pathway. 
            [seed_detect_test] => 
            [seed_detect_type] => 
            [seed_detect_ref] => 
            [seed_detect_comments] => 
            [risk_mit_type] => 
            [risk_mit_ref] => 
            [risk_mit_comments] => 
            [rec_health_test] => 
        )

    [9] => Array
        (
            [sci_name] => Pepper veinal mottle virus
            [com_name] => PVMV00
            [acrynom] => PVMV00
            [type] => virus
            [other_names] => pepper veinal mottle potyvirus
            [dist] => Africa: Benin, Burkino Faso, Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, South Africa, Togo, Tunisia; Asia: Afghanistan, China, India, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Yemen; North America. 
            [us_dist] => Unknown
            [countries] => Nepal
            [other] => PVMV is transmitted in the non-persistent manner by the aphids.
            [host_range] => Main: pepper, chilli, tomato, eggplant
            [sci_name_host] => Solanum lycopersicum
            [crop] => tomato
            [seed_pathway] => No
            [seed_ref] => CABICPC,ISFRPLD,DPVWEB
            [seed_comments] => Seed is not a known pathway.
            [seed_detect_test] => 
            [seed_detect_type] => 
            [seed_detect_ref] => 
            [seed_detect_comments] => 
            [risk_mit_type] => 
            [risk_mit_ref] => 
            [risk_mit_comments] => 
            [rec_health_test] => 
        )

    [10] => Array
        (
            [sci_name] => Pepper veinal mottle virus
            [com_name] => PVMV00
            [acrynom] => PVMV00
            [type] => virus
            [other_names] => pepper veinal mottle potyvirus
            [dist] => Africa: Benin, Burkino Faso, Cameroon, Cote d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Liberia, Mali, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, South Africa, Togo, Tunisia; Asia: Afghanistan, China, India, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, Yemen; North America. 
            [us_dist] => Unknown
            [countries] => Nepal
            [other] => PVMV is transmitted in the non-persistent manner by the aphids.
            [host_range] => Main: pepper, chilli, tomato, eggplant
            [sci_name_host] => Capsicum annuum
            [crop] => pepper
            [seed_pathway] => No
            [seed_ref] => CABICPC,ISFRPLD,DPVWEB
            [seed_comments] => Seed is not a known pathway.
            [seed_detect_test] => 
            [seed_detect_type] => 
            [seed_detect_ref] => 
            [seed_detect_comments] => 
            [risk_mit_type] => 
            [risk_mit_ref] => 
            [risk_mit_comments] => 
            [rec_health_test] => 
        )

    [11] => Array
        (
            [sci_name] => Pepper yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus
            [com_name] => yellow leaf curl; Indonesia
            [acrynom] => PYLCIV
            [type] => virus
            [other_names] => 
            [dist] => Indonesia (Tsia, et.al. 2019)
            [us_dist] => Not known to occur
            [countries] => Korea
            [other] => White fly transmitted virus
            [host_range] => tomato, pepper
            [sci_name_host] => Solanum lycopersicum
            [crop] => tomato
            [seed_pathway] => No
            [seed_ref] => 
            [seed_comments] => No referenced found indicating seed is a pathway.
            [seed_detect_test] => 
            [seed_detect_type] => 
            [seed_detect_ref] => 
            [seed_detect_comments] => 
            [risk_mit_type] => 
            [risk_mit_ref] => 
            [risk_mit_comments] => 
            [rec_health_test] => 
        )

    [12] => Array
        (
            [sci_name] => Pepper yellow leaf curl Indonesia virus
            [com_name] => yellow leaf curl; Indonesia
            [acrynom] => PYLCIV
            [type] => virus
            [other_names] => 
            [dist] => Indonesia (Tsia, et.al. 2019)
            [us_dist] => Not known to occur
            [countries] => Korea
            [other] => White fly transmitted virus
            [host_range] => tomato, pepper
            [sci_name_host] => Capsicum annuum
            [crop] => pepper
            [seed_pathway] => No
            [seed_ref] => PYLCIV-2,
            [seed_comments] => Pathway not proven. PYLCIV DNA recovered from seeds using PCR. Seed was collected from local infections and there was no information on how seed was processed or cleaned. No evidence of seed transmission. No reports of seed being a pathway from commercial seed production.
            [seed_detect_test] => Yes
            [seed_detect_type] => PCR
            [seed_detect_ref] => PYLCIV-2,
            [seed_detect_comments] => PCR techniques in research. This test has not been validated or standardized. Seed pathway has not been proven.
            [risk_mit_type] => 
            [risk_mit_ref] => 
            [risk_mit_comments] => 
            [rec_health_test] => 
        )

    [13] => Array
        (
            [sci_name] => Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. euvesicatoria
            [com_name] => bacterial spot of tomato and pepper
            [acrynom] => XANTEU
            [type] => bacteria
            [other_names] => Bacterium exitiosum, Bacterium vesicatorium, Phytomonas exitiosa, Phytomonas vesicatoria, Pseudomonas exitiosa, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria, Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, Xanthomonas euvesicatoria
            [dist] => Africa: Comoros, Mauritius, Nigeria, Reunion, Seychelles, South Africa, Tanzania; Asia: China, Indonesia, Iran, South Korea, Taiwan, Turkey; Europe: Bulgaria, Czechia, Greece, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia; North America: Canada, USA; Oceania: Australia; South America: Argentina, Brazil.
            [us_dist] => FL, GA, IN, KY, LA, MI, NC, OH
            [countries] => Peru
            [other] => Bacterial spot of tomato and pepper was initially attributed to X. vesicatoria. Over time, four distinct groups were identified and associated with different host and geographic patterns, which were later reclassified into three species: X. euvesicatoria (including X. perforans), X. vesicatoria, and X. hortorum pv. gardneri. Molecular analysis revealed that X. euvesicatoria and X. perforans were not separate species, leading to their reclassification as pathovars of X. euvesicatoria: X. euvesicatoria pv. euvesicatoria and X. euvesicatoria pv. perforans.  It can spread via infected seeds and transplants, and locally through water splash or contaminated tools, especially in dense greenhouse or sprinkler-irrigated field conditions.
            [host_range] => pepper, tomato.
            [sci_name_host] => Solanum lycopersicum
            [crop] => tomato
            [seed_pathway] => 
            [seed_ref] => 
            [seed_comments] => 
            [seed_detect_test] => Yes
            [seed_detect_type] => Dilution plating, identification PCR, pathogenicity assay
            [seed_detect_ref] => NSHS USDA,ISHI-ISF
            [seed_detect_comments] => These are the recommended methods by ISHI as of July 2017.
            [risk_mit_type] => 
            [risk_mit_ref] => 
            [risk_mit_comments] => 
            [rec_health_test] => 
        )

    [14] => Array
        (
            [sci_name] => Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. euvesicatoria
            [com_name] => bacterial spot of tomato and pepper
            [acrynom] => XANTEU
            [type] => bacteria
            [other_names] => Bacterium exitiosum, Bacterium vesicatorium, Phytomonas exitiosa, Phytomonas vesicatoria, Pseudomonas exitiosa, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria, Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, Xanthomonas euvesicatoria
            [dist] => Africa: Comoros, Mauritius, Nigeria, Reunion, Seychelles, South Africa, Tanzania; Asia: China, Indonesia, Iran, South Korea, Taiwan, Turkey; Europe: Bulgaria, Czechia, Greece, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia; North America: Canada, USA; Oceania: Australia; South America: Argentina, Brazil.
            [us_dist] => FL, GA, IN, KY, LA, MI, NC, OH
            [countries] => Peru
            [other] => Bacterial spot of tomato and pepper was initially attributed to X. vesicatoria. Over time, four distinct groups were identified and associated with different host and geographic patterns, which were later reclassified into three species: X. euvesicatoria (including X. perforans), X. vesicatoria, and X. hortorum pv. gardneri. Molecular analysis revealed that X. euvesicatoria and X. perforans were not separate species, leading to their reclassification as pathovars of X. euvesicatoria: X. euvesicatoria pv. euvesicatoria and X. euvesicatoria pv. perforans.  It can spread via infected seeds and transplants, and locally through water splash or contaminated tools, especially in dense greenhouse or sprinkler-irrigated field conditions.
            [host_range] => pepper, tomato.
            [sci_name_host] => Capsicum annuum
            [crop] => pepper
            [seed_pathway] => 
            [seed_ref] => 
            [seed_comments] => 
            [seed_detect_test] => Yes
            [seed_detect_type] => Dilution plating, identification PCR, pathogenicity assay
            [seed_detect_ref] => NSHS USDA,ISHI-ISF
            [seed_detect_comments] => These are the recommended methods by ISHI as of July 2017.
            [risk_mit_type] => 
            [risk_mit_ref] => 
            [risk_mit_comments] => 
            [rec_health_test] => 
        )

    [15] => Array
        (
            [sci_name] => Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. perforans
            [com_name] => bacterial spot of tomato and pepper
            [acrynom] => XANTPF
            [type] => bacteria
            [other_names] => Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria, Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, Xanthomonas perforans
            [dist] => Africa: Comoros, Ethiopia, Mauritius, Seychelles, South Africa, Tanzania; Asia: China, Indonesia, Iran, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey; Europe: Italy; North America: Canada, Mexico, USA; Oceania: Australia; South America: Brazil.
            [us_dist] => AL, FL, GA, IL, IN, LA, MI, MS, NC, OH
            [countries] => Peru
            [other] => Bacterial spot of tomato and pepper was initially attributed to X. vesicatoria. Over time, four distinct groups were identified and associated with different host and geographic patterns, which were later reclassified into three species: X. euvesicatoria (including X. perforans), X. vesicatoria, and X. hortorum pv. gardneri. Molecular analysis revealed that X. euvesicatoria and X. perforans were not separate species, leading to their reclassification as pathovars of X. euvesicatoria: X. euvesicatoria pv. euvesicatoria and X. euvesicatoria pv. perforans.  It can spread via infected seeds and transplants, and locally through water splash or contaminated tools, especially in dense greenhouse or sprinkler-irrigated field conditions.
            [host_range] => pepper, tomato
            [sci_name_host] => Solanum lycopersicum
            [crop] => tomato
            [seed_pathway] => 
            [seed_ref] => 
            [seed_comments] => 
            [seed_detect_test] => Yes
            [seed_detect_type] => Dilution plating, identification PCR, pathogenicity assay
            [seed_detect_ref] => 
            [seed_detect_comments] => These are the recommended methods by ISHI as of July 2017.
            [risk_mit_type] => 
            [risk_mit_ref] => 
            [risk_mit_comments] => 
            [rec_health_test] => 
        )

    [16] => Array
        (
            [sci_name] => Xanthomonas euvesicatoria pv. perforans
            [com_name] => bacterial spot of tomato and pepper
            [acrynom] => XANTPF
            [type] => bacteria
            [other_names] => Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. vesicatoria, Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria, Xanthomonas perforans
            [dist] => Africa: Comoros, Ethiopia, Mauritius, Seychelles, South Africa, Tanzania; Asia: China, Indonesia, Iran, South Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Turkey; Europe: Italy; North America: Canada, Mexico, USA; Oceania: Australia; South America: Brazil.
            [us_dist] => AL, FL, GA, IL, IN, LA, MI, MS, NC, OH
            [countries] => Peru
            [other] => Bacterial spot of tomato and pepper was initially attributed to X. vesicatoria. Over time, four distinct groups were identified and associated with different host and geographic patterns, which were later reclassified into three species: X. euvesicatoria (including X. perforans), X. vesicatoria, and X. hortorum pv. gardneri. Molecular analysis revealed that X. euvesicatoria and X. perforans were not separate species, leading to their reclassification as pathovars of X. euvesicatoria: X. euvesicatoria pv. euvesicatoria and X. euvesicatoria pv. perforans.  It can spread via infected seeds and transplants, and locally through water splash or contaminated tools, especially in dense greenhouse or sprinkler-irrigated field conditions.
            [host_range] => pepper, tomato
            [sci_name_host] => Capsicum annuum
            [crop] => pepper
            [seed_pathway] => 
            [seed_ref] => 
            [seed_comments] => 
            [seed_detect_test] => Yes
            [seed_detect_type] => Dilution plating, identification PCR, pathogenicity assay
            [seed_detect_ref] => 
            [seed_detect_comments] => These are the recommended methods by ISHI as of July 2017.
            [risk_mit_type] => 
            [risk_mit_ref] => 
            [risk_mit_comments] => 
            [rec_health_test] => 
        )

    [17] => Array
        (
            [sci_name] => Xanthomonas hortorum pv. gardneri
            [com_name] => bacterial spot of tomato and pepper
            [acrynom] => XANTPF
            [type] => bacteria
            [other_names] => Pseudomonas gardneri, Xanthomonas cynarae pv. gardneri, Xanthomonas gardneri
            [dist] => Africa: Comoros, Ethiopia, Reunion, South Africa, Tanzania; Asia: Iran, Malaysia; Europe: Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Russia; North America: Canada, USA; Oceania: Australia; South America: Brazil.
            [us_dist] => IL, IN, MI, OH, PA
            [countries] => Peru
            [other] => Bacterial spot of tomato and pepper was initially attributed to X. vesicatoria. Over time, four distinct groups were identified and associated with different host and geographic patterns, which were later reclassified into three species: X. euvesicatoria (including X. perforans), X. vesicatoria, and X. hortorum pv. gardneri.  It can spread via infected seeds and transplants, and locally through water splash or contaminated tools, especially in dense greenhouse or sprinkler-irrigated field conditions.
            [host_range] => pepper, tomato
            [sci_name_host] => Solanum lycopersicum
            [crop] => tomato
            [seed_pathway] => Yes
            [seed_ref] => CABI CPC,EPPO,XANTGA-1,XANTGA-4,XANTGA-5,XANTGA-6,XANTGA-7,XANTGA-10,XANTGA-11
            [seed_comments] => Seed is a known pathway for Xanthomonas hortorum pv. gardneri.
            [seed_detect_test] => Yes
            [seed_detect_type] => Dilution plating, identification PCR, pathogenicity assay
            [seed_detect_ref] => NSHS USDA
            [seed_detect_comments] => These are the recommended methods by ISHI as of July 2017.
            [risk_mit_type] => Biological, Chemical, and Cultural
            [risk_mit_ref] => CABI CPC,EPPO,XANTGA-4,XANTGA-8,XANTGA-9
            [risk_mit_comments] => Use resistant seeds.  Hot water seed treatment has been suggested. Some chemicals have been shown to  be effective treatment options against X. hortorum pv. gardneri. Since it can spread via tools, use proper sanitation. 
            [rec_health_test] => 
        )

    [18] => Array
        (
            [sci_name] => Xanthomonas hortorum pv. gardneri
            [com_name] => bacterial spot of tomato and pepper
            [acrynom] => XANTPF
            [type] => bacteria
            [other_names] => Pseudomonas gardneri, Xanthomonas cynarae pv. gardneri, Xanthomonas gardneri
            [dist] => Africa: Comoros, Ethiopia, Reunion, South Africa, Tanzania; Asia: Iran, Malaysia; Europe: Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Russia; North America: Canada, USA; Oceania: Australia; South America: Brazil.
            [us_dist] => IL, IN, MI, OH, PA
            [countries] => Peru
            [other] => Bacterial spot of tomato and pepper was initially attributed to X. vesicatoria. Over time, four distinct groups were identified and associated with different host and geographic patterns, which were later reclassified into three species: X. euvesicatoria (including X. perforans), X. vesicatoria, and X. hortorum pv. gardneri.  It can spread via infected seeds and transplants, and locally through water splash or contaminated tools, especially in dense greenhouse or sprinkler-irrigated field conditions.
            [host_range] => pepper, tomato
            [sci_name_host] => Capsicum annuum
            [crop] => pepper
            [seed_pathway] => Yes
            [seed_ref] => CABI CPC,ISF RPLD,EPPO,XANTGA-1,XANTGA-5,XANTGA-7,XANTGA-10
            [seed_comments] => Seed is a known pathway for Xanthomonas hortorum pv. gardneri.
            [seed_detect_test] => Yes
            [seed_detect_type] => Dilution plating, identification PCR, pathogenicity assay
            [seed_detect_ref] => NSHS USDA
            [seed_detect_comments] => These are the recommended methods by ISHI as of July 2017.
            [risk_mit_type] => Biological, Chemical, and Cultural
            [risk_mit_ref] => CABI CPC,EPPO,XANTGA-2,XANTGA-3,XANTGA-8
            [risk_mit_comments] => Use resistant seeds.  Hot water seed treatment has been suggested. Some chemicals have been shown to  be effective treatment options against X. hortorum pv. gardneri. Since it can spread via tools, use proper sanitation. 
            [rec_health_test] => 
        )

    [19] => Array
        (
            [sci_name] => Xanthomonas vesicatoria
            [com_name] => bacterial spot of tomato and pepper
            [acrynom] => XANTVE
            [type] => bacterium
            [other_names] => Bacterium exitiosum, Bacterium vesicatorium, Phytomonas exitiosa  Phytomonas vesicatoria, Pseudomonas exitiosa, Pseudomonas gardneri, Pseudomonas gardneri var. capsica, Pseudomonas vesicatoria, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Vesicatoria, Xanthomonas campestris pv. Vesicatoria
            [dist] => Worldwide
            [us_dist] => AZ, CA, FL, GA, HI, IN, IA, MI, NM, NC, OH, OK
            [countries] => -
            [other] => Bacterial spot of tomato and pepper was initially attributed to X. vesicatoria. Over time, four distinct groups were identified and associated with different host and geographic patterns, which were later reclassified into three species: X. euvesicatoria (including X. perforans), X. vesicatoria, and X. hortorum pv. gardneri.  It can spread via infected seeds and transplants, and locally through water splash or contaminated tools, especially in dense greenhouse or sprinkler-irrigated field conditions.
            [host_range] => pepper, tomato
            [sci_name_host] => Capsicum annuum
            [crop] => pepper
            [seed_pathway] => Yes
            [seed_ref] => CABICPC,ISFRPLD,XANTVE-1,XANTVE-3,XANTVE-4,XANTVE-6
            [seed_comments] => Seed is a known pathway for Xanthomonas vesicatoria and has been considered a major source of inoculum. 
            [seed_detect_test] => Yes
            [seed_detect_type] => dilution plating, identification PCR, pathogenicity assay
            [seed_detect_ref] => NSHSUSDA,ISHI-ISF
            [seed_detect_comments] => These are the recommended methods by ISHI as of July 2017.
            [risk_mit_type] => biological, chemical, Cultural
            [risk_mit_ref] => CABICPC,XANTVE-1,XANTVE-4
            [risk_mit_comments] => Biological: the use of resistant varieties may help.  Chemical: hot water and chemical treatments have shown some effectiveness but could reduce germination.  Cultural: Using disease-free seeds is critical. Sterilization of tools used is important in reducing spread.  Crop rotation is also recommended to prevent carryover in volunteers and crop residues. 
            [rec_health_test] => -
        )

    [20] => Array
        (
            [sci_name] => Xanthomonas vesicatoria
            [com_name] => bacterial spot of tomato and pepper
            [acrynom] => XANTVE
            [type] => bacterium
            [other_names] => Bacterium exitiosum, Bacterium vesicatorium, Phytomonas exitiosa  Phytomonas vesicatoria, Pseudomonas exitiosa, Pseudomonas gardneri, Pseudomonas gardneri var. capsica, Pseudomonas vesicatoria, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. Vesicatoria, Xanthomonas campestris pv. Vesicatoria
            [dist] => Worldwide
            [us_dist] => AZ, CA, FL, GA, HI, IN, IA, MI, NM, NC, OH, OK
            [countries] => -
            [other] => Bacterial spot of tomato and pepper was initially attributed to X. vesicatoria. Over time, four distinct groups were identified and associated with different host and geographic patterns, which were later reclassified into three species: X. euvesicatoria (including X. perforans), X. vesicatoria, and X. hortorum pv. gardneri.  It can spread via infected seeds and transplants, and locally through water splash or contaminated tools, especially in dense greenhouse or sprinkler-irrigated field conditions.
            [host_range] => pepper, tomato
            [sci_name_host] => Solanum lycopersicum
            [crop] => tomato
            [seed_pathway] => Yes
            [seed_ref] => CABICPC,ISFRPLD,XANTVE-1,XANTVE-2,XANTVE-3,XANTVE-4,XANTVE-5,XANTVE-6,XANTVE-9
            [seed_comments] => Seed is a known pathway for Xanthomonas vesicatoria and has been considered a major source of inoculum. 
            [seed_detect_test] => Yes
            [seed_detect_type] => dilution plating, identification PCR, pathogenicity assay
            [seed_detect_ref] => NSHSUSDA,ISHI-ISF
            [seed_detect_comments] => These are the recommended methods by ISHI as of July 2017. 
            [risk_mit_type] => biological, Chemical, Cultural
            [risk_mit_ref] => CABICPC,XANTVE-1,XANTVE-4
            [risk_mit_comments] => Biological: the use of resistant varieties may help.  Chemical: hot water and chemical treatments have shown some effectiveness but could reduce germination.  Cultural: Using disease-free seeds is critical. Sterilization of tools used is important in reducing spread.  Crop rotation is also recommended to prevent carryover in volunteers and crop residues. 
            [rec_health_test] => -
        )

)